Abstract
This article sheds light on various less-explored areas, such as knowledge, intelligence, expertise, knowledge representation, skill acquisition and intelligent systems. It also proposes a missing facet, namely, Expert Intelligence (EI). Artificial Intelligence (AI) based systems such as expert systems and decision support systems were meant to substitute the expertise of human experts. However, in reality, these so-called intelligent systems are used as an aid for decision-making or only as a second choice of opinion in the absence of an expert. During the design of an intelligent system, a knowledge engineer encodes the knowledge of a domain expert into the system. The design and architecture of the system is meant to manipulate on the knowledge of the domain expert but his intelligence is neither acquired nor manifested. Furthermore, poor knowledge acquisition and knowledge representation schemes penalize the performance of these systems. Intelligent systems require more of an experts intelligence rather than his knowledge. Expert Intelligence attempts to bridge this gap. The notion of this article is not to provide an experimental analysis; the principle contribution of this work includes the dogma of Expert Intelligence and future directions for a paradigm-shift from knowledge-based AI approach to an intelligence-based EI approach.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Russell, B.: Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types. Am. J. Math. 30(3), 222–262 (1908)
Keravnou, E.T., Washbrook, J.: Deep and shallow models in medical expert systems. Artif. Intell. Med. 1(1), 11–28 (1989)
Giuse, D.A., Giuse, N.B., Miller, R.A.: Towards computer-assisted maintenance of medical knowledge bases. Artif. Intell. Med. 2(1), 21–33 (1990)
Baum, E.B.: Toward a model of intelligence as an economy of agents. Mach. Learn. 35(2), 155–185 (1999)
Boegl, K., Adlassnig, K.-P., Hayashi, Y., Rothenfluh, T.E., Leitich, H.: Knowledge acquisition in the fuzzy knowledge representation framework of a medical consultation system. Artif. Intell. Med. 30(1), 1–26 (2004)
Reed, S.K., Pease, A.: Reasoning from imperfect knowledge. Cogn. Syst. Res. 41, 56–72 (2017)
Biundo, S., Bercher, P., Geier, T., Müller, F., Schattenberg, B.: Advanced user assistance based on ai planning. Cogn. Syst. Res. 12(3–4), 219–236 (2011)
Zhong, N., Liu, J., Sun, R.: Intelligent agents and data mining for cognitive systems. Cogn. Syst. Res. 3(5), 169–170 (2004)
Müller, V.C.: Introduction: philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence. Minds Mach. 22, 67–69 (2012)
Wang, P.: Analogy in a general-purpose reasoning system. Cogn. Syst. Res. 10(3), 286–296 (2009)
De Kamps, M.: Towards truly human-level intelligence in artificial applications. Cogn. Syst. Res. 14(1), 1–9 (2012)
Liao, S.-H.: Expert system methodologies and applicationsa decade review from 1995 to 2004. Expert Syst. Appl. 28(1), 93–103 (2005)
Wai, J.: What does it mean to be an expert? Intelligence 45, 122–123 (2014)
Meadows, A.J.: The Origins of Information Science, volume 1. Taylor Graham and the Institute of Information Scientists, London (1987)
Hart, A.: Knowledge acquisition for expert systems. In: Göranzon, B., Josefson, I. (eds.) Knowledge, Skill and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 103–111. Springer, Boston (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1632-5
Walker, A.: Knowledge systems: principles and practice. IBM J. Res. Develop. 30(1), 2–13 (1986)
Scott, I., Gronow, S.: Valuation expertise: its nature and application. J. Val. 8(4), 362–375 (1990)
Minsky, M.: A framework for representing knowledge (1974)
Kaur, H., Jyoti, Y.J., Arora, A., Dolly, L.A.: Artificial intelligence: bringing expert knowledge to computers. Discov. J. 2, 4–7 (2012)
Takashima, Q.: Characteristics and technical challenges of current expert systems. In: Proceedings of the Technology Assessment and Management Conference of the Gottlieb Duttwiler Institute, Rüschlikon, Zürich, Switzerland, pp. 31–48 (1985)
Mifflin, H.: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. American Heritage, New York (2000)
Anderson, M.: Intelligence and Development: A Cognitive Theory. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford (1992)
