Abstract
Aging is a heterogeneous process influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, epigenetics, environmental exposure, and lifestyle. It is associated with numerous subtle, progressive, and predictable changes that affect the endocrine system, leading to an increased susceptibility to numerous diseases. These include disorders of glucose metabolism, thyroid and parathyroid axis, sex hormone levels, and growth hormone levels. Optimization of physiological function throughout the life span is an effective strategy to increase health span. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies related to endocrine function can delay and modify the impact of endocrine-related chronic diseases and promote healthy aging.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Veldhuis JD. Changes in pituitary function with ageing and implications for patient care. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9(4):205–15.
American Diabetes Association. 11. Older adults. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Suppl 1):S99–S104.
Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Gregg EW, Barker LE, Williamson DF. Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the US adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Popul Health Metr. 2010;8:29.
Barzilai N, Huffman DM, Muzumdar RH, Bartke A. The critical role of metabolic pathways in aging. Diabetes. 2012;61(6):1315–22.
Chatterjee S, Peters SA, Woodward M, Mejia Arango S, Batty GD, Beckett N, et al. Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: a pooled analysis of 2.3 million people comprising more than 100,000 cases of dementia. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):300–7.
Ma RC. Genetics of cardiovascular and renal complications in diabetes. J Diabetes Investig. 2016;7(2):139–54.
Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2215–22.
Kim CH, Kim HK, Kim EH, Bae SJ, Park JY. Association between changes in body composition and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in Koreans. Diabet Med. 2014;31(11):1393–8.
Sepe A, Tchkonia T, Thomou T, Zamboni M, Kirkland JL. Aging and regional differences in fat cell progenitors – a mini-review. Gerontology. 2011;57(1):66–75.
Fink RI, Kolterman OG, Griffin J, Olefsky JM. Mechanisms of insulin resistance in aging. J Clin Invest. 1983;71(6):1523–35.
Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287(3):356–9.
Barzilai N, Ferrucci L. Insulin resistance and aging: a cause or a protective response? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012;67(12):1329–31.
Hoehn KL, Salmon AB, Hohnen-Behrens C, Turner N, Hoy AJ, Maghzal GJ, et al. Insulin resistance is a cellular antioxidant defense mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(42):17787–92.
Tatar M, Bartke A, Antebi A. The endocrine regulation of aging by insulin-like signals. Science. 2003;299(5611):1346–51.
Paolisso G, Gambardella A, Ammendola S, D’Amore A, Balbi V, Varricchio M, et al. Glucose tolerance and insulin action in healthy centenarians. Am J Physiol. 1996;270(5 Pt 1):E890–4.
Paolisso G, Tagliamonte MR, Rizzo MR, Giugliano D. Advancing age and insulin resistance: new facts about an ancient history. Eur J Clin Invest. 1999;29(9):758–69.
Chang AM, Halter JB. Aging and insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003;284(1):E7–12.
Neeland IJ, Turer AT, Ayers CR, Powell-Wiley TM, Vega GL, Farzaneh-Far R, et al. Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults. JAMA. 2012;308(11):1150–9.
Chae YK, Arya A, Malecek MK, Shin DS, Carneiro B, Chandra S, et al. Repurposing metformin for cancer treatment: current clinical studies. Oncotarget. 2016;7(26):40767–80.
Tanaka H, Seals DR. Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. J Physiol. 2008;586(1):55–63.
Booth FW, Laye MJ, Roberts MD. Lifetime sedentary living accelerates some aspects of secondary aging. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;111(5):1497–504.
Vogel T, Brechat PH, Lepretre PM, Kaltenbach G, Berthel M, Lonsdorfer J. Health benefits of physical activity in older patients: a review. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63(2):303–20.
Paterson DH, Warburton DE. Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7:38.
The Diabetes Prevention Program. Design and methods for a clinical trial in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(4):623–34.
