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Becoming a Queen in Early Modern Europe pp 23–59Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Royal Weddings: Protocol, Identity, and Emotion

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Part of the book series: Queenship and Power ((QAP))

Abstract

This chapter provides a new perspective on the inter-dynastic connections in early modern Europe by analysis of diplomatic protocol associated with European royal weddings, including marriage by proxy, nuptial travel, first meeting, and marriage proper. It attempts a comparative approach encompassing the whole wedding process to reconstruct the bride’s experience and draw conclusions about the European nature of diplomatic protocol and cultural exchange. It starts with a comparative overview of the entire wedding process and progresses to detailed discussion of diplomatic protocol, dynastic identity, and sentiment in relation to the particular stages by analysis of marriage contracts, lists of bridal trousseaus, and descriptions of betrothals, nuptial travels, first meetings, and weddings. The royal weddings discussed in this chapter exemplify the importance of the shared diplomatic protocol, the role of family sentiment, and suggest that royal weddings were often clouded with personal anxieties.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Ferdinand, King of the Romans, addressing Sigismund August of Poland in 1543. The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 281, p. 394.

  2. 2.

    S. Broomhall (ed.), Early Modern Emotions: An Introduction (London and New York: Routledge, 2016); J. Plamper, The History of Emotions: An Introduction, transl. K. Tribe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

  3. 3.

    A. van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, transl. M. B. Vizedom and G. L. Caffee (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul), pp. 116–145.

  4. 4.

    E. A. Sadlack, The French queen’s letters: Mary Tudor Brandon and the politics of marriage in sixteenth-century Europe (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); R. Warnicke, The marrying of Anne of Cleves: royal protocol in early modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). For a similar approach, see also: D. Stevenson, Scotland’s Last Royal Wedding: The Marriage of James VI and Anne of Denmark (Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers LTD, 1997); S. Carpenter and G. Runnals, ‘The entertainments at the Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and the French Dauphin Francois, 1558: Paris and Edinburgh’, Medieval English Theatre, 22 (2000), pp. 145–216. This is an interesting exception: M. M. McGowan, Dynastic Marriages 1612/1615: A Celebration of the Habsburg and Bourbon Unions (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013).

  5. 5.

    F. Cosandey, La Reine de France. Symbole et pouvoir, XVe–XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Gallimard, 2000), pp. 55–82. For studies focusing on aspects of royal weddings, see: K. Turska, ‘Wyprawy ślubne dwóch Jagiellonek: Jadwigi (1475) i Katarzyny (1562)’, Kwartalnik Historii kultury Materialnej, R.XL (1992), vol. 1, pp. 5–32; A. Brzeska, ‘Klejnoty w wyprawie ślubnej Katarzyny Jagiellonki (1562)’, Ibidem, vol. 3 (2006), pp. 7–30; A. Brzeska, ‘Vestes exteriores, vestes interiores. O modzie na polskim dworze królewskim w świetle inwentarzy wypraw ślubnych z XV i XVI w.’, Ibidem, vol. 4 (2007), pp. 51–72; A. Brzeska, ‘Inwentarze wypraw ślubnych kobiet z rodu Jagiellonów jako źródło do poznania wyposażenia wnętrz dworskich’, Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej, vol. 56, no. 1 (2008), pp. 3–18; A. Brzeska, ‘Inwentarz Zofii Jagiellonki jako źródło do poznania wyprawy ślubnej królewskiej córki’, in A. Januszek-Sieradzka (ed.) Curia Jagiellonica: Studia z dziejów dworu i kultury dworskiej w XV–XVI wieku (Lublin: Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne i Drukarnia w Sandomierzu, 2009), pp. 121–151; R. E. Martin, ‘Gifts for the Bride: Dowries, Diplomacy, and Marriage Politics in Muscovy’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, vol. 38:1 (Winter 2008), pp. 118–145; K. Sypek, ‘Zagraniczni goście na weselu Zygmunta Augusta i Katarzyny Austriaczki w świetle Rachunków poselstw z 1553 roku’, in A. Januszek-Sieradzka (ed.), Curia Jagiellonica, pp. 101–121; A. Wintarz, Polskie prawo majątkowo-małżeńskie w wiekach średnich (Cracow: Akademia Umiejętności, 1898); A. Wintarz, ‘Polskie prawo dziedziczenia kobiet w wiekach średnich’, Kwartalnik Historyczny, 10 (1896), pp. 756–812; W. Spasowicz, ‘O stosunkach majątkowych między małżonkami wedle dawnego prawa polskiego’, in W. Spasowicz (ed.) Pisma, vol. 4 (Petersburg: Księgarnia Br. Rymowicz, 1892), pp. 4–49; U. Borkowska, ‘Pacta matrimonialia domu Jagiellonów’, Roczniki Humanistyczne, vol. 48, no. 2 (2000), pp. 45–60; C. Coester, ‘Passages de frontières. Le voyage de la jeune mariée dans la haute noblesse des temps modernes (XVe–XVIIIe siècle)’, Genre & Histoire, vol. 9 (Automne 2011), [accessed at: https://genrehistoire.revues.org/1469 on 11/02/2016].