Binet, A., Simon, T.: Méthodes nouvelles pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux. L’année Psychologique 11(1), 191–244 (1904)
Bingham, W.V.: Aptitudes and Aptitude Testing. Harper, New York (1937)
Sternberg, R.J.: Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, New York (2000)
Legg, S., Hutter, M.: A formal measure of machine intelligence. arXiv preprint cs/0605024 (2006)
Spearman, C.: The theory of two factors. Psychol. Rev. 21(2), 101 (1914)
Thurstone, L.L.: Primary Mental Abilities. University of Chicago, Chicago (1938)
Cattell, R.B.: Abilities: Their Structure, Growth, and Action. Houghton Mifflin, Boston (1971)
Howard, G.: Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Basics, NY (1983)
Sternberg, R.J., Sternberg, R.J.: Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence. CUP Archive, Cambridge (1985)
Eysenck, H.J.: The Structure of Human Personality (Psychology Revivals). Routledge, New York (2013)
Newell, A.: Heuristic programming: Ill-structured problems. In: Aronofsky, J. (ed.) Progress in Operations Research III, pp. 360–414. Wiley, New York (1969)
Buchanan, B., Sutherland, G., Feigenbaum, E.A.: Heuristic DENDRAL : A Program for Generating Explanatory Hypotheses in Organic Chemistry. Stanford University, Stanford (1968)
Lindsay, R.K., Buchanan, B.G., Feigenbaum, E.A., Lederberg, J.: Dendral: a case study of the first expert system for scientific hypothesis formation. Artif. Intell. 61(2), 209–261 (1993)
Hoffman, R.R.: How can expertise be defined? implications of research from cognitive psychology. In: Williams, R., Faulkner, W., Fleck, J. (eds.) Exploring Expertise, pp. 81–100. Palgrave Macmillan, London (1998)
Feltovich, P.J., Prietula, M.J., Ericsson, K.A.: Studies of expertise from psychological perspectives. In: Ericsson, K.A., Hoffman, R., Kozbelt, A., Williams, A.M. (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance, pp. 41–67. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2006)
Ericsson, K.A., Krampe, R.T., Tesch-Römer., C.: The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychol. Rev. 100(3), 363 (1993)
Ericsson, K.A., Lehmann, A.C.: Expert and exceptional performance: evidence of maximal adaptation to task constraints. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 47(1), 273–305 (1996)
Campitelli, G., Gobet, F.: Deliberate practice: necessary but not sufficient. Current Dir. Psychol. Sci. 20(5), 280–285 (2011)
Lesgold, A., Rubinson, H., Feltovich, P., Glaser, R., Klopfer, D., Wang, Y.: Diagnosing x-ray pictures, Expertise in a complex skill (1988)
Herbig, B., Glöckner, A.: Experts and decision making: first steps towards a unifying theory of decision making in novices, intermediates and experts (2009)
Chase, W.G., Ericsson, K.A.: Skill and working memory. Psychol. Learn. Motiv. 16, 1–58 (1982)
Bottou, L.: From machine learning to machine reasoning. Mach. learn. 94(2), 133–149 (2014)
Sternberg, R.J.: Intelligence, wisdom, and creativity: three is better than one. Educ. Psychol. 21(3), 175–190 (1986)
Beni, G.: From swarm intelligence to swarm robotics. In: Şahin, E., Spears, W.M. (eds.) SR 2004. LNCS, vol. 3342, pp. 1–9. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30552-1_1
Hämäläinen, R.P., Saarinen, E.: Systems intelligence: a key competence in human action and organizational life. Systems intelligence in leadership and everyday life, pp. 39–50 (2007)
Grasso, A., Convertino, G.: Collective intelligence in organizations: tools and studies. Comput. Support. Coop. Work (CSCW) 21(4–5), 357–369 (2012)
De Groot, A.D.: Thought and Choice in Chess, vol. 4. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, Berlin (2014)
Ericsson, K.A., Charness, N.: Expert performance: its structure and acquisition. Am. Psychol. 49(8), 725 (1994)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Christopher, J., Prasath, R., Vanga, O. (2018). Expert Intelligence: Theory of the Missing Facet. In: Groza, A., Prasath, R. (eds) Mining Intelligence and Knowledge Exploration. MIKE 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11308. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05918-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05918-7_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05917-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05918-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)