Abstract
In the spring of 2012, students across the Canadian province of Quebec launched what would be the largest and longest student strike in Canadian history. Leveraging a diverse range of tactics—from blocking access to classes and buildings, to daily marches, street theatre interventions, and the spread of videos on social media—the movement targeted a policy reform to further privatize university funding, including a 75 percent tuition fee increase. This chapter offers analysis of how the creative tactics transformed relationships between ‘private care’ and ‘public participation,’ ultimately reshaping the dynamics of cultural reproduction, labor, education, and the social relations. Focusing on the legacies of the 2012 student protests, the chapter details the influence of this popular mobilizing on the formation of subsequent activist collectives and actions launched in the years that followed, and the ways in which these intersect with legal and policy reforms in the wake of the iconic strike. Here, the role of collective art and performance in mobilizing and sustaining movements, particularly in terms of how they interrupt neoliberal processes with practices of re-visioning and generating public, care-oriented collectivity, is explored.
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Notes
- 1.
A Fair and Balanced University Funding Plan to Give Québec the Means to Fulfill Its Ambitions, Gouvernement du Québec, 2011.
- 2.
See Radio-Canada, ‘Les Élections du Québec,’ June 22, 1960, accessed October 11, 2017. http://archives.radio-canada.ca/emissions/1537.
- 3.
The term ‘Maple Spring’ (printemps érable) was controversial amongst activists and organizers, many objecting to the false equivalence it suggested with the Arab Spring (printemps arabe), where the stakes, risk, and sacrifice far exceeded that experienced in Quebec.
- 4.
Ethan Cox, ‘400,000+ in the Streets? Quebec’s Students Are Winning […]’ Citizen’s Press, May 24, 2012. http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/ethan-cox/2012/05/500000-streets-quebecs-students-are-winning.
- 5.
Québec National Assembly, ‘Bill 78: An Act to Enable Students to Receive Instruction From the Postsecondary Institutions They Attend,’ Québec City: Québec National Assembly, 2012.
- 6.
Amnesty International, ‘Quebec Law Breaches Canada’s International Human Rights Obligations,’ Amnesty International News, May 25, 2012. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2012/05/quebec-law-breaches-canada-s-international-human-rights-obligations/.
- 7.
Le Barreau du Québec, ‘PL 78: Loi permettant aux étudiants de recevoir l’enseignement dispensé par les établissements de niveau postsecondaire qu’ils fréquentent: Le Barreau du Québec formule de sérieuses inquiétudes,’ Barreau du Québec: Activités Médias et Positions, May 18, 2012. http://www.barreau.qc.ca/fr/actualites-medias/communiques/2012/05/18-etudiants.
- 8.
Stephan Christoff, ‘‘Rêve général illimité” in Quebec,’ in Le fond de l’air est rouge, ed. Stephan Christoff (Montreal: Howl Arts Collective, 2013), 31.
- 9.
See Diana Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003); Charles Tilly, Contentious Performances (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); and Benjamin Shepard, Play, Creativity, and Social Movements: If I Can’t Dance, It’s Not My Revolution (London: Routledge, 2012).
- 10.
See Baz Kershaw, ‘Fighting in the Streets: Dramaturgies of Popular Protest, 1968–1989,’ New Theatre Quarterly 13, no. 51 (1997): 255–276; and Richard Schechner, ‘Invasions Friendly & Unfriendly: The Dramaturgy of Direct Theatre,’ South African Theatre Journal 6, no. 1 (1992): 4–24.
- 11.
Kolonel Klepto and Major Up Evil, ‘The Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army Goes to Scotland Via a Few Other Places. Shut Them Down!’ in The G8, Gleneagles 2005 and the Movement of Movements, ed. David Harvie, Keir Milburn, Ben Trott, and David Watts (Autonomedia/Dissent!), 243–254.
- 12.
See David Graeber, Direct Action: An Ethnography (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2009); and Shepard, Play, Creativity, and Social Movements.
- 13.
Hakim Bey, The Temporary Autonomous Zones, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism (Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 1985).
- 14.
Raphael Dallaire Ferland, ‘Premier Rêve général illimité,’ Le Devoir, June 12, 2012.
- 15.
Nicholas Mirzoeff, ‘Vive la Rêve générale,’ Occupy 2012: A Daily Observation on Occupy, April 20, 2012. http://www.nicholasmirzoeff.com/O2012/2012/04/20/vive-la-reve-generale/.
- 16.
Jennifer Beth Spiegel, ‘Quebec’s Noisy Revolution: Social Dramaturgies of the “Maple Spring”,’ Wi: Journal of Mobile Media 6, no. 2 (2012). http://wi.mobilities.ca/quebecs-noisy-revolution-socialdramaturgies-of-the-maple-spring/.
