Abstract
In this chapter, we aim at detecting generic salient objects in unconstrained images, which may contain multiple salient objects or no salient object. Solving this problem entails generating a compact set of detection windows that matches the number and the locations of salient objects.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Rank thresholding means outputting a fixed number of proposals for each image, which is a default setting for object proposal methods like SS, EB, and MCG, as their proposal scores are less calibrated across images.
References
Achanta, R., Hemami, S., Estrada, F., and Susstrunk, S. Frequency-tuned salient region detection. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2009).
Alexe, B., Deselaers, T., and Ferrari, V. Measuring the objectness of image windows. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 34, 11 (2012), 2189–2202.
Arbelaez, P., Pont-Tuset, J., Barron, J., Marques, F., and Malik, J. Multiscale combinatorial grouping. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2014).
Ba, J., Mnih, V., and Kavukcuoglu, K. Multiple object recognition with visual attention. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2015).
Barinova, O., Lempitsky, V., and Kholi, P. On detection of multiple object instances using Hough transforms. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 34, 9 (2012), 1773–1784.
Borji, A., Cheng, M.-M., Jiang, H., and Li, J. Salient object detection: A benchmark. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (TIP) 24, 12 (2015), 5706–5722.
Buchbinder, N., Feldman, M., Naor, J., and Schwartz, R. A tight linear time (1/2)-approximation for unconstrained submodular maximization. In Foundations of Computer Science (2012).
Carreira, J., and Sminchisescu, C. CPMC: Automatic object segmentation using constrained parametric min-cuts. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 34, 7 (2012), 1312–1328.
Chang, K.-Y., Liu, T.-L., Chen, H.-T., and Lai, S.-H. Fusing generic objectness and visual saliency for salient object detection. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2011).
Chen, X., and Gupta, A. Webly supervised learning of convolutional networks. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2015).
Cheng, M.-M., Mitra, N. J., Huang, X., Torr, P. H. S., and Hu, S.-M. Global contrast based salient region detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 37, 3 (2015), 569–582.
Cheng, M.-M., Zhang, Z., Lin, W.-Y., and Torr, P. H. S. BING: Binarized normed gradients for objectness estimation at 300fps. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2014).
Dalal, N., and Triggs, B. Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2005).
Desai, C., Ramanan, D., and Fowlkes, C. C. Discriminative models for multi-class object layout. International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV) 95, 1 (2011), 1–12.
Deselaers, T., Alexe, B., and Ferrari, V. Weakly supervised localization and learning with generic knowledge. International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV) 100, 3 (2012), 275–293.
Desimone, R., and Duncan, J. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual review of neuroscience 18, 1 (1995), 193–222.
Erhan, D., Szegedy, C., Toshev, A., and Anguelov, D. Scalable object detection using deep neural networks. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2014).
Everingham, M., Van Gool, L., Williams, C. K. I., Winn, J., and Zisserman, A. The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge 2007 (VOC2007) Results. http://www.pascal-network.org/challenges/VOC/voc2007/workshop/index.html.
Feige, U., Mirrokni, V. S., and Vondrak, J. Maximizing non-monotone submodular functions. SIAM Journal on Computing 40, 4 (2011), 1133–1153.
Felzenszwalb, P. F., Girshick, R. B., McAllester, D., and Ramanan, D. Object detection with discriminatively trained part-based models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 32, 9 (2010), 1627–1645.
Feng, J., Wei, Y., Tao, L., Zhang, C., and Sun, J. Salient object detection by composition. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2011).
Girshick, R., Donahue, J., Darrell, T., and Malik, J. Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2014), IEEE.
Gopalakrishnan, V., Hu, Y., and Rajan, D. Random walks on graphs to model saliency in images. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2009).
Hosang, J., Benenson, R., and Schiele, B. How good are detection proposals, really? In BMVC (2014).
Jia, Y., Shelhamer, E., Donahue, J., Karayev, S., Long, J., Girshick, R., Guadarrama, S., and Darrell, T. Caffe: Convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding. In ACM International Conference on Multimedia (2014).
Jiang, H., Wang, J., Yuan, Z., Wu, Y., Zheng, N., and Li, S. Salient object detection: A discriminative regional feature integration approach. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2013).
Karpathy, A., and Fei-Fei, L. Deep visual-semantic alignments for generating image descriptions. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015).
