Abstract
This chapter focuses on recent development and planning activities of settlements on hazard-prone areas across Turkey. The major contribution is to investigate challenges regarding recent urban transformation activities that the Law 6306 indicates. Those activities were realized in specific areas that were declared as risky areas (vulnerable residential areas) and in specific buildings that were declared as risky buildings (buildings subject to rebuilding) either within or outside such areas. Current outcomes of those activities in the cities, which might be observed by several neighbourhoods, are discussed since most of them could be found to be a bit controversial in several aspects. For instance, such neighbourhoods that are transformed under the Law 6306 are assumed to be relatively safer towards seismic risks after physical transformation processes which aim to create such urban spaces that are made up of so-called seismically safe structures in a city. However, outcomes of such partial changes might probably bring a new set of risk definitions such as additional infrastructural load that might use current capacities beyond their limits, increase in population densities that have negative impacts on the rest of the city and so forth. This chapter aims to highlight the consequences of such kind of transformation processes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
It is published in Official Gazette No: 30364 in 18 March 2018 by the approval of the Parliament and it is declared to take effect in 1st January 2019.
- 2.
This map is produced based on 475 year return period of seismic activity and exceedance probability in 50 years is calculated as 10%. Besides, interactive Web application (see on page: https://tdth.afad.gov.tr/) provides also 16 different versions of maps that include peak ground accelerations (PGA) and peak ground velocities (PGV) for 43, 72 and 2475 year return periods, as well as spectral acceleration values for various periods like 0.2 and 1.0 s (AFAD 2018).
- 3.
CEDIM refers to Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology
- 4.
Besides, the uncertainties about the process of apportionment were resolved by the decision of the High Court in 1975 that confirms disposal of the rights of shareholders on specific locations of shared lands (Balamir 2002, 164).
- 5.
ÇŞB is abbreviation of Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı in Turkish referring to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization
- 6.
ITU is abbreviation of Istanbul Technical University
- 7.
AFAD is abbreviation of Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı in Turkish referring to Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (Official website: https://www.afad.gov.tr/en/)
- 8.
Amendment Law No: 6704 in 14.4.2016.
- 9.
TOKİ is the abbreviation for Toplu Konut İdaresi in Turkish referring to Housing Development Administration of Turkey (Official website: http://www.toki.gov.tr/).
References
ADB—Asian Development Bank (2016) Reducing disaster risk by managing urban land use: guidance notes for planners. ADB, Philippines, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/185415/disaster-risk-urban-land.pdf. Accessed 18 Apr 2018
AFAD (2018) Türkiye Deprem Tehlike Haritası (Earthquake Hazard Map of Turkey) . https://www.afad.gov.tr/en/26735/Turkeys-New-Earthquake-Hazard-Map-is-Published. Accessed 13 Aug 2018
Atay YŞ (2016) 6306 Sayılı Kanun Çerçevesinde Riskli Alan Kararı (Decision of Risky Area in accordance with the Law of 6306). Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, Cilt 25 Sayı 4 Ekim 2016, p 1–25. http://www.todaie.edu.tr/resimler/ekler/b6dd799080fe37b_ek.pdf?dergi=Cagdas%20Yerel%20Yonetimler%20Dergisi. Accessed 16 Jun 2018
Balaban O (2008) Capital accumulation, the state and the production of built environment: the case of Turkey. Dissertation, Middle East Technical University
Balamir M (1992) Türkiye’de Kentleşme ve Kat Mülkiyeti (Urbanization in Turkey and Flat Ownership) . Dissertation, Ankara Üniversitesi