Mercken EM, Carboneau BA, Krzysik-Walker SM, de Cabo R. Of mice and men: the benefits of caloric restriction, exercise, and mimetics. Ageing Res Rev. 2012;11(3):390–8.
McCay CM, Crowell MF, Maynard LA. The effect of retarded growth upon the length of life span and upon the ultimate body size. 1935. Nutrition. 1989;5(3):155–71; discussion 72.
Lane MA, Roth GS, Ingram DK. Caloric restriction mimetics: a novel approach for biogerontology. Methods Mol Biol. 2007;371:143–9.
Lagouge M, Argmann C, Gerhart-Hines Z, Meziane H, Lerin C, Daussin F, et al. Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha. Cell. 2006;127(6):1109–22.
Hubbard BP, Sinclair DA. Small molecule SIRT1 activators for the treatment of aging and age-related diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2014;35(3):146–54.
Anisimov VN, Semenchenko AV, Yashin AI. Insulin and longevity: antidiabetic biguanides as geroprotectors. Biogerontology. 2003;4(5):297–307.
De Souza A, Khawaja KI, Masud F, Saif MW. Metformin and pancreatic cancer: is there a role? Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2016;77(2):235–42.
Yaffe K, Falvey C, Hamilton N, Schwartz AV, Simonsick EM, Satterfield S, et al. Diabetes, glucose control, and 9-year cognitive decline among older adults without dementia. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(9):1170–5.
Launer LJ, Miller ME, Williamson JD, Lazar RM, Gerstein HC, Murray AM, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering on brain structure and function in people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND): a randomised open-label substudy. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(11):969–77.
Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(18):1887–98.
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2017: summary of revisions. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Suppl 1):S4, S5.
Inzucchi SE, Lipska KJ, Mayo H, Bailey CJ, McGuire DK. Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: a systematic review. JAMA. 2014;312(24):2668–75.
Zannad F, Cannon CP, Cushman WC, Bakris GL, Menon V, Perez AT, et al. Heart failure and mortality outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes taking alogliptin versus placebo in EXAMINE: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9982):2067–76.
McGuire DK, Van de Werf F, Armstrong PW, Standl E, Koglin J, Green JB, et al. Association between Sitagliptin use and heart failure hospitalization and related outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(2):126–35.
Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JF, Nauck MA, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311–22.
Fralick M, Schneeweiss S, Patorno E. Risk of diabetic ketoacidosis after initiation of an SGLT2 inhibitor. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(23):2300–2.
Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28.
Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):644–57.
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2012;55(6):1577–96.
Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(24):2457–71.
Aubert RE, Herrera V, Chen W, Haffner SM, Pendergrass M. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone increase fracture risk in women and men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12(8):716–21.
Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):854–65.
American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society updated beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(4):616–31.
Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(2):489–99.
Vadiveloo T, Donnan PT, Murphy MJ, Leese GP. Age- and gender-specific TSH reference intervals in people with no obvious thyroid disease in Tayside, Scotland: the Thyroid Epidemiology, Audit, and Research Study (TEARS). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(3):1147–53.
O’Leary PC, Feddema PH, Michelangeli VP, Leedman PJ, Chew GT, Knuiman M, et al. Investigations of thyroid hormones and antibodies based on a community health survey: the Busselton thyroid study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;64(1):97–104.
Surks MI, Boucai L. Age- and race-based serum thyrotropin reference limits. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(2):496–502.
Boucai L, Hollowell JG, Surks MI. An approach for development of age-, gender-, and ethnicity-specific thyrotropin reference limits. Thyroid. 2011;21(1):5–11.
Mariotti S, Franceschi C, Cossarizza A, Pinchera A. The aging thyroid. Endocr Rev. 1995;16(6):686–715.
Waring AC, Arnold AM, Newman AB, Buzkova P, Hirsch C, Cappola AR. Longitudinal changes in thyroid function in the oldest old and survival: the cardiovascular health study all-stars study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(11):3944–50.
Bremner AP, Feddema P, Leedman PJ, Brown SJ, Beilby JP, Lim EM, et al. Age-related changes in thyroid function: a longitudinal study of a community-based cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(5):1554–62.
