Global Space Policies and Programmes

Burger, Edward; Bordacchini, Giulia

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05417-5_1

Edward Burger¹⁴ &
Giulia Bordacchini¹⁴

Part of the book series: Yearbook on Space Policy ((YEARSPACE))

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Abstract

The “World Economic Situation and Prospects” report is the United Nation’s leading publication in the annual discussion of current economic trends and prospects. Its 2016 reporting painted a bleak picture, and the global economy looked to be held back by both slow growth and reduced international trade. However, 2017 has seen a turnaround, and it was estimated that global economic growth reached 3%, representing a large step up from the 2.4% of 2016 and also the greatest global growth rate since 2011. Furthermore, about two-thirds of countries have seen increased growth from the sluggishness which characterised 2016, and globally levels are expected to hold at 3% into 2019.

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Notes

1.
“World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018.” 11 Dec. 2017. United Nations, 15 Mar. 2018 <https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/WESP2018_Full_Web-1.pdf>.
2.
Ibid.
3.
Ibid.
4.
Ibid.
5.
“North Korea: A Timeline of Missile and Warhead Tests in 2017.” Time.com, 26 Feb. 2018 (retrieved) <http://time.com/5040375/north-korea-nuclear-missile-tests-2017/>.
6.
Campbell, Charlie. “How North Korea’s ICBM Test Could Bring Negotiators Back to the Table.” 5 July 2017. Time.com, 26 Feb. 2018 <http://time.com/4844829/north-korea-missile-icbm-negotiation/>.
7.
Op. cit. – “North Korea: A Timeline of Missile and Warhead Tests in 2017.”
8.
Westcott, Ben and Suk, Lauren. “China, South Korea end year-long diplomatic feud over missile system.” 31 Oct. 2017. CNN, 26 Feb. 2018 <https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/31/asia/china-south-korea-thaad/index.html>.
9.
“South Korea to deploy more THAAD units after North Korea ICBM launch.” 29 July 2017. Reuters, 26 Feb. 2018 <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norhtkorea-missiles-thaad/south-korea-to-deploy-more-thaad-units-after-north-korea-icbm-launch-idUSKBN1AE02L>.
10.
Albert, Eleanor. “The China–North Korea Relationship.” 28 Mar. 2018. Council on Foreign Relations, 26 Feb. 2018 <https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-north-korea-relationship>.
11.
Fisher, Max. “Bad News, World: China Can’t Solve the North Korea Problem.” 6 Sep. 2017. The New York Times, 26 Feb. 2018 <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/world/asia/china-north-korea-nuclear-problem.html?mcubz=0&_r=0>.
12.
Op. cit. – “The China–North Korea Relationship.”
13.
“Russia, China Urge Peaceful Resolution to North Korea Tensions.” 25 Dec. 2017. VOA News, 26 Feb. 2018 <https://www.voanews.com/a/russia-china-north-korea-tensions/4178038.html>.
14.
“Explaining U.S. Policy Toward North Korea.” (Interview transcript, with NPR host David Greene) 13 Sep. 2017. NPR, 26 Feb. 2018 <https://www.npr.org/2017/09/13/550607412/explaining-u-s-policy-toward-north-korea>.
15.
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16.
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17.
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18.
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19.
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20.
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21.
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22.
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23.
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24.
Op. cit. – “Ten Most Significant World Events in 2017.”
25.
Meyer, David. “Here’s What the U.K. and EU Just Agreed To in the Brexit Deal.” 8 Dec. 2017. Fortune.com, 28 Feb. 2018 <http://fortune.com/2017/12/08/brexit-deal-uk-eu-agree-explainer/>.
26.
Mason, Rowena. “Main points of agreement between UK and EU in Brexit deal.” 8 Dec. 2017. The Guardian, 28 Feb. 2018 <https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/dec/08/main-points-of-agreement-uk-eu-brexit-deal>.
27.
Op. cit. – “Ten Most Significant World Events in 2017.”
28.
“Brexit: ‘Breakthrough’ deal paves way for future trade talks.” 8 Dec. 2017. BBC, 28 Feb. 2018 <http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-42277040>.
29.