  6. 6.

    H. H. Rowen, The King’s State: proprietary dynasticism in early modern France (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1980); P. E. Ritchie, Dynasticism and diplomacy: the political career of Marie de Guise in Scotland, 1548–1560 (PhD thesis: University of St Andrews, 1999); P. S. Fichtner, Ferdinand I of Austria: the Politics of Dynasticism in the Age of the Reformation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982).

  7. 7.

    M. Vester, Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics: Jacques de Savoie-Nemours, 1531–1585 (Kirksville: Truman State University Press, 2012), p. 4.

  8. 8.

    H. Watanabe-O’Kelly, ‘The early modern festival book: function and form’, in J. R. Mulryne, Helen Watanabe-O’Kelly and Margaret Shewring (eds), Europa Triumphans, vol. 1, p. 7.

  9. 9.

    A. Hirschberg, O życiu i pismach Justa Ludwika Decyusza, 1485–1545 (Lviv: Księgarnia Gubrynowicza i Schmidta, 1874); J. Kiliańczyk-Zięba, ‘Devices of Protestant Printers in 16th-Century Krakow’, in M. Walsby and G. Kemp (eds), The Book Triumphant: Print in Transition in the 16th and 17th Centuries (Leiden: Brill, 2011), p. 179; A. Mańkowska, ‘Wietor Hieronim’, in A. Kawecka-Gryczowa (ed.), Drukarze dawnej Polski od XV do XVIII wieku: Małopolska, vol. 1 (Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1977), pp. 325–357.

  10. 10.

    H. Łowmiański, Polityka Jagiellonów (Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 2006), pp. 447–448; The treaty transcribed in: A. Wyczański, Francja wobec państw Jagiellońskich w latach 1515–1529 (Wrocław: Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 1954), Appendix 1.

  11. 11.

    A. Le Roux De Lincy, Discours des cérémonies du mariage d’Anne de Foix, de la maison de France, avec Ladislas VI, roi de Bohême, précédé du discours du voyage de cette reine dans la seigneurie de Venise, le tout mis en écrit du commandant d’Anne, reine de France, duchesse de Bretagne, par Pierre Choque, dit Bretagne, l’un de ses rois d’armes. Mai 1502 (Paris: Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes, 1861), henceforth referenced as Choque; P. L. Jacob (ed.), Chroniques de Jean d’Auton, publiées pour la première fois en entier, d’apres les manuscrits de la Bibliothéque du Roi, vol. 2 (Paris: Silvestre, Libraire-Éditeur, 1834), henceforth referenced as Auton.

  12. 12.

    E. Woodacre, ‘Cousins and Queens: Familial ties, political ambition and epistolary diplomacy in Renaissance Europe’, in G. Sluga and C. James (eds), Women, Diplomacy and International Politics Since 1500 (Oxon: Routledge, 2016), p. 30.

  13. 13.

    Auton, p. 80.

  14. 14.

    Auton, p. 81.

  15. 15.

    Auton, pp. 81–82.

  16. 16.

    Hall’s Chronicle, p. 570.

  17. 17.

    R. Le Jan, Femmes, pouvoir et société dans le haut Moyen Âge (Paris: Picard, 2001), p. 42; Coester, ‘Passages de frontières. Le voyage de la jeune mariée dans la haute noblesse des temps modernes’, paragraph 3 [accessed at: https://genrehistoire.revues.org/1469] (online journal, no page numbers given).

  18. 18.

    Turska, ‘Stroje Jagiellonów podczas ceremoniału witania narzeczonych’, pp. 101–110.

  19. 19.