- 17.
See Ève Lamoureux, ‘L’art de la manif réinventé? Analyse de l’importance actuelle des pratiques culturelles et artistiques,’ Bulletin d’histoire politique 21, no. 2 (2013): 70–81.
- 18.
See John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2001) as well as Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Multitude (New York: Penguin, 2004).
- 19.
Timothy Beeler, ‘Unexpectedly Everywhere: Reflections on Alternative Learning,’ Transmutations 1, no. 1. (2013). http://transmutations.org/site/123-2/.
- 20.
Mauricio Lazzarato, The Making of the Indebted Man: An Essay on the Neoliberal Condition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012).
- 21.
Anna Kruzynski, Rachel Sarrasin, Sandra Jeppesen and Research Group on Collective autonomy (Collectif de recherche sur l’autonomie collectif or ‘CRAC’), ‘It Didn’t Start with Occupy, and It Won’t End with the Student Strike! The Persistence of Anti-authoritarian Politics in Quebec,’ Wi: Journal of Mobile Media (June 2, 2012). http://wi.mobilities.ca/category/2012-6-2-out-of-the-mouth-of-casseroles-i/page/3/.
- 22.
Lamoureux, ‘L’art de la manif réinventé?’
- 23.
Maurizio Lazzarato, ‘Struggle, Event, Media,’ republicart, May 2003. www.republicart.net/disc/representations/lazzarato01_en.htm.
- 24.
Alanna Thain, ‘Press Play,’ Society and Space, July 6, 2012. http://societyandspace.org/author/alanna-thain/.
- 25.
Jacques Rancière, Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics, trans. S. Corcoran (Cambridge: Polity, 2010).
- 26.
Thain, ‘Press Play.’
- 27.
Herbert Blumer, ‘Social Psychology,’ in Man and Society: A Substantive Introduction to the Social Science, ed. Emerson Schmidt (New York: Prentice Hall, 1937), 144–198.
- 28.
Tasha Kheiriddin, ‘Quebec Student Protests: Silent Majority Needs to Make Some Noise about Violent Demonstrations,’ National Post, May 23, 2012.
- 29.
See Barbara Epstein, Political Protest and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s and 1980s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991) and Shepard, Play, Creativity, and Social Movements.
- 30.
Ferland, ‘Premier Rêve général illimité.’
- 31.
Mirzoeff, ‘Vive la Rêve générale.’
- 32.
Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois, ‘Staying Power (Le souffle le plus long),’ trans. Susan Ruddick, Society and Space, July 6, 2012. http://societyandspace.org/2012/07/06/staying-power-le-souffle-le-plus-long-gabriel-nadeau-dubois/.
- 33.
Tom Gagné, ‘Quebec Students on the March,’ Socialist Worker, March 22, 2012. http://socialistworker.org/2012/03/22/quebec-students-on-the-march.
- 34.
Lazzarato, ‘Struggle, Event, Media.’
- 35.
Charlotte Bunch, Passionate Politics: Feminist Theory in Action (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1987), Epstein, Political Protest and Cultural Revolution, and Silvia Federici, ‘Precarious Labor: A Feminist Viewpoint,’ 2008. http://inthemiddleofthewhirlwind.wordpress.com/precarious-labor-a-feminist-viewpoint/.
- 36.
Martine Delvaux, Gabrielle Desrosiers, Garlerand Elsa and L’écuyer Vanessa, ‘Militantes féministes grévistes. Du Comité femmes de l’ASSÉ au Comité femmes GGI de l’UQAM,’ in Un Printemps rouge et noir: Regards croisés sur la grève étudiante de 2012, ed. Marcos Ancelovici and Francis Dupuis-Déri (Les Editions Écosociété, 2014), 115–149.
- 37.
Simone de Beauvoir Institute. Statement on Tuition Fees in Québec and Their Impact on Women, Simone de Beauvoir Institute, Concordia University, February 2012. http://wsdb.concordia.ca/about-us/official-position-on-issues/documents/2012SdBITuitionFees.pdf.
- 38.
La Ligue des droits et Libertés, Associations des juristes progressistes, Associations pour une solidarité syndicale étudiante, ‘Répression, discrimination et grève étudiante: analyse et témoignages,’ 2013. http://liguedesdroits.ca/wp-content/fichiers/rapport-2013-repression-discrimination-et-greve-etudiante.pdf.
- 39.
Lamoureux, ‘L’art de la manif réinventé?,’ 71.
- 40.