Op. cit. – “Here’s What the U.K. and EU Just Agreed To in the Brexit Deal.”
30.
Sims, Alexandra. “What is the difference between hard and soft Brexit? Everything you need to know.” Independent, 28 Feb. 2018 <http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-hard-soft-what-is-the-difference-uk-eu-single-market-freedom-movement-theresa-may-a7342591.html>.
31.
“Brexit: What are the options?” 12 June 2017. BBC, 28 Feb. 2018 <http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37507129>.
32.
“Iraqi Forces Retake City Of Mosul From ISIS Fighters.” (Interview transcript, with NPR host Kelly McEvers) 10 July 2017. NPR, 28 Feb. 2018 <https://www.npr.org/2017/07/10/536505269/iraqi-forces-retake-city-of-mosul-from-isis-fighters>.
33.
Collard, Rebecca. “What We Have Learned Since ISIS Declared a Caliphate One Year Ago.” 25 June 2017. Time.com, 28 Feb. 2018 <http://time.com/3933568/isis-caliphate-one-year/>.
34.
Graham-Harrison, Emma. “Iraq formally declares end to fight against Islamic State.” 9 Dec. 2017. The Guardian, 28 Feb. 2018 <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/09/iraq-formally-declares-end-to-fight-against-islamic-state>.
35.
Op. cit. – “Ten Most Significant World Events in 2017.”
36.
El Hilali, Nouran Mohamed and Petkova, Mariya. “MAPPED: The battle against ISIL.” 15 Oct. 2017. Al Jazeera, 28 Feb. 2018 <https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2017/04/map-isil-syria-iraq-170413092750456.html>.
37.
“10,204 Civilians Killed In Syria In 2017.” 28 Jan. 2018. I AM SYRIA, 28 Feb. 2018 <http://www.iamsyria.org/syrian-conflict-in-2017.html>.
38.
“2017…the year of the military change and the rise of the regime and its allies to head the list of military powers and influences followed by the SDF…and the loss of the opposition and the organization to large spaces of their controlled areas.” 28 Dec. 2017. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 28 Feb. 2018 <http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=81564>.
39.
“Operational Portal, Refugee Situations – Syria Regional Refugee Response.” data from 31 Dec. 2017. UNHCR, 1 Mar. 2018 <https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/Syria>.
40.
“3RP 2017 Progress Report.” (Download page) 17 Oct. 2017. UNHCR, 28 Feb. 2018 <http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/download.php?id=14381>.
41.
Op. cit. – “Operational Portal, Refugee Situations – Syria Regional Refugee Response.”
42.
Crisp, Jeff. “Why it’s Far Too Early to Talk of Return for Syrian Refugees.” 11 Aug. 2017. News Deeply, 28 Feb. 2018 <https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2017/08/11/why-its-far-too-early-to-talk-of-return-for-syrian-refugees-2>.
43.
El Gantri, Rim and El Mufti, Karim. “Not Without Dignity: Views of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon on Displacement, Conditions of Return, and Coexistence.” 9 June 2017. International Center for Transitional Justice, 28 Feb. 2018 <https://www.ictj.org/publication/syria-refugees-lebanon-displacement-return-coexistence>.
44.
Op. cit. – “Why it’s Far Too Early to Talk of Return for Syrian Refugees.”
45.
Belot, Henry and Borys, Stephanie. “Ransomware attack still looms in Australia as Government warns WannaCry threat not over.” 16 May 2017. ABC.net.au, 2 Mar. 2018 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-15/ransomware-attack-to-hit-victims-in-australia-government-says/8526346>.
46.
“NHS ‘could have prevented’ WannaCry ransomware attack.” 27 Oct. 2018. BBC, 2 Mar. 2018 <http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-41753022>.
47.
Larson, Selena. “The hacks that left us exposed in 2017.” 20 Dec. 2017. CNN, 2 Mar. 2018 <http://money.cnn.com/2017/12/18/technology/biggest-cyberattacks-of-the-year/index.html>.
48.
Ruhfus, Juliana. “Syria’s Electronic Armies.” 18 June 2015. Al Jazeera, 2 Mar. 2018 <https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2015/06/syria-electronic-armies-150617151503360.html>.