Larochelle, H., and Hinton, G. E. Learning to combine foveal glimpses with a third-order Boltzmann machine. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2010).
Li, Y., Hou, X., Koch, C., Rehg, J. M., and Yuille, A. L. The secrets of salient object segmentation. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2014).
Liu, T., Yuan, Z., Sun, J., Wang, J., Zheng, N., Tang, X., and Shum, H.-Y. Learning to detect a salient object. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 33, 2 (2011), 353–367.
Lu, S., Mahadevan, V., and Vasconcelos, N. Learning optimal seeds for diffusion-based salient object detection. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2014).
Lu, Y., Zhang, W., Lu, H., and Xue, X. Salient object detection using concavity context. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2011).
Luo, Y., Yuan, J., Xue, P., and Tian, Q. Saliency density maximization for object detection and localization. In Asian Conference on Computer Vision (ACCV) (2011).
Mairon, R., and Ben-Shahar, O. A closer look at context: From coxels to the contextual emergence of object saliency. In European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) (2014).
Marchesotti, L., Cifarelli, C., and Csurka, G. A framework for visual saliency detection with applications to image thumbnailing. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2009).
Mnih, V., Heess, N., Graves, A., et al. Recurrent models of visual attention. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2014).
Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., and Sun, J. Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2015).
Rothe, R., Guillaumin, M., and Van Gool, L. Non-maximum suppression for object detection by passing messages between windows. In ACCV (2014).
Rujikietgumjorn, S., and Collins, R. T. Optimized pedestrian detection for multiple and occluded people. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2013), IEEE.
Russakovsky, O., Deng, J., Su, H., Krause, J., Satheesh, S., Ma, S., Huang, Z., Karpathy, A., Khosla, A., Bernstein, M., et al. Imagenet large scale visual recognition challenge. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0575 (2014).
Scharfenberger, C., Waslander, S. L., Zelek, J. S., and Clausi, D. A. Existence detection of objects in images for robot vision using saliency histogram features. In International Conference on Computer and Robot Vision (2013).
Shen, X., and Wu, Y. A unified approach to salient object detection via low rank matrix recovery. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2012).
Simonyan, K., and Zisserman, A. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2015).
Siva, P., Russell, C., Xiang, T., and Agapito, L. Looking beyond the image: Unsupervised learning for object saliency and detection. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2013).
Siva, P., and Xiang, T. Weakly supervised object detector learning with model drift detection. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2011), IEEE, pp. 343–350.
Suh, B., Ling, H., Bederson, B. B., and Jacobs, D. W. Automatic thumbnail cropping and its effectiveness. In ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (2003).
Szegedy, C., Reed, S., Erhan, D., and Anguelov, D. Scalable, high-quality object detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.1441 (2014).
Uijlings, J. R., van de Sande, K. E., Gevers, T., and Smeulders, A. W. Selective search for object recognition. International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV) 104, 2 (2013), 154–171.
Valenti, R., Sebe, N., and Gevers, T. Image saliency by isocentric curvedness and color. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2009).
Wang, P., Wang, J., Zeng, G., Feng, J., Zha, H., and Li, S. Salient object detection for searched web images via global saliency. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2012).
Yan, Q., Xu, L., Shi, J., and Jia, J. Hierarchical saliency detection. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2013).
Yang, C., Zhang, L., Lu, H., Ruan, X., and Yang, M.-H. Saliency detection via graph-based manifold ranking. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2013).
Yildirim, G., and Süsstrunk, S. FASA: Fast, Accurate, and Size-Aware Salient Object Detection. In ACCV (2014).
Zhang, J., Ma, S., Sameki, M., Sclaroff, S., Betke, M., Lin, Z., Shen, X., Price, B., and Měch, R. Salient object subitizing. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015).
Zhang, J., Sclaroff, S., Lin, Z., Shen, X., Price, B., and Měch, R. Minimum barrier salient object detection at 80 fps. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision(ICCV) (2015).
Zhu, J.-Y., Wu, J., Wei, Y., Chang, E., and Tu, Z. Unsupervised object class discovery via saliency-guided multiple class learning. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2012).
Zitnick, C. L., and Dollár, P. Edge boxes: Locating object proposals from edges. In European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) (2014).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhang, J., Malmberg, F., Sclaroff, S. (2019). Unconstrained Salient Object Detection. In: Visual Saliency: From Pixel-Level to Object-Level Analysis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04831-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04831-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04830-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-04831-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)