Silvestri E, Lombardi A, de Lange P, Schiavo L, Lanni A, Goglia F, et al. Age-related changes in renal and hepatic cellular mechanisms associated with variations in rat serum thyroid hormone levels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;294(6):E1160–8.
Surks MI, Sievert R. Drugs and thyroid function. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(25):1688–94.
Peeters RP. Thyroid hormones and aging. Hormones (Athens). 2008;7(1):28–35.
Bensenor IM, Goulart AC, Lotufo PA, Menezes PR, Scazufca M. Prevalence of thyroid disorders among older people: results from the Sao Paulo Ageing & Health Study. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27(1):155–61.
Parle J, Roberts L, Wilson S, Pattison H, Roalfe A, Haque MS, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of thyroxine replacement on cognitive function in community-living elderly subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: the Birmingham Elderly Thyroid study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(8):3623–32.
Rugge JB, Bougatsos C, Chou R. Screening for and treatment of thyroid dysfunction: an evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews. Rockville (MD)2014.
Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Endocr Pract. 2012;18(6):988–1028.
Ashizawa K, Imaizumi M, Usa T, Tominaga T, Sera N, Hida A, et al. Metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering in subclinical hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;72(5):689–95.
By the American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2015 updated beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(11):2227–46.
Petersen RC, Stevens JC, Ganguli M, Tangalos EG, Cummings JL, DeKosky ST. Practice parameter: early detection of dementia: mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001;56(9):1133–42.
Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, Appleton D, Brewis M, Clark F, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1977;7(6):481–93.
Diez JJ. Hypothyroidism in patients older than 55 years: an analysis of the etiology and assessment of the effectiveness of therapy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57(5):M315–20.
Laurberg P, Pedersen KM, Vestergaard H, Sigurdsson G. High incidence of multinodular toxic goitre in the elderly population in a low iodine intake area vs. high incidence of Graves’ disease in the young in a high iodine intake area: comparative surveys of thyrotoxicosis epidemiology in East-Jutland Denmark and Iceland. J Intern Med. 1991;229(5):415–20.
Gammage MD, Parle JV, Holder RL, Roberts LM, Hobbs FD, Wilson S, et al. Association between serum free thyroxine concentration and atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(9):928–34.
Raffaelli M, Bellantone R, Princi P, De Crea C, Rossi ED, Fadda G, et al. Surgical treatment of thyroid diseases in elderly patients. Am J Surg. 2010;200(4):467–72.
Vadiveloo T, Donnan PT, Cochrane L, Leese GP. The Thyroid Epidemiology, Audit, and Research Study (TEARS): the natural history of endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):E1–8.
Pearce SH, Razvi S, Yadegarfar ME, Martin-Ruiz C, Kingston A, Collerton J, et al. Serum thyroid function, mortality and disability in advanced old age: the Newcastle 85+ study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(11):4385–94.
Gussekloo J, van Exel E, de Craen AJ, Meinders AE, Frolich M, Westendorp RG. Thyroid status, disability and cognitive function, and survival in old age. JAMA. 2004;292(21):2591–9.
Atzmon G, Barzilai N, Hollowell JG, Surks MI, Gabriely I. Extreme longevity is associated with increased serum thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(4):1251–4.
Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, Duick DS, Harrell RM, Hegedus L, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules – 2016 update. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(5):622–39.
Kilfoy BA, Devesa SS, Ward MH, Zhang Y, Rosenberg PS, Holford TR, et al. Gender is an age-specific effect modifier for papillary cancers of the thyroid gland. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(4):1092–100.
Park HS, Roman SA, Sosa JA. Treatment patterns of aging Americans with differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(1):20–30.
Pepe J, Romagnoli E, Nofroni I, Pacitti MT, De Geronimo S, Letizia C, et al. Vitamin D status as the major factor determining the circulating levels of parathyroid hormone: a study in normal subjects. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(7):805–12.