Balamir M (1996) Türkiye’de ‘Apartkent’lerin Oluşumu: Mülkiyet İlişkilerinin Dönüşümüne Dayalı Kentleşme (Making cities of apartment blocks: transformation of the built environment in Turkey by means of reorganizations in property rights) Sey Y. (der), Tarihten Günümüze Anadolu’da Konut ve Yerleşme, Tarih Vakfı, Istanbul, p 335–344
Balamir M (2002) Legality and legitimacy of tenure in Turkey. In: Payne G (ed) Land, rights and innovation: improving tenure security for the urban poor. ITDG Publishing, London, pp 158–177
Balamir M (2005) Aspects of urban Regeneration in Turkey: the zeytinburnu project. In: Proceedings of the paper presented at symposium on UK-Turkey urban regeneration, Ankara 22 March 2005. https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/-zeytinburnu-istanbul.pdf. Accessed 19 Apr 2018
Balamir M (2012) Afetlere İlişkin Planlama Etkinlikleri ve Sakınım Planlaması (Planning activities regarding disasters and mitigation planning). M. Ersoy (der.) Kentsel Planlama: Ansiklopedik Sözlük, Ninova Yayınları, İstanbul, p 2-6
Buğra A (1998) The immoral economy of housing in Turkey. Int J Urban Reg Aff 22(2):283–302
CEDIM (2011) Comparing the current impact of the Van earthquake to past earthquakes in Eastern Turkey. Forensic Earthq Anal Group Rep #4, as of 2 Nov 2011. http://www.cedim.de/download/CEDIMForensicEQAGTurkeyVanEQ_Report4.pdf. Accessed 20 Apr 2018
Çelikbilek A, Çakır Öztürk Ş (2017). 6306 Sayılı Kanun Kapsamında Yürütülen Kentsel Dönüşüm Çalışmaları ve İzmir Uygulamaları (Urban Regeneration Works and İzmir Implementations in accordance with the Law 6306). Medeniyet Sanat 3(2):187–213. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/medeniyetsanat/issue/33610/354957. Accessed 2 Dec 2018
Çelik HZ, Çilingir T (2017) Parsel Bazındaki Dönüşüm Uygulamalarının Kentsel Maliyetleri, Karşıyaka-Bostanlı Mahallesi Örneği (Urban costs of transformation applications based on building plot, Karşıyaka-Bostanlı Neighborhood case). Planlama Dergisi 27(3): 329–346. https://doi.org/10.14744/planlama.2017.73745
Chamber of Architects (2011) Mimarlar Odası Van Deprem Bölgesi 31.10.2011 Tarihli Ön Tespit ve Değerlendirme Raporu (Van Earthquake zone preliminary survey and evaluation report). http://arsiv.mimarist.org/raporlar/2303-mimarlar-odasi-van-deprem-bolgesi-on-tespit-ve-degerlendirme-raporu.html. Accessed 2 Sept 2018
Chamber of Civil Engineers-CCE (2010) Türkiye’nin Deprem Gerçeği (Reality of earthquake in Turkey). TMMOB-İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası. http://www.imo.org.tr/resimler/dosya_ekler/99b545d8991ace2_ek.pdf?tipi=2&turu=X&sube=0. Accessed 2 Sept 2018
ÇŞB (2014) Türkiye Habitat III Ulusal Raporu (Habitat III national report of Turkey). ÇŞB Yayınları http://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/csb/dokumanlar/mpgm0051.pdf. Accessed 2 Sept 2018
ÇŞB and ITU (2017) Kentsel Dönüşüm Uygulamalarında Planlama İlke ve Kriterleri (Planning principles and criteria in urban transformation implementations). ÇŞB Yayınları, İstanbul
Duyar-Kienast U (2005) The Formation of Gecekondu Settlements in Turkey: The Case of Ankara. LIT Verlag Münster
EM-DAT (2018) Disaster profile of Turkey. http://www.emdat.be/. Accessed 15 Apr 2018
Eren ÖM, Özçevik Ö (2015) Institutionalization of disaster risk discourse in reproducing urban space in Istanbul . ITU A|Z Vol 12 No 1 March 2015 p 221–241. http://www.az.itu.edu.tr/azvol12no1web/18-%20ozkaneren-ozcevik-1201.pdf. Accessed 19 Apr 2018
Gökçe O, Özden Ş, Demir A (2008) Türkiye’de Afetlerin Mekansal ve İstatistiksel Dağılımı Afet Bilgi Envanteri (Spatial and statistical distribution of disasters in Turkey disaster information inventory). Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara . https://www.afad.gov.tr/upload/Node/3491/xfiles/abep_kitap_matbaa_final_04122008_small.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2018
Gündoğmuş YN (2016) Türkiye’nin 11 bin 971 hektarı riskli alan ilan edildi (11,971 hectares land was declared risky area in Turkey). AA. http://aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turkiyenin-11-bin-971-hektari-riskli-alan-ilan-edildi/676911. Accessed 20 Apr 2018