Klepto Kolonel and Major Up Evil, ‘The Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army.’
- 41.
Alanna Thain, ‘Anarchopanda’s Soft Subversions,’ Wi: Journal of Mobile Media 6, no. 2 (June 2012). http://wi.mobilities.ca/anarchopandas-soft-subversions/.
- 42.
Docteur Chaussette, ‘Marionnette engagée, Docteur Chaussette,’ Transmutations 1, no.1 (2013). http://transmutations.org/site/123-2/.
- 43.
Micheal Wrobel, ‘Quebec’s Political Parties on Tuition Fees and University Funding,’ The Link, March 25, 2014. https://thelinknewspaper.ca/article/quebecs-political-parties-on-tuition-fees-and-university-funding.
- 44.
See transmutations.org.
- 45.
Jennifer Beth Spiegel, Alanna Thain, Sophie Castonguay, and Magda Olszanowski, ‘To Perform in/with a Movement,’ Transmutations 1, no. 1 (2013). http://transmutations.org/site/.
- 46.
Jennifer Beth Spiegel, ‘Masked Protest in the Age of Austerity: State Violence, Anonymous Bodies, and Resistance “In the Red,”’ Critical Inquiry 41, no. 4 (2015): 786–810.
- 47.
See Spiegel, ‘Of Spectacle and Collective Resistance.’
- 48.
Cynthia Dewi Oka, ‘Mothering as Revolutionary Praxis,’ in Revolutionary Mothering: Love on the Front Lines, ed. Alexis Pauline Gumbs, China Martens, and Mai’a Williams (Toronto: Between the Lines & PM Press, 2016), 56.
- 49.
Noelle Didierjean, ‘Over 10,000 Costumed Anti-Austerity Protestors March in Montreal: Public Sector and Students Upset over Government Austerity Measures,’ The Link, November 1, 2014.
- 50.
Timothy Beeler, ‘Unexpectedly Everywhere: Reflections on Alternative Learning,’ Transmutations 1, no. 1 (2013). http://transmutations.org/site/123-2/.
- 51.
See, for example, Dayna McLeod’s, ‘This is my Friend Ethan,’ Transmutations 1, no. 1 (2013). http://transmutations.org/site/83-2/.
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Arquilla, John, and David Ronfeldt. Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2001.
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Bey, Hakim. The Temporary Autonomous Zones, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 1985.
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Bunch, Charlotte. Passionate Politics: Feminist Theory in Action. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1987.
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Lazzarato, Maurizio. The Making of the Indebted Man: An Essay on the Neoliberal Condition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012.
———. ‘Struggle, Event, Media.’ Republicart, May 2003. www.republicart.net/disc/representations/lazzarato01_en.htm.
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———. Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics. Translated by S. Corcoran. Cambridge: Polity, 2010.
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Spiegel, Jennifer Beth. ‘Quebec’s Noisy Revolution: Social Dramaturgies of the “Maple Spring”.’ Wi: Journal of Mobile Media 6, no. 2 (2012). http://wi.mobilities.ca/quebecs-noisy-revolution-socialdramaturgies-of-the-maple-spring/.
———. ‘Masked Protest in the Age of Austerity: State Violence, Anonymous Bodies, and Resistance “In the Red”.’ Critical Inquiry 41, no. 4 (2015): 786–810.
———. ‘Rêve général illimité? The Role of Creative Protest in Transforming the Dynamics of Space and Time During the 2012 Quebec Student Strike.’ Antipode 47, no. 3 (2015): 770–791.
Spiegel, Jennifer Beth, Alanna Thain, Sophie Castonguay, Magda Olszanowski. ‘To Perform in/with a Movement.’ Transmutations 1, no. 1 (2013). http://transmutations.org/site/.
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Thain, Alanna. ‘Anarchopanda’s Soft Subversions.’ Wi: Journal of Mobile Media 6, no. 2 (2012). http://wi.mobilities.ca/anarchopandas-soft-subversions/.
———. ‘Press Play.’ Society and Space, July 6, 2012b. http://societyandspace.org/author/alanna-thain/.
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Acknowledgements
This chapter extends work I first published in 2015 as an article in Antipode (47.3) ‘Rêve Général Illimité? The Role of Creative Protest in Transforming the Dynamics of Space and Time During the 2012 Quebec Student Strike,’ pp. 770–791.
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Spiegel, J.B. (2019). Beyond the Strike: Creative Legacies of the 2012 Quebec Student Protests. In: Alvarez, N., Lauzon, C., Zaiontz, K. (eds) Sustainable Tools for Precarious Times. Contemporary Performance InterActions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11557-9_5
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