Serdar MA, Batu Can B, Kilercik M, Durer ZA, Aksungar FB, Serteser M, et al. Analysis of changes in parathyroid hormone and 25 (OH) vitamin D levels with respect to age, gender and season: a data mining study. J Med Biochem. 2017;36(1):73–83.
Need AG, O’Loughlin PD, Morris HA, Horowitz M, Nordin BE. The effects of age and other variables on serum parathyroid hormone in postmenopausal women attending an osteoporosis center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(4):1646–9.
Bjorkman M, Sorva A, Tilvis R. Parathyroid hormone as a mortality predictor in frail aged inpatients. Gerontology. 2009;55(6):601–6.
Sambrook PN, Chen JS, March LM, Cameron ID, Cumming RG, Lord SR, et al. Serum parathyroid hormone is associated with increased mortality independent of 25-hydroxy vitamin d status, bone mass, and renal function in the frail and very old: a cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(11):5477–81.
Buchebner D, Malmgren L, Christensson A, McGuigan F, Gerdhem P, Ridderstrale M, et al. Longitudinal assessment of PTH in community-dwelling older women-elevations are not associated with mortality. J Endocr Soc. 2017;1(6):615–24.
El Hilali J, de Koning EJ, van Ballegooijen AJ, Lips P, Sohl E, van Marwijk HWJ, et al. Vitamin D, PTH and the risk of overall and disease-specific mortality: results of the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;164:386–94.
Bansal N, Zelnick L, Robinson-Cohen C, Hoofnagle AN, Ix JH, Lima JA, et al. Serum parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk of incident heart failure: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(6):e001278.
Melton LJ 3rd. Epidemiology of primary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res. 1991;6(Suppl 2):S25–30; discussion S1–2.
Melton LJ 3rd, Atkinson EJ, O’Fallon WM, Heath H 3rd. Risk of age-related fractures in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(11):2269–73.
Khosla S, Melton LJ 3rd, Wermers RA, Crowson CS, O’Fallon W, Riggs B. Primary hyperparathyroidism and the risk of fracture: a population-based study. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(10):1700–7.
Prete C, Foppiani L, Trasciatti S, Senesi B, Veneziano M, Barone A, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism and neuropsychiatric alterations in a nonagenarian woman. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2005;17(1):67–70.
Paslakis G, Gilles M, Frankhauser P, Lanczik O, Deuschle M, Frolich L, et al. Two cases of primary hyperparathyroidism with depressive and cognitive symptoms. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010;14(9):798–9.
Fui SL, Bonnichon P, Bonni N, Delbot T, Andre JP, Pion-Graff J, et al. Hyperparathyroidism in octogenarians: a plea for ambulatory minimally invasive surgery under local anesthesia. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2016;77(5):600–5.
Sonntag WE, Steger RW, Forman LJ, Meites J. Decreased pulsatile release of growth hormone in old male rats. Endocrinology. 1980;107(6):1875–9.
Toogood AA, O’Neill PA, Shalet SM. Beyond the somatopause: growth hormone deficiency in adults over the age of 60 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(2):460–5.
Weltman A, Weltman JY, Hartman ML, Abbott RD, Rogol AD, Evans WS, et al. Relationship between age, percentage body fat, fitness, and 24-hour growth hormone release in healthy young adults: effects of gender. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78(3):543–8.
Veldhuis JD, Roelfsema F, Keenan DM, Pincus S. Gender, age, body mass index, and IGF-I individually and jointly determine distinct GH dynamics: analyses in one hundred healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):115–21.
Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Weltman A. Elements in the pathophysiology of diminished growth hormone (GH) secretion in aging humans. Endocrine. 1997;7(1):41–8.
Besson A, Salemi S, Gallati S, Jenal A, Horn R, Mullis PS, et al. Reduced longevity in untreated patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(8):3664–7.