49.
“Behind the Syrian Conflict’s Digital Frontlines.” 2 Feb. 2015. FireEye Inc., 2 Mar. 2018 <https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/02/behind_the_syrianco.html>.
50.
Op. cit. – “Syria’s Electronic Armies.”
51.
Zetter, Kim. “Inside The Cunning, Unprecedented Hack Of Ukraine’s Power Grid.” 3 Mar. 2016. Wired, 2 Mar. 2018 <https://www.wired.com/2016/03/inside-cunning-unprecedented-hack-ukraines-power-grid/>.
52.
Szoldra, Paul. “A new film gives a frightening look at how the US used cyberwarfare to destroy nukes.” 7 July 2016. Business Insider, <http://www.businessinsider.com/zero-days-stuxnet-cyber-weapon-2016-7?IR=T>.
53.
Broad, William J. and Sanger, David E. “Trump Inherits a Secret Cyberwar Against North Korean Missiles.” 4 Mar. 2017. New York Times, 2 Mar. 2018 <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/04/world/asia/north-korea-missile-program-sabotage.html>.
54.
“Global Cybersecurity Index 2017.” (Download page) 19 July 2017. ITU, 2 Mar. 2018 <https://www.itu.int/pub/D-STR-GCI.01-2017>.
55.
Vanian, Jonathan. “Here’s Why Microsoft President Wants a Digital Geneva Convention.” 14 Feb. 2017. Fortune, 2 Mar. 2018 <http://fortune.com/2017/02/14/microsoft-president-digital-geneva-convention/>.
56.
Op. cit. – “Trump Russia affair: Key questions answered.”
57.
“The Paris agreement marks an unprecedented political recognition of the risks of climate change.” 12 Dec. 2015. The Economist, 7 Mar. 2018 <http://www.economist.com/node/21683990/>.
58.
“Paris Agreement – Status of Ratification.” Updated regularly. UN Climate Change, 7 Mar. 2018 <http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9444.php>.
59.
“Paris Agreement Reaches 175 Ratifications.” 6 Mar. 2018. IISD/SDG Knowledge Hub, 7 Mar. 2018 <http://sdg.iisd.org/news/paris-agreement-reaches-175-ratifications/>.
60.
Volcovici, Valerie. “U.S. submits formal notice of withdrawal from Paris climate pact.” 4 Aug. 2017. Reuters, 7 Mar. 2018 <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-climate-usa-paris/u-s-submits-formal-notice-of-withdrawal-from-paris-climate-pact-idUSKBN1AK2FM>.
61.
Op. Cit. – “Paris Agreement – Status of Ratification.”
62.
“About COP23 – Bonn, 2017.” UN Climate Change Conference – COP23 Fiji, 7 Mar. 2018 <https://cop23.com.fj/about-cop-23/about-cop23/>.
63.
“Earth Negotiations Bulletin.” (Volume 12 Number 714) 21 Nov. 2017. IISD Reporting Services, 7 Mar. 2018 <http://enb.iisd.org/vol12/enb12714e.html>.
64.
“Key Achievements from COP23.” 18 Nov. 2017. UN Climate Change Conference – COP23 Fiji, 7 Mar. 2018 <https://cop23.com.fj/key-achievements-cop23/>.
65.
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66.
“Katowice Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC COP 24).” IISD/SDG Knowledge Hub, 7 Mar. 2018 (retrieved) <http://sdg.iisd.org/events/unfccc-cop-24/>.
67.
Op. cit. – “Paris Agreement Reaches 175 Ratifications.”
68.
“Arctic saw 2nd warmest year, smallest winter sea ice coverage on record in 2017.” 12 Dec. 2017. NOAA, 9 Mar. 2018 <http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/arctic-saw-2nd-warmest-year-smallest-winter-sea-ice-coverage-on-record-in-2017>.
69.
“World Energy Outlook 2016 – Executive Summary.” 16 Nov. 2016. IAE, 9 Mar. 2018 <http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/WEO2016SUM.pdf>.
70.
“World Energy Outlook 2017 – Executive Summary.” 14 Nov. 2017. IAE, 9 Mar. 2018 <http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO_2017_Executive_Summary_English_version.pdf>.