Güneş O (2015) Turkey’s grand challenge: disaster-proof building inventory within 20 years. Case Stud Constr Mater 2:18–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2014.12.003
Gür S, Türk ŞŞ (2013) Kentsel Yenilemede Yasal Çerçevenin Rolü: Bağcılar/Göztepe Mahallesi Kentsel Yenileme Alanı Örneği (The role of legal framework in urban renewal : Bağcılar Göztepe neighborhood renewal case). In: KBAM 4. Kentsel ve Bölgesel Araştırmalar Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı, p 177–192. https://app.box.com/s/sbk8nomjqcoqo0bnef5d. Accessed 18 Jun 2018
IFRC (2012) Emergency appeal operation update: Turkey-Van Earthquake. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full%20Report_761.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2018
Keskinok HÇ (2009) Van Kentinin Kentleşme Sorunları (Urbanisation problems of Van City). TMMOB Van İl Koordinasyon Kurumu, In: 1–3 October 2009 Kent Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, p 207–228. https://www.tmmob.org.tr/sites/default/files/vansemp-2.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2018
Özgür T, Özgür Ö (2018) 6306 Sayılı Kanun Çerçevesinde Kentsel Dönüşüm Uygulamalarının Mekansal Deneyimi: Ordu İli Örneği (Spatial experience of urban transformation applications in accordance with the Law 6306: Ordu case). Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi 8(1) p 211–227. http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/449932. Accessed 1 Sept 2018
Resmi Gazete (2018) Çeşitli Yasa ve Yönetmelikler (Various laws and regulations). http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/default.aspx. Accessed 3 Jun 2018
Sendai Disaster-Resilient and Environmentally-Friendly City Promotion Office (2017) Sendai: towards a disaster-resilient and environmentally-friendly city. Sendai, Japan. https://www.city.sendai.jp/kankyo/shise/gaiyo/soshiki/sesakukyoku/link/suishin/documents/bosai_panf_eng_fix.pdf. Accessed 2 Dec 2018
Tekeli İ (1996) Türkiye’de Yaşamda ve Yazında Konut Sorununun Gelişimi (The development of housing problem in literature and life in Turkey). T.C. Başbakanlık TOKİ Konut Araştırmaları Dizisi 2 ODTÜ Basım İşliği, Ankara
TMMOB-ŞPO (2002) İmar Affına Yönelik Düzenlemeler ve Yürütülen Çalışmalar (Regulations and activities regarding development amnesty). http://www.spo.org.tr/genel/bizden_detay.php?kod=68&tipi=15&sube=0. Accessed 1 Sept 2018
TOKİ (2016) Güvenli Yapılar Güvenli Şehirler (Safe buildings safe cities). Ankara http://www.toki.gov.tr/content/images/main-page-slider/16012017213053-pdf.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2018
Torlak SE (2003) Gecekondulaşmanın Gelişimi, İmar Afları ve Islah İmar Planları (Development of squatters, development amnesties and rehabilitation development plans. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Cilt 12 Sayı 1 p 64-73
TURKSTAT (2018) Urbanization rates. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Start.do. Accessed 15 Apr 2018
UNISDR (2018) Sendai framework for disaster risk Reduction 2015–2030 https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/43291. Accessed 13 Apr 2018
Uzun B, Çete M, Palancıoğlu HM (2010) Legalizing and upgrading illegal settlements in Turkey. Habitat Int 34:204–209
YSK (2018) Seçim Arşivi (Elections Achieve). http://www.ysk.gov.tr/tr/secim-arsivi/2612. Accessed 3 Jun 2018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Şenol Balaban, M. (2019). Hazard-Prone Cities and Recent Challenges in the Case of Urban Transformation Experience of Turkey. In: Özdemir Sarı, Ö., Özdemir, S., Uzun, N. (eds) Urban and Regional Planning in Turkey. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05773-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05773-2_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05772-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05773-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)