Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

A World History of Higher Education Exchange pp 135–169Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

The Student Exchange Boom Following World War II

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 974 Accesses

Abstract

After World War II, the United States’ rich educational offerings reached an unrivaled status. Students from the Middle East were especially attracted by its academic treasures. Motivated by a need for professionals to support the petroleum industry, the region’s familiarity with Christian missionaries and American oil companies made the United States an easy choice. By the 1970s, Iran was the top sender of students to America, with enrollments exceeding 50,000. In contrast, students from China virtually disappeared, as Mao Ze Deng turned his attention to Russia. Included here is the foreign student census by country, from 1945 through 1979. This remarkable era witnessed the beginnings of initiatives conceived by inspired individuals. Senator J. William Fulbright was one. Another was the flamboyant World War II journalist Dorothy Thompson, who founded AMIDEAST, at the cost of her extraordinary career.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Time Magazine, “Alarums and Excursions,” Vol. XXXIV, no. 12 (September 18, 1939).

  2. 2.

    Unofficial Ambassadors, Committee on Friendly Relations Among Foreign Students (New York: Author, 1942).

  3. 3.

    Open Doors Annual Report (Institute of International Education, 1949).

  4. 4.

    Ibid., 7.

  5. 5.

    Ibid, 21.

  6. 6.

    Ibid.

  7. 7.

    US Department of Education, UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Available at: https://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/ed/internationaled/unesco.html.

  8. 8.

    Randall Bennett Woods, Fulbright, A Biography (Cambridge University Press, 1995): 14–15.

  9. 9.

    Ibid., 19–43.

  10. 10.

    Bill Clinton, My Life (Alfred A. Knopf, 2004): 98–99.

  11. 11.

    Richard T. Arndt and David Lee Rubin, eds., The Fulbright Difference 1948–1992: Studies on Cultural Diplomacy and the Fulbright Experience (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1993): 1–3.

  12. 12.

    Arndt and Rubin, 3–10.

  13. 13.

    Teresa B. Bevis and Christopher J. Lucas, International Students in American Colleges and Universities (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007): 107.

  14. 14.

    Ibid.

  15. 15.

    Katrina Thomas, “America as Alma Mater,” Saudi Aramco World (May/June 1979): 2–11.

  16. 16.

    George T. Trial and R. Bayly Winder, “Modern Education in Saudi Arabia,” History of Education Journal, Vol. 1, no. 3 (Spring 1950): 121–133.

  17. 17.

    Ibid.

  18. 18.

    Teresa B. Bevis, Higher Education Exchange between America and the Middle East through the Twentieth Century (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016): 115.

  19. 19.

    Jeff Nillson, “The Real Woman of the Year,” The Saturday Evening Post (July 9, 2011). Available at: http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2011/04/21/opinion/dusting-off-first-drafts-of-history.html.

  20. 20.

    Andrew Nagorski, “Dusting Off First Drafts of History,” The New York Times (April 20, 2012). Available at: www.nytimes.com/2012/04/21/opinion/dusting-off-first-drafts-of-history.html.

  21. 21.

    Nillson.

  22. 22.

    Paul Garrett and Kathleen A. Purpura, Frank Maria: A Search for Justice and Peace in the Middle East (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2007): 130.

  23. 23.

    Bevis, 208.

  24. 24.

    Time Magazine, “The Confidence Game,” Vol. LXVIII, no. 2 (July 9, 1956).

  25. 25.

    Time Magazine, “The Man in the Window,” Vol. LIII, no. 1 (January 3, 1949).

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    Open Doors 1960, Report on International Education Exchange (New York: Author, 1960).

  28. 28.

    Edward Charnwood Cieslak, The Foreign Student in American Colleges (Detroit, MI: Wayne University Press, 1955): 15.

  29. 29.

    Stewart Fraser, Governmental Policy and International Education (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964): 103.

  30. 30.

    Cieslak.

  31. 31.

    Ibid.

  32. 32.

    Open Doors Annual Report (Institute of International Education, 1956).

  33. 33.

    Ibid.

  34. 34.

    Cieslak, 39–60.

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    Ning Qian, Chinese Students Encounter America, trans. T.K. Chu (University of Washington Press, 1999).

  37. 37.

    Committee on Educational Interchange Policy, Chinese Students in the United States, 1948–1955 (New York: Author, 1956).

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    Committee on Educational Interchange Policy, 7.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., 10.

  42. 42.

    Committee on Educational Interchange Policy, 11.

  43. 43.

    Ibid., 12.

  44. 44.

    Clinton, 100.

  45. 45.

    Nathan J. Heller and Jessica R. Rubin-Wills, Crimson Staff Writers, “Trying Times, Harvard Takes Safe Road,” The Harvard Crimson (June 5, 2003).