    ‘Ordinato caerimoniarum in coronantionibus reginarum Poloniae observandum’, in O. M. Balzer (ed.), Corpus Iuris Polonici. Sectionis 1. Privilegia, statuta, constitutiones, edicta, decreta, mandata regnum Poloniae spectantia comprehendentis. Vol. 3, Annos 1506–1522 contientis (Cracow: Sumptibus Academiae Litterarum, 1906), pp. 208–212.

  20. 20.

    S. Duncan, Mary I: Gender, Power, and Ceremony in the Reign of England’s First Queen (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 79; J. M. Richards, Mary Tudor (New York: Routledge, 2008).

  21. 21.

    Decjusz, p. 58.

  22. 22.

    L. Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800 (New York: Harper Perennial, 1977), p. 151.

  23. 23.

    The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 68, p. 219.

  24. 24.

    F. Leonard (ed.), Recueil des Traitez de Paix, de Treve, de Neutralite, de Confederation, d’Alliance, et de Commerce faits par les Rois de France avec tous les Princes et Potentats de l’Europe et autres depuis de Trois Siecles, vol. 2 (Paris: Frederic Leonard, Premier Imprimeur du Roi, & de monseigneur le Daufin, 1703), p. 618; The original document: Bibliothèque Nationale de France, MS Dupuy 701, ff. 148–150.

  25. 25.

    Recueil, p. 391.

  26. 26.

    Bona’s, Elizabeth’s, Catherine’s and Izabella’s dowries were handled by them. U. Borkowska, Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2011), p. 248; M. Dogiel (ed.), Codex Diplomaticus Regni Poloniae et Magni Ducatus Litvaniae, vol. 1 (Vilnius: Ex Typographia Regia, et Reipublicae, Colegii Scholarum Piarum, 1763), pp. 134, 194, 228.

  27. 27.

    G. Steinmetz, The Richest Man Who Ever Lived: The Life and Times of Jacob Fugger (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2015).

  28. 28.

    The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 68, p. 221.

  29. 29.

    Documents relating to the delay in paying Elizabeth’s dowry: The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 60, pp. 57–60, 83–88; MS 280, pp. f. 453, 509.

  30. 30.

    A. Sucheni-Grabowska, Zygmunt August. Król polski i wielki książę litewski 1520–1562 (Cracow: Universitas, 2010), pp. 103–104.

  31. 31.

    A. L. Erickson, Women and Property in Early Modern England (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 91.

  32. 32.

    For example, see Sigismund August and Elizabeth of Austria’s contract: The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 60, p. 8.

  33. 33.

    The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 68, p. 221. Original document: AGAD, Libri Legationum MS 14, ff. 157–160.

  34. 34.

    S. Cynarski, Zygmunt August (Warszawa: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1988), pp. 192–196.

  35. 35.

    A. Sucheni-Grabowska, Odbudowa Domeny Królewskiej w Polsce, 1504–1548 (Warsaw: Muzeum Historii Polski, 2nd edition, 2007), pp. 141–188.

  36. 36.

    R. J. Knecht, Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574–1589 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 39–41.

  37. 37.

    Recueil, p. 391.

  38. 38.

    G. A. Rieger, Sex and Satiric Tragedy in Early Modern England: Penetrating Wit (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009), p. 50; A. A. Chapman, Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature (London: Routledge, 2013), p. 121. The date was considered appropriate to celebrate a marriage. For example, the wedding of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, and Princess Elizabeth took place on Valentine’s Day 1613. J. Delsigne, ‘Hermetic Miracles in The Winter’s Tale’, in L. Hopkins and H. Ostovich (eds), Magical Transformations on the Early Modern English Stage (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), p. 102.

  39. 39.

    Recueil, p. 391.

  40. 40.

    CSPV II 508; Sadlack, The French queen’s letters, p. 111.

  41. 41.

    For another example see: M. Marini, ‘From Arenberg to Aarschot and Back Again: Female Inheritance and the Disputed ‘Merger’ of Two Aristocratic Identities’, in L. Geevers and M. Marini (eds), Dynastic Identity in Early Modern Europe: Rulers, Aristocrats and the Formation of Identities (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015), pp. 110–111.

  42. 42.

    The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 281, p. 394; MS 68, p. 219.

  43. 43.

    The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 68, p. 220.

  44. 44.

    Sadlack, p. 69.

  45. 45.

    Rymer’s Foedera, vol. 8, p. 407.

  46. 46.

    AT IV 302, 327.

  47. 47.

    Recueil, p. 395.

  48. 48.

