Skip to main content

The Relationship Between Resilience and Motivation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Resilience in Aging

Abstract

Resilience refers to the capacity to spring back from a physical, emotional, financial, or social challenge and bounce forward. Being resilient indicates that the individual has the human ability to adapt in the face of tragedy, trauma, adversity, hardship, and ongoing significant life stressors. Motivation is different from resilience and is based on an inner urge rather than stimulated in response to adversity or challenge. Motivation refers to the need, drive, or desire to act in a certain way to achieve a certain end. Motivation is, however, related to resilience in that it requires motivation to be resilient. The characteristics of individuals who are motivated and those who are resilient are similar and can be developed over time. This chapter reviews the ways in which these two concepts are similar and different and provides theoretical and empirical support for the evidence that they are both critical to recovery following an acute event and to assure successful aging .

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albright, C., Pruitt, L., Castro, C., Gonzalez, A., Woo, S., & King, A. (2005). Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: One-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 30(3), 191–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association Help Center. (2004). The road to resilience. Retrieved from http://www.apahelpcenter.org/featuredtopics/feature.php?id6. Last accessed June, 2013.

  • Baert, V., Gorus, E., Guldemont, N., De Coster, S., & Bautmans, I. (2015). Physiotherapists’ perceived motivators and barriers for organizing physical activity for older long-term care facility residents. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 16(5), 371–379.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baruth, K., & Carroll, J. J. (2002). A formal assessment of resilience: The Baruth protective factors inventory. Journal of Individual Psychology, 58, 235–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battalio, S. L., Silverman, A. M., Ehde, D. M., Amtmann, D., Edwards, K. A., & Jensen, M. P. (2017). Resilience and function in adults with physical disabilities: An observational study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98, 1158–1164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Block, J., & Kremen, A. (1996). IQ an ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, J., Blalock, C., & Button, T. (2008). Sex differences in the heritability of resilience. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 11(1), 12–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, K. W., & Osborne, A. S. (2016). Resilience protective factors in an older adults population: A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis. Social Work Research, 40(3), 171–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Death Studies, 31(10), 863–883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown-Yung, K., Walker, R. B., & Luszcz, M. A. (2017). An examination of resilience and coping in the oldest old using life narrative method. The Gerontologist, 57(2), 282–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, J., & St-Aubin, A. (2016). Fostering positive experiences of group-based exercise classes after breast cancer: What do women have to say? Disability and Rehabilitation, 38(15), 1500–1508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byun, J., & Jung, D. (2016). The influence of daily stress and resilience on successful ageing. International Nursing Review, 63, 482–489.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canzan, F., Heilemann, M. V., Saiani, L., Mortari, L., & Ambrosi, E. (2014). Visible and invisible caring in nursing from the perspectives of patients and nurses in the gerontological context. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science, 28(4), 732–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charney, D. (2004). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: Implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 195–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chow, S. M., Hamagani, F., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2007). Age differences in dynamical emotion-cognition linkages. Psychological Aging, 224(4), 765–780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. P., McDougall, G., Riegel, B., Joiner-Rogers, G., Innerarity, S., Meraviglia, M., et al. (2015). Health status and self-care outcomes after an education-support intervention for people with chronic heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, Supplement, 1, S3–S13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, K., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scalre. Dpression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornish, E. K., McKissic, S. A., Dean, D. A., & Griffith, D. M. (2017). Lessons learned about motivation from a pilot physical activity intervention for African American men. Health Promotion Practice, 18(1), 102–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cromwell, K. D., Chiang, Y. J., Armer, J., Heppner, P. P., Mungovan, K., Ross, M. I., et al. (2015). Is surviving enough? Coping and impact on activities of daily living among melanoma patients with lymphoedema. European Journal of Cancer Care, 24(5), 724–733.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Damush, T. M., Perkins, S. M., Mikesky, A. E., Roberts, M., & O’Dea, J. (2005). Motivational factors influencing older adults diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis to join and maintain an exercise program. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 13(1), 45–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Souto Barreto, P., Morley, J., Chodzko-Zajko, W. K. H., Weening-Djiksterhuis, E., Rodriguez-Mañas, L., Barbagallo, M, … Rolland, Y. (2016). Recommendations on physical activity and exercise for older adults living in long-term care facilities: A taskforce report. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 17(5), 381–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Martinussen, M. (2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12, 65–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fullen, M. C., & Gorby, S. R. (2016). Reframing resilience: Pilot evaluation of a program to promote resilience in marginalized older adults. Educational Gerontology, 42(9), 660–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galik, E., Resnick, B., Gruber-Baldini, A., Nahm, E. S., Pearson, K., & Pretzer-Aboff, I. (2008). Pilot testing of the Restorative Care Intervention for the cognitively impaired. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 9(7), 516–522.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galik, E., Resnick, B., Hammersla, M., & Brightwater, J. (2014). Optimizing function and physical activity among nursing home residents with dementia: Testing the impact of Function Focused Care. The Gerontologist, 54(6), 930–943.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galik, E., Resnick, B., & Pretzer-Aboff, I. (2009). Knowing what makes them tick: Motivating cognitively impaired older adults to participate in restorative care. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 15(1), 48–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Germain, A., Mayland, C. R., & Jack, B. A. (2016). The potential therapeutic value for bereaved relatives participating in research: An exploratory study. Palliative & Supportive Care, 14(5), 479–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goris. E. D., Ansel, K. N., & Schutte, D. L. (2016). Quantitative systematic review of the effects of non-pharmacological interventions on reducing apathy in persons with dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(11), 2612–2628..