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    Open Doors 1950 Report on International Education Exchange Institute of International Education (New York: Author, 1951): 9.

  48. 48.

    Ibid.

  49. 49.

    M. Brewster Smith, “Features of Foreign Student Adjustment,” Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 26, no. 5 (1955): 234.

  50. 50.

    Open Doors 1955, Report on International Education Exchange (New York: Author, 1955).

  51. 51.

    Ibid.

  52. 52.

    Ibid.

  53. 53.

    The JFK Presidential Library and Museum, Image Archives, August 8, 1961, Memorandum to the Secretary of State. Available at: https://www.jfklibrary.org/search?search=memorandum+to+the+secretary+of+state+1961. Accessed November 30, 2018.

  54. 54.

    Open Doors 1959–1960 Annual Report.

  55. 55.

    Ibid.

  56. 56.

    Woolley and Peters, The American Presidency Project, Lyndon B. Johnson, Special Message to Congress Proposing International Education and Health Programs (February 2, 1966). Available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Accessed November 30, 2018.

  57. 57.

    George M. Houser, “Meeting Africa’s Challenge: The Story of the American Committee on Africa,” A Journal of Opinion, Vol. 6, nos. 2–3 (Summer–Autumn, 1976): 16–26.

  58. 58.

    “John F. Kennedy and the Student Airlift,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. Available at: https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-the-student-airlift.

  59. 59.

    Institute of International Education, Opening Minds to the World, “Timeline and Institute Highlights.” Available at: http://www.iie.org.

  60. 60.

    Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program 2001–2002, “Humphrey Fellows.” Available at: https://www.humphreyfellowship.org/node/106. Accessed November 30, 2018.

  61. 61.

    Open Doors 1969–1970 Annual Report.

References

  • Arndt, Richard T., and David Lee Rubin, eds. 1993. The Fulbright Difference, 1948–1992: Studies on Cultural Diplomacy and the Fulbright Experience. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevis, Teresa B. 2016. Higher Education Exchange between America and the Middle East through the Twentieth Century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bevis, Teresa B., and Christopher J. Lucas. 2007. International Students in American Colleges and Universities, a History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cieslak, Edward Charnwood. 1955. The Foreign Student in American Colleges. Detroit, MI: Wayne University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clinton, Bill. 2004. My Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee on Educational Exchange Policy. 1956. Chinese Students in the United States 1948–1955. New York: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, Stewart, and William W. Brickman. 1968. A History of International and Comparative Education. Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, Paul, and Kathleen A. Purpura. 2007. Frank Maria: A Search for Justice and Peace in the Middle East. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, Nathan J., and Jessica R. Rubin-Wills 2003. Trying Times, Harvard Takes Safe Road. The Harvard Crimson, June 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houser, George M. 1976. Meeting Africa’s Challenge: The Story of the American Committee on Africa. A Journal of Opinion 6 (2–3, Summer–Autumn): 16–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Institute of International Education. 1949. Open Doors.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1950. Open Doors.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1956. Open Doors.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1960. Open Doors.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1979a. South Africa Education Program. Opening Minds to the World. https://p.widencdn.net/egleca/1979-IIE-Annual-Report.

  • ———. 1979b. Timeline and Institute Highlights. In Opening Minds to the World. http://www.iie.org.

  • Nagorski, Andrew. 2012. Dusting Off First Drafts of History. The New York Times, April 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian, Ning. 1999. Chinese Students Encounter America. Translated by T.K. Chu. University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. Brewster. 1955. Features of Foreign Student Adjustment. Journal of Higher Education 26 (5): 231–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program website. https://www.humphreyfellowship.org/node/106. Accessed December 2018.

  • Thomas, Katrina. 1979.America as Alma Mater. Saudi Aramco World, May/June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Time Magazine. 1939. Alarums and Excursions. XXXIV (12), September 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1949. The Man in the Window. LIII (1), January 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1956. The Confidence Game. XLVIII (2), July 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trial, George T., and R. Bayly Winder. 1950. Modern Education in Saudi Arabia. History of Education Journal 1 (3, Spring): 121–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unofficial Ambassadors. 1942. Committee on Friendly Relations Among Foreign Students. New York: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolley and Peters. 1966. The American Presidency Project, Lyndon B. Johnson, Special Message to Congress Proposing International and Health Programs. University of California Santa Barbara, February 2. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fayetteville, AR, USA

    Teresa Brawner Bevis

Authors
  1. Teresa Brawner Bevis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bevis, T.B. (2019). The Student Exchange Boom Following World War II. In: A World History of Higher Education Exchange. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12433-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12434-2

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation