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Biomarkers of Foods and Nutraceuticals: Applications in Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicity

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Book cover Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine

Abstract

Currently, nutraceuticals, primarily plant extracts or their constituents, are used for prevention and treatment of diseases in both humans and animals. The use of nutraceuticals (commonly referred to as herbal supplements), compared to modern medicines, has become more popular because they (1) offer health benefits, (2) are effective in prevention and treatment of diseases, (3) have a wide margin of safety, (4) are more compatible with other nutraceuticals and/or modern medicines in polypharmacy, (5) are inexpensive, and (6) are easily available and do not require physician’s prescription. Countless plant extracts have been investigated for their detailed phytochemistry, phytopharmacology, and phytotherapy/phytomedicine. A single plant can have more than one hundred phytoconstituents with many of them having biological and pharmacological potential. This makes evaluation of phytoconstituents efficacy and safety very complicated and challenging. Another challenging issue with nutraceuticals is contamination with metals, pesticides, and mycotoxins and adulteration with illegal drugs. Compared to modern medicines, nutraceuticals lack information on pharmacokinetics/toxicokinetics and interaction with other nutraceuticals and therapeutic drugs and biomarkers. The presence of food compounds, phytochemicals, and/or their metabolites in body fluids and tissues serves as biomarkers. This chapter describes the biomarkers of common foods of nutritional value and plant extracts of nutraceutical potential.

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Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank Ms. Robin B. Doss for her technical assistance in preparation of this chapter.

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  1. Toxicology Department, Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY, USA

    Ramesh C. Gupta

  2. Vets Plus Inc., Menomonie, WI, USA

    Ajay Srivastava, Anita Sinha & Rajiv Lall

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Correspondence to Ramesh C. Gupta .

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  1. Department of Toxicology, Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY, USA

    Ramesh C. Gupta

  2. Vets Plus Inc., University of Wisconsin–Stout, Menonomie, WI, USA

    Ajay Srivastava

  3. Vets Plus Inc., Menomonie, WI, USA

    Rajiv Lall

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Gupta, R.C., Srivastava, A., Sinha, A., Lall, R. (2019). Biomarkers of Foods and Nutraceuticals: Applications in Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicity. In: Gupta, R., Srivastava, A., Lall, R. (eds) Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_50

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