71.
Ibid.
72.
Ibid.
73.
Op. cit. – “World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018.”
74.
“Trade and Development Report 2017.” 14 Sep. 2017. UNCTAD, 9 Mar. 2018 <http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tdr2017_en.pdf>.
75.
Ibid.
76.
“countryeconomy.com – OPEC Reference Basket (ORB) US Dollars per Barrel.” Regularly updated.
Data from those dates mentioned in text. countryeconomy.com, 9 Mar. 2018. <https://countryeconomy.com/raw-materials/opec>.
77.
Op. cit. – “Trade and Development Report 2017.”
78.
Ibid.
79.
Not including Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Lithuania, Malta and Romania
80.
“ESA Budget for 2017.” 16 Jan. 2017. ESA, 28 Mar. 2018 <http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2017/01/ESA_budget_2017>.
81.
“Education at a Glance 2017.” (Download page) 12 Sep. 2017. OECD iLibrary, 28 Mar. 2018 <https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/education-at-a-glance-2017_eag-2017-en>.
82.
“Education at a Glance 2016.” (Download page) 15 Sep. 2016. OECD iLibrary, 28 Mar. 2018 <https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/education-at-a-glance-2016_eag-2016-en>.
83.
Op. cit. – “Education at a Glance 2017.”
84.
Ibid.
85.
“Review of Maritime Transport 2017.” (Download page) 25 Oct. 2017. UNCTAD, 29 Mar. 2018 <http://unctad.org/en/Pages/Publications/Review-of-Maritime-Transport-(Series).aspx>.
86.
“Review of Maritime Transport 2016.” (Download page) 7 Nov. 2016. UNCTAD, 29 Mar. 2018 <http://unctad.org/en/Pages/Publications/Review-of-Maritime-Transport-(Series).aspx>.
87.
“Eurostat – Gross domestic expenditure on R%26D (GERD).” Data from years 2015 %26 2016. Eurostat, 22 Aug. 2018 <http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=t2020_20>.
88.
“Eurostat – Gross domestic product at market prices.” Data from years 2016 %26 2017. Eurostat, 22 Aug. 2018 <http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tec00001>.
89.
“Eurostat – Research and development expenditure, by sectors of performance.” Data from year 2016. Eurostat, 22 Aug. 2018 <http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsc00001>.
90.
“The 2017 EU Industrial R%26D Investment Scoreboard.” (Download page) 4 Dec. 2017. European Commission, 22 Aug. 2018 <http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/scoreboard17.html>.
91.
“Conferences on Corporate R%26D and Innovation (CONCORD).” Regularly updated. European Commission, 22 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/concord.html>.
92.
“CONCORDi 2017.” 14 Nov. 2016. European Commission, 22 Aug. 2018 <http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/concord/2017/index.html>.
93.
Moncada-Paternò-Castello P., Grassano N., %26 Vezzani A. “Innovation and Industry: Policy for the Next Decade.” (Download page) December 2017. European Commission, 22 Aug. 2018 <http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/concord/2017/index.html but direct to the Policy Brief link>.
94.
United Nations General Assembly. 72nd Session. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 4 Dec. 2017. Resolution 72/26. Prevention of an arms race in outer space, 23 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://undocs.org/A/RES/72/26>.
95.
United Nations General Assembly. 72nd Session. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 4 Dec. 2017. Resolution 72/27. No first placement of weapons in outer space, 23 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://undocs.org/A/RES/72/27>.
96.
United Nations General Assembly. 72nd Session. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 4 Dec. 2017. Resolution 72/56. Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities, 23 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://undocs.org/A/RES/72/56>.
97.
United Nations General Assembly. 72nd Session. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 7 Dec. 2017. Resolution 72/77. International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, 23 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/resolutions/2016/general_assembly_71st_session/ares7277_html/N1742901.pdf>.
98.
United Nations General Assembly. 72nd Session. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 7 Dec. 2017. Resolution 72/78. Adoption of the Declaration on the 50th anniversary of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, 23 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/resolutions/2017/general_assembly_72nd_session/ares7278_html/N1742908.pdf>.