    Emperor Maximilian is also mentioned briefly in the marriage contract dated to 6 December 1517. ‘[…] interveniente tanquam auspice et autore eiusdem coniugii invictissimo caesare Maximiliano, Romanorum imperatore […]’, ‘The wedding contract between Sigismund I and Bona Sforza’, in W. Pociecha, Królowa Bona: ludzie i czasy Odrodzenia, vol. 1, (Poznań: Poznańskie Towarzystwo Nauk, 1949), Appendix 2; The original is at The Vatican Archives, Armad. 49, vol. 3, ff. 92r–94v; The document ratifying the marriage: ‘The document approving the marriage contract between Sigismund I and Bona Sforza’, in Pociecha, Appendix 1; The original is at The Vatican Archives, Armad. 89, vol. 3, f. 88.

  49. 49.

    Borkowska, ‘Pacta matrimonialia’, p. 58; Koczerska, ‘Wyprawa szlachcianki polskiej XIV–XVw.’, pp. 375–376.

  50. 50.

    C. Antenhofer, ‘“O per honore, o per commodo mio”: Displaying Textiles at the Gonzaga Court (15th-Sixteenth Centuries)’, in B. Lambert and K. A. Wilson (eds), Europe’s Rich Fabric: The Consumption, Commercialisation, and Production of Luxury Textiles in Italy, the Low Countries and Neighbouring Territories (14th-Sixteenth Centuries) (Farham: Ashgate, 2016), p. 55.

  51. 51.

    Cited in Pociecha, vol. 1, p. 207.

  52. 52.

    Agnieszka Brzeska emphasises this aspect in her analysis of Duchess Sophie of Branderburg-Ansbach’s trousseau: Brzeska, ‘Inwentarz Zofii Jagiellonki jako źródło do poznania wyprawy ślubnej królewskiej córki’, p. 123.

  53. 53.

    G. Passero, Giuliano Passero Cittadino Napolitanoo sia prima pubblicazione in istampa che delle storie in forma di giornali, […], (Naples: Vicenzo Orfino, 1785), pp. 253–256; Cordwain refers to painted or gilded leather used instead of tapestries or room upholstery. A. Bochankowa, ‘Kurdyban et Kurdwanów à Cracovie’, in N. Balutet, Paloma Otaola and D. Tempère (eds), Contrabandista entre mundos fronterizos: hommage au Professeur Hugues Didier (Paris: Publibook, 2010), p. 401.

  54. 54.

    G. G. Coulton, Art and the Reformation: Medieval Faith and Symbolism (New York: Harper, 1958), p. 255.

  55. 55.

    Coulton, Art and the Reformation, p. 255.

  56. 56.

    Mary’s trousseau has been analysed by a number of scholars and its summaries may be found in these works: Hayward, Dress at the Court, p. 57; M. A. E. Green, Lives of the Princesses of England from the Norman conquest (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longman, & Brothers, 1857), pp. 35–36; Sadlack, pp. 63–64.

  57. 57.

    Hayward, Dress at the Court, pp. 56–57.

  58. 58.

    Passero, pp. 254–255.

  59. 59.

    The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 68, p. 307.

  60. 60.

    The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 68, pp. 322, 315.

  61. 61.

    Martin, ‘Gifts for the Bride: Dowries, Diplomacy, and Marriage Politics in Muscovy’, p. 124.

  62. 62.

    Z. Żygulski, Kostiumologia (Cracow: Akademia Sztuk Pięknych, 1972), p. 76.

  63. 63.

    Martin, ‘Gifts for the Bride’, p. 124.

  64. 64.

    G. Mickūnaitė, ‘United by Blood, Divided by Faith: Helena of Muscovy and Alexander Jagiellon’ (Chapter Manuscript, 2016), pp. 6–10.

  65. 65.

    Brzeska, ‘Klejnoty w wyprawie ślubnej Katarzyny Jagiellonki’, p. 30.

  66. 66.

    Ibid., p. 19.

  67. 67.

    Numerous letters written by Anne, Catherine and Sophie to each other published in: Przeździecki, Jagiellonki polskie, vols. 1–5.

  68. 68.

    Brzeska, ‘Klejnoty w wyprawie ślubnej’, p. 8.

  69. 69.

    The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 68, p. 321.

  70. 70.

    Brzeska, ‘Klejnoty w wyprawie ślubnej’, p. 23.

  71. 71.

    Vester, Renaissance Dynasticism and Apanage Politics, p. 4.

