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Introduction/Learning Migration in Antiquity

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A World History of Higher Education Exchange

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Abstract

Before there existed important centers of learning that attracted students from faraway lands, foundations for educational development had to be set into place, a phenomenon that occurred in several regions of the world. Each of these centers of knowledge left indelible imprints on modern education and affected the course of learning exchange. Provided here is a starting place for understanding the rise and direction of scholarship in early civilizations—Middle Eastern, Asian, Greco-Roman, Mesoamerican, and European. The unique contributions of each are briefly reviewed, along with the first known instances of education migration.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Gerhard Herm, The Phoenicians: The Purple Empire of the Ancient World (Morrow, 1975).

  2. 2.

    Lewis, 24.

  3. 3.

    Bernard Lewis, The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2000 Years (New York: Scribner, 1995): 24–25.

  4. 4.

    M.A.K. Halliday, Spoken and Written Language (Oxford University Press, 1989): 9–10.

  5. 5.

    Ibid.

  6. 6.

    Mahmoud Abdullah Saleh, “Development of Higher Education in Saudi Arabia,” Higher Education, Vol. 15, nos. 1–2 (1986): 17–23.

  7. 7.

    Anthony Graton, Glenn W. Most and Salvatore Settis, The Classical Tradition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).

  8. 8.

    H.A. Gibb, “The University in the Arab-Moslem World,” in The University Outside Europe, ed. Edward Bradley (New York: Oxford University Press, 1939): 281–297.

  9. 9.

    Y.C. Wang, Chinese Intellectuals and the West, 1872–1949 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1966): vii.

  10. 10.

    Many of the details of the moral and social ideals of Confucius appear in his Analects, or “Collection,” which consists of twenty “books”. This reference is extracted from Analect 2.4.

  11. 11.

    Wang, 3.

  12. 12.

    Ibid., 4–6.

  13. 13.

    Bertrand Russell, The Problem of China (Rockville, MD: Arc Manor, 2007): 18.

  14. 14.

    Ruth Hayhoe, China’s Universities 1895–1995 (New York: Routledge Publishing, 1996).

  15. 15.

    Ibid., 12–16.

  16. 16.

    Itty Chan, “Women of China: From the Three Obediences to Half-the-Sky,” Journal of Research and Development in Education, Vol. 10, no. 4 (1977): 38–52.

  17. 17.

    Rosanne Lin, “Talents Oppressed,” China Daily (April 18, 2002).

  18. 18.

    Li Yu-ning, ed., Chinese Women through Chinese Eyes (Armonk, NY and London: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1992), in Chapter 1, “Women’s Place in History” by Hu Shi.

  19. 19.

    Junko Habu, Ancient Jomon of Japan (Cambridge University Press, 2004): 201–214.

  20. 20.

    John W. Hall, Marius B. Jansen, Madoka Kanai and Denis Twitchett, eds. The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 3 (Cambridge University Press, 1990): 177–189.

  21. 21.

    Terrence Jackson, Network of Knowledge (Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 2016): 1.

  22. 22.

    Irokawa Daikichi, The Culture of the Meiji Period (Princeton University Press, 1985): 31.

  23. 23.

    Sahana Singh, The Educational Heritage of Ancient India (Chetpet, Chennai: Notion Press, 2017): 1–6.

  24. 24.

    Suresh Chandra Ghosh, Civilisation, Education and School in Ancient and Medieval India (New York: P. Lang, 2002).

  25. 25.

    Ibid.

  26. 26.

    B.N. Luniya, Life and Culture in Medieval India (Indore, India: Kamal Prakashan, 1978): 271.

  27. 27.

    Stanley Burstein and Walter Donlan, Ancient Greece: A Political, Social and Cultural History (Oxford University Press, 1999): 1–2.

  28. 28.

    John W. Walden, The Universities of Ancient Greece (New York: Charles Scribner, 1909): 68–97.

  29. 29.

    Quoted from Plato’s Protagoras in John W. H. Walden, The Universities of Ancient Greece (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909): 16–17.

  30. 30.

    Ibid., 16.

  31. 31.

    W. W. Capes, University Life in Ancient Athens (New York: G.E. Stechert and Company, 1922): 8.

  32. 32.

    Burstein, 473.

  33. 33.

    Peter Jones, “Ancient Rome’s Fraudulent Foreign Students,” The Spectator (February 15, 2014). Available at: https://www.spectator.com.au/2014/02/ancient-romes-fraudulent-foreign-students/.

  34. 34.

    H.I. Marrou, A History of Education in Antiquity (New York: Mentor, 1964): 260.

  35. 35.

    Preston Chesser, “The Burning of the Library of Alexandria.” Available at: https://ehistory.osu.edu/articles/burning-library-alexandria. Accessed December 2018.

  36. 36.

    Marrou, 261.

  37. 37.

    Jeffrey P. Blomster and David Cheetham, The Early Olmec and Mesoamerica (Cambridge University Press, 2017).

  38. 38.

    Richard Diehl, Olmecs: America’s First Civilization (Thames and Hudson, 2004): 10.

  39. 39.

    Maya Civilization, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Available at: https://www.ancient.eu/Maya_Civilization/.

  40. 40.

    Diego de Landa, Yucatan Before and After the Conquest, Limited edition (The Maya Society, 1937).

  41. 41.

    William T. Sanders and Barbara J. Price, “Mesoamerica: The Evolution of a Civilization,” 1968. Available at: https://www.questia.com/library/7763947/mesoamerica-the-evolution-of-a-civilization.

  42. 42.

    Michael E. Smith, The Aztecs (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011): 3–28.

  43. 43.

    Ibid.

  44. 44.

    Michael E. Smith, “Motecuhzoma II, Emperor of Pre-Spanish Mexico,” The Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History, Second edition (Berkshire Publishing Group, 2010).

  45. 45.

    Geoffrey Sampson, Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction (London: Hutchinson, 1985).

  46. 46.

    J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford University Press, 2006): 12–36.

  47. 47.

    Ibid.

  48. 48.

    Polybius, The Rise of the Roman Empire (Penguin Classics, 1980): 302–353.

  49. 49.

    Ibid.

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    Teresa Brawner Bevis

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Bevis, T.B. (2019). Introduction/Learning Migration in Antiquity. In: A World History of Higher Education Exchange. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_1

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