99.
United Nations General Assembly. 72nd Session. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 7 Dec. 2017. Resolution 72/79. Consideration of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 23 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/resolutions/2017/general_assembly_72nd_session/ares7279_html/N1742915.pdf>.
100.
United Nations General Assembly. 72nd Session. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 24 Dec. 2017. Resolution 72/250. Further practical measures for the prevention of an arms race in outer space, 23 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <https://undocs.org/A/RES/72/250>.
101.
“Closing Session, First Committee Approves Draft on Chemical Weapons Convention, Sending Total of 58 Texts to General Assembly” 2 Nov. 2017. United Nations, 24 Aug. 2018 <https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/gadis3594.doc.htm>.
102.
“Adopting 57 First Committee Texts, General Assembly Addresses Myriad Security Issues, from Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria to Nuclear-Arms-Ban Treaty” 4 Dec. 2017. United Nations, 24 Aug. 2018 <https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/ga11984.doc.htm>.
103.
“ITU International Satellite Symposium 2017 – S.C.Bariloche, Argentina – 29–31 May 2017.” ITU, 29 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/space/workshops/2017-Bariloche/Pages/default.aspx>.
104.
“ITU-ITSO Regional Training Workshop on "Satellite Communications": Technical and Regulatory considerations.” ITU, 29 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <https://academy.itu.int/index.php?option=com_joomdle&view=coursecategoryextended&cat_id=:&course_id=1177:itu-itso-regional-training-workshop-on-satellite-communications-technical-and-regulatory-considerations&lang=en>.
105.
“ITU-ITSO Regional Training on “Satellite Communications”: Technical and Regulatory Considerations, Giza – Egypt, 8–12 October 2017, INFORMATION NOTE.” ITU, 29 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <https://academy.itu.int/courses//auth/joomdle/pluginfile_joomdle.php?file=/115909/course/summary/20300-Info%20Note_ITSO_ITU_VSAT.pdf>.
106.
“Radiocommunication Seminars and Workshops.” ITU, 29 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/seminars/Pages/default.aspx>.
107.
“1st ITU Inter-regional Workshop on WRC-19 Preparation – Geneva, Switzerland, 21–22 November 2017.” ITU, 29 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/conferences/wrc/2019/irwsp/Pages/2017.aspx>.
108.
“ITU Inter-regional Workshops on WRC-19 Preparation.” ITU, 29 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/conferences/wrc/2019/irwsp/Pages/default.aspx>.
109.
“Report on activities carried out in 2017 in the framework of the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response.” 22 Nov. 2017. UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 30 Aug. 2018 <http://www.un-spider.org/sites/default/files/V1708225.pdf>.
110.
Ibid.
111.
Ibid.
112.
“Events.” (Events tagged with PSA) UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, 30 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/events/search-events-ng.jspx#?c=%7B%22filters%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22event.tags.tag_s%22,%22value%22:%22PSA%22%7D%5D,%22sortings%22:%5B%5D%7D>.
113.
“International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG): Annual Meeting.” UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, 31 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/meetings/ICG-2017.html>.
114.
“AGENDA, 12th Meeting of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems.” ICG, 31 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2017/icg12-agenda.pdf>.
115.
“International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG): Past Annual Meetings.” ICG, 31 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/meetings/past.html>.
116.
“International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG): Annual Meeting.” ICG, 31 Aug. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/meetings/ICG-2018.html>.
117.
“15th UNGIWG Plenary Meeting.” UNGIWG 20 Apr. 2016 <http://www.ungiwg.org/meetings/15th-ungiwg-plenary-meeting>.
118.
“United Nations Geographic Information Working Group | Report to the UN Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (GGIM).” 25 Aug. 2015. UNGIWG 20 Apr. 2016 <http://ggim.un.org/docs/meetings/GGIM5/UNGIWG%20Introduction.pdf>.
119.
“Report of the Conference on Disarmament to the General Assembly of the United Nations.” 22 Sep. 2017. Conference on Disarmament, 3 Sep. 2018 <https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4C940C4CB4AF2D5AC12581AA004B7826/$file/2112E.pdf>.
120.
Ibid.