  72. 72.

    The Princes Czartoryski Library, MS 68, p. 299.

  73. 73.

    Ibid., p. 313.

  74. 74.

    CSPV II 505.

  75. 75.

    K. Wellman, Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), p. 4.

  76. 76.

    K. Moxey, Peasants, Warriors and Wives: Popular Imagery in the Reformation (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989/2004), pp. 66–67, 127.

  77. 77.

    C. Coester, ‘Passages de frontières. Le voyage de la jeune mariée dans la haute noblesse des temps modernes’, paragraph 7 [accessed at: https://genrehistoire.revues.org/1469] (online journal, no page numbers given).

  78. 78.

    van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, p. 116.

  79. 79.

    J. Adamson, ‘The Making of the Ancien Regime court, 1500–1700’, in J. Adamson (ed.) The Princely Courts of Europe (London: Seven Dials, 2000), pp. 27–28.

  80. 80.

    LP I 3146.

  81. 81.

    Mumby, The Youth of Henry VIII, p. 269.

  82. 82.

    Passero, Giuliano Passero Cittadino Napolitanoo sia prima pubblicazione in istampa che delle storie in forma di giornali, p. 251.

  83. 83.

    Bogucka, Bona Sforza, p. 49.

  84. 84.

    Adamson, ‘The Making of the Ancien-Régime Court 1500–1700’, p. 28.

  85. 85.

    AT IV 301.

  86. 86.

    C. J. Brown, The Queen’s Library: Image-Making at the Court of Anne of Brittany, 1477–1514 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), p. 61.

  87. 87.

    CSPV III 1066.

  88. 88.

    Auton, p. 161.

  89. 89.

    Sadlack, p. 56.

  90. 90.

    CSPV II 500.

  91. 91.

    AT IV 301; Passero, p. 258.

  92. 92.

    Passero, p. 259.

  93. 93.

    Ł. Górnicki, Dzieie w Koronie Polskiey za Zygmunta I y Zygmunta Augusta aż do śmierci iego z przytoczeniem niektorych postronnych Ciekawości od Roku 1538 aż do Roku 1572 (Warsaw: Drukarnia J.K.M. y Rzeczypospolited Collegium XX Scholarum, 1754), p. 56.

  94. 94.

    CSPV, vol. 3, 1066.

  95. 95.

    M. Perry, Sisters to the King: The Tumultuous Lives of Henry VIII’s Sisters: Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France (London: Andre Deutsch Limited, 1998), p. 89; CSPV II 482.

  96. 96.

    Hall’s Chronicle, p. 569.

  97. 97.

    ‘Mémoires ou Journal de Louise de Savoye duchesse d’Angoulesme, d’Anjou et de Valois, mere du grand roi François I […]’, in A. Bellier-Duchesnay (ed.), Collection universelle des mémoires particuliers relatifs à l’histoire de France, vol. 16, (Paris: d’Anjou-Dauphine, 1786), p. 396.

  98. 98.

    R. Goubaux and P. A. Lemoisne (eds), Memoires du Maréchal de Florange: dit le jeune adventureux (Paris: Librairie Renouard, 1908), p. 155.

  99. 99.

    CSPV II 509.

  100. 100.

    CSPV II 508.

  101. 101.

    A. Gieysztor, ‘Gesture in the Coronation Ceremonies of Medieval Poland’, in J. M. Bak (ed.), Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), p. 159.

  102. 102.

    A. Gurr, The Shakespearean Stage 1574–1642 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 101.

  103. 103.

    CSPV II 511.

  104. 104.

    R. Brown-Grant, French Romance of the Later Middle Ages: Gender, Morality, Desire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 40.

  105. 105.

    Y. Lu, ‘King Arthur: Leadership Masculinity and Homosocial Manhood’, in F. K. H. So (ed.), Perceiving Power in Early Modern Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), pp. 85–102.

  106. 106.

    K. J. Lewis, Kingship and Masculinity in Late Medieval England (Oxon: Routledge, 2013), p. 7.

  107. 107.

    Łowmiański, Polityka Jagiellonów, pp. 451–456.

  108. 108.

    CSPV II 509.

  109. 109.

    Perry, p. 96; CSPV II 511.

  110. 110.

    CSPV II 508; CSPV II 511.

  111. 111.

    AT IV 279; Altembas was very similar to cloth of gold but with one difference. Altembas’ warp was silk and weft golden, while it was the other way round for cloth of gold. Z. Gloger, Encyklopedja Staropolska ilustrowana, vol. 1 (Warsaw: Laskauer i Babicki, 1902), under ‘altembas’.