Reed ML, Merriam GR, Kargi AY. Adult growth hormone deficiency - benefits, side effects, and risks of growth hormone replacement. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013;4:64.
Brill KT, Weltman AL, Gentili A, Patrie JT, Fryburg DA, Hanks JB, et al. Single and combined effects of growth hormone and testosterone administration on measures of body composition, physical performance, mood, sexual function, bone turnover, and muscle gene expression in healthy older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(12):5649–57.
Blackman MR, Sorkin JD, Munzer T, Bellantoni MF, Busby-Whitehead J, Stevens TE, et al. Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(18):2282–92.
Borst SE. Interventions for sarcopenia and muscle weakness in older people. Age Ageing. 2004;33(6):548–55.
Liu H, Bravata DM, Olkin I, Nayak S, Roberts B, Garber AM, et al. Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(2):104–15.
Baker LD, Barsness SM, Borson S, Merriam GR, Friedman SD, Craft S, et al. Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: results of a controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(11):1420–9.
White HK, Petrie CD, Landschulz W, MacLean D, Taylor A, Lyles K, et al. Effects of an oral growth hormone secretagogue in older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(4):1198–206.
Berryman DE, Christiansen JS, Johannsson G, Thorner MO, Kopchick JJ. Role of the GH/IGF-1 axis in lifespan and healthspan: lessons from animal models. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2008;18(6):455–71.
Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, Pearson J, Blackman MR. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of A. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(2):724–31.
Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, Hodis HN, Matsumoto AM, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103:1715.
Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, Storer TW, Farwell WR, Jette AM, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(2):109–22.
Vigen R, O’Donnell CI, Baron AE, Grunwald GK, Maddox TM, Bradley SM, et al. Association of testosterone therapy with mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in men with low testosterone levels. JAMA. 2013;310(17):1829–36.
Finkle WD, Greenland S, Ridgeway GK, Adams JL, Frasco MA, Cook MB, et al. Increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction following testosterone therapy prescription in men. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85805.
Basaria S, Harman SM, Travison TG, Hodis H, Tsitouras P, Budoff M, et al. Effects of testosterone administration for 3 years on subclinical atherosclerosis progression in older men with low or low-Normal testosterone levels: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(6):570–81.
Toma M, McAlister FA, Coglianese EE, Vidi V, Vasaiwala S, Bakal JA, et al. Testosterone supplementation in heart failure: a meta-analysis. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5(3):315–21.
Snyder PJ, Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Matsumoto AM, Stephens-Shields AJ, Cauley JA, et al. Lessons from the testosterone trials. Endocr Rev. 2018;39:369–86.
Budoff MJ, Ellenberg SS, Lewis CE, Mohler ER 3rd, Wenger NK, Bhasin S, et al. Testosterone treatment and coronary artery plaque volume in older men with low testosterone. JAMA. 2017;317(7):708–16.
The NAMS 2017 Hormone Therapy Position Statement Advisory Panel. The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017;24(7):728–53.
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 141: management of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(1):202–16.
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 565: hormone therapy and heart disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(6):1407–10.
Ohlsson C, Vandenput L, Tivesten A. DHEA and mortality: what is the nature of the association? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015;145:248–53.
Kenny AM, Boxer RS, Kleppinger A, Brindisi J, Feinn R, Burleson JA. Dehydroepiandrosterone combined with exercise improves muscle strength and physical function in frail older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(9):1707–14.
Jankowski CM, Gozansky WS, Schwartz RS, Dahl DJ, Kittelson JM, Scott SM, et al. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in older adults: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(8):2986–93.
Jankowski CM, Gozansky WS, Kittelson JM, Van Pelt RE, Schwartz RS, Kohrt WM. Increases in bone mineral density in response to oral dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in older adults appear to be mediated by serum estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(12):4767–73.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mirza, F.S., Taxel, P., Luthra, P. (2019). Endocrine Health and Healthy Aging. In: Coll, P. (eds) Healthy Aging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06200-2_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06200-2_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-06199-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-06200-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)