121.
“Note verbale dated 7 September 2017 from the Permanent Mission of Chile addressed to the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament transmitting the report on the informal discussions on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.” 14 Sep. 2017. Conference on Disarmament, 3 Sep. 2018 <http://undocs.org/cd/2100>.
122.
“Letter dated 9 August 2017 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation, addressed to the Secretary General of the Conference on Disarmament, transmitting the Joint Statement by President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin and President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Tran Dai Quang of 29 June, 2017, with regard to the no first placement of weapons of any kind in Outer Space.” 6 Sep. 2017. Conference on Disarmament, 3 Sep. 2018 <http://undocs.org/cd/2098>.
123.
“United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Note by the Secretary-General.” 25 July 2018. UN General Assembly, 4 Sep. 2018 <http://www.unidir.org/files/files/Director’s%20Report%202018.pdf>.
124.
“2017 Space Security Conference, ‘Celebrating the Outer Space Treaty: 50 Years of Space Governance and Stability’.” UNIDIR, 4 Sep. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.unidir.org/files/medias/pdfs/agenda-eng-0-721.pdf>.
125.
“Space Security 2017—Celebrating the Outer Space Treaty: 50 Years of Space Governance and Stability.” UNIDIR, 4 Sep. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.unidir.org/programmes/emerging-security-issues/annual-outer-space-security-conference/space-security-2017-celebrating-the-outer-space-treaty-50-years-of-space-governance-and-stability>.
126.
“Past events.” GEO, 4 Sep. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.earthobservations.org/meetings.php#past>.
127.
“DRAFT AGENDA, Group on Earth Observations, 14th Plenary Session – GEO-XIV.” GEO, 4 Sep. 2018 (retrieved) <http://www.earthobservations.org/documents/geo_xiv/GEO-XIV-1-3(Rev1)_Draft%20Agenda.pdf>.
128.
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129.
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221.
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229.
Op. cit. – “China’s Space Activities in 2016 – the 4th version of white paper.”
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“State Visit of President Emmanuel Macron to the People’s Republic of China: France and China Step up Space Cooperation in the Fields of Climate and Exploration.” 10 Jan. 2018. CNES, 16 July 2018 <https://presse.cnes.fr/en/state-visit-president-emmanuel-macron-peoples-republic-china-france-and-china-step-space-cooperation>.
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Op. cit. – “Government of India – Department of Space Annual Report 2017–2018.”
243.
The Space Report 2018. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2018: 4.
244.
Ibid. p. 6.
245.
The Space Report 2018. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2018: 8.
246.
Ibid. at page 8.
247.
Ibid. at page 15.
248.
Chinese space budget is not publicly available. The calculation is a Space Foundation’s estimate.
249.
The Space Report 2018. Space Foundation 2018: 8.
250.
Italy, the UK, Belgium and Spain contribute the same % of amount as 2016. “ESA Budget 2017”. 16th January 2017. ESA 6th August 2018:<http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2018/01/ESA_budget_2018>.
251.
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252.
Ibid.
253.
Ibid.
254.
Ibid.
255.
The Space Report 2018. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2018: 7.
256.
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257.
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258.
Federal Aviation Administration. The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2018. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2018: 39.
259.
ESPI database.
260.
Ibid.
261.
Federal Aviation Administration “The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2018”. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2018: 40, figure 7.
262.
Ibid. p.1.
263.
“2018 State of the Satellite Industry Report.” 13th June 2018. Satellite Industry Association and Bryce Space Technology. 28th August.
264.
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265.
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266.
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267.
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268.
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Op. cit. – “Airbus Annual Report 2017 – Connecting the skies.” at p. 038.
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Op. cit. – “Airbus Annual Report 2017 – Connecting the skies.” at p. 84 (Registration Document section).
314.
Op. cit. – “Airbus Annual Report 2017 – Connecting the skies.” at p. 27 (Financial Statements section) Figure derived from EBIT + depreciation and amortisation.
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Edward Burger & Giulia Bordacchini

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Burger, E., Bordacchini, G. (2019). Global Space Policies and Programmes. In: Yearbook on Space Policy 2017. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05417-5_1

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