  112. 112.

    K. Turska, ‘Stroje Jagiellonów podczas ceremoniału witania narzeczonych’, p. 106. On the fondness for Italian fashions see: M. Jendryczko, Tysiąc lat ubiorów (Warsaw: Arkady, 2003), pp. 44–50; I. Turnau, Ubiór narodowy w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (Warsaw: IHKM. PAN, 1991), p. 8.

  113. 113.

    Ibid.

  114. 114.

    Passero, p. 257.

  115. 115.

    Decjusz, p. 28; M. Bielski, Kronika Polska Marcina Bielskiego nowo przez Ioach. Bielskiego syna iego wydana (Kraków: Jakob Sibeneyher, 1597), p. 539.

  116. 116.

    P. Oliński and C. Gastgeber, ‘“De institutione regii pueri” as an example of the humanist model of education in the light of courtly culture of the kingdoms in Central Europe ca. 1500’, a seminar paper delivered on 3 February 2016.

  117. 117.

    Decjusz, p. 50.

  118. 118.

    Ibid. ‘Divo Sigismundo, Sarmatiae Regi, Magno Duci Lithuaniae, honor, virtus, gloria paxque sperata fortuna’.

  119. 119.

    Decjusz, pp. 58–59.

  120. 120.

    Brzeska, ‘Klejnoty w wyprawie ślubnej’, pp. 16–17.

  121. 121.

    J. Wiesiołowski, ‘Ubiór i moda’, in B. Geremek (ed.), Kultura Polski średniowiecznej XIV–XV (Warszawa: Semper, 1997), p. 38.

  122. 122.

    H. Łowmiański, Początki Polski: z dziejów Słowian w I. tysiącleciu, vol. 6, part 2 (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1985), p. 931; Z. Piech, Monety, pieczęcie i herby w systemie symboli i władzy Jagiellonów (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo DiG, 2003); Z. Piech, Ikonografia pieczęci Piastów (Cracow: Universitas, 1993), p. 83.

  123. 123.

    K. M. S. Bezio, Staging Power in Tudor and Stuart English History Plays: History, Political Thought, and the Redefinition of Sovereignty (London: Routledge, 2016). Inventing parts of family history was a similar legitimacy building device as exemplified by the Nassau dynasty: L. Geevers, ‘The Nassau Orphans: The Disputed Legacy of William of Orange and the Construction of the Prince of Orange (1584–1675)’, in L. Geevers and M. Marini (eds), Dynastic Identity in Early Modern Europe: Rulers, Aristocrats and the Formation of Identities (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015), pp. 197–216.

  124. 124.

    ‘Ordinato’, p. 209.

  125. 125.

    M. Harney, ‘Ludology, Self-fashioning, and Entrepreneurial Masculinity in Iberian Novels of Chivalry’, in L. J. Simon, G. Wiegers and A. Schippers [et al.] (eds), The Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World: Formerly Medieval Iberian Peninsula (Leiden: Brill, 2015), p. 156; ‘Ordinato’, p. 209.

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    K. Kosior, ‘Anna Jagiellon: A Female Politician in Early Modern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’, in E. Woodacre (ed.), A Companion to Global Queenship (Amsterdam: ARC Humanities Press, 2018), pp. 67–78.

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    Decjusz, p. 52, CSPV II 508.

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    CSPV II 511.

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    Hayward, p. 57.

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    Virgil, Georgics, transl. P. Fallon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 4.65–66, 139, 154, 200–201.

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    B. Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, transl. G. Bull (London: Penguin Books, 1967), p. 297.

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    Decjusz, p. 320.

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    ‘Mariage du Dauphin et de Marie Stuart’, in Alexandre Teulet (ed.), Relations Politiques de la France et de L’Espagne avec l’Écosse au XVIe siècle: Correspondances Françaises 1545–1560, vol. 1 (Paris: Librarie de la Societé de l’Histoire de France, 1862), pp. 310–311.

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    M. B. Freeman, The Unicorn Tapestries (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983), p. 61.

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    Z. Wojciechowski, Zygmunt Stary (Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1979), pp. 131, 136–137.

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    Katarzyna Kosior

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Kosior, K. (2019). Royal Weddings: Protocol, Identity, and Emotion. In: Becoming a Queen in Early Modern Europe. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11848-8_2

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