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood-Hickman, M. A., Renz, A., & Rosenberg, D. E. (2016). Motivators and barriers to reducing sedentary behavior among overweight and obese older adults. Gerontologist, 56(4), 660–668.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grothberg, E. (2003). Resilience for today: Gaining strength from adversity. Wesport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guest, R., Craig, A., Tran, Y., & Middleton, J. (2015). Factors predicting resilience in people with spinal cord injury during transition from inpatient rehabilitation to the community. Spinal Cord, 53(9), 682–686.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, E., Landstad, B. J., Hellzén, O., & Svebak, S. (2011). Motivation for lifestyle changes to improve health in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 25(3), 484–490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, S., Concato, J., & Gill, T. M. (2004). Resilience of community-dwelling older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(2), 257–262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P. (2008). Another wrinkle in the debate about successful aging: The undervalued concept of resilience and the lived experience of dementia. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 67(1), 43–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, M., Kato, S., Tanabe, Y., Katakura, M., Mamun, A. A., Ohno, M., … Shido, O. (2017). Beneficial effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid intervention on cognitive function and mental health of the oldest elderly in Japanese care facilities and nursing homes. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(2), 330–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hjemdala, O., Friborgb, O., Braunc, S., Kempenaersc, C., Linkowskic, P., & Fossiond, P. (2011). The Resilience Scale for adults: Construct validity and measurement in a Belgian sample. International Journal of Testing, 11(1), 53–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, L., Chaudhury, H., & Rust, T. (2016). The effect of dining room physical environmental renovations on person-centered care practice and residents’ dining experiences in long-term care facilities. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 35(12), 1279–1301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikemata, S., & Momose, Y. (2017). Effects of a progressive muscle relaxation intervention on dementia symptoms, activities of daily living, and immune function in group home residents with dementia in Japan. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 14(2), 135–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J., Gooding, P. A., Wood, A. M., & Tarrier, N. (2010). Resilience as positive coping appraisals: Testing the schematic appraisals model of suicide (SAMS). Behavioral Research and Therapy, 48(3), 179–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karoly, P., & Ruehlman, L. S. (2006). Psychological “resilience” and its correlates in chronic pain: Findings from a national community sample. Pain, 123(1), 90–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katrancha, E. D., Hoffman, L. A., Zullo, T. G., Tuite, P. K., & Garand, L. (2015). Effects of a video guided T’ai Chi group intervention on center of balance and falls efficacy: A pilot study. Geriatric Nursing, 36(1), 9–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koskenniemi, J., Leino-Kilpi, H., & Suhonen, R. (2015). Manifestation of respect in the care of older patients in long-term care settings. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 29(2), 288–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosteli, M. C., Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2016). Investigating the psychosocial determinants of physical activity in older adults: A qualitative approach. Psychology & Health, 31(6), 730–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeBrasseur, N. K. (2017). Physical resilience: Opportunities and challenges in translation. Journal of Gerontology A: Biological and Medical Sciences, 72(7), 978–979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maher, J. P., & Conroy, D. E. (2016). A dual-process model of older adults’ sedentary behavior. Health Psychology, 35(3), 262–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, L. K., Carr, D. C., & Kail, B. L. (2016). Do higher levels of resilience buffer the deleterious impact of chronic illness on disability in later life? The Gerontologist, 56(3), 514–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marin, R. S. (1991). Apathy: A neuropsychiatric syndrome. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 3(3), 243–254. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1821241. Last accessed June, 2017.

  • Marin, R. S., Fogel, B. S., Hawkins, J., Duffy, J., & Krupp, B. (1995). Apathy: A treatable syndrome. Journal of Neuropsychiatry Clinics and Neuroscience, 7(1), 23–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marin, R. S., Biedrzycki, R.C., & Firinciogullari, S. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Psychiatry Research, 38(2), 143–162. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1754629. Last accessed June, 2017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mavaddat, N., Ross, S., Dobbin, A., Williams, K., Graffy, J., & Mant, J. (2017). Training in positivity for stroke? A qualitative study of acceptability of use of Positive Mental Training (PosMT) as a tool to assist stroke survivors with post-stroke psychological problems and in coping with rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation, 40(2), 259–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, M. C. (2016). Experiencing flow: Creativity and meaningful task engagement for senior women. Women & Therapy, 39(3/4), 280–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meshe, O. F., Claydon, L. S., Bungay, H., & Andrew, S. (2017). The relationship between physical activity and health status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following pulmonary rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 39(9), 746–756.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Netz, Y., & Raviv, S. (2004). Age differences in motivational orientation toward physical activity: An application of social-cognitive theory. Journal of Psychology, 138(1), 35–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, R. (2005). APA’s resilience initiative. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(2), 227–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padala, P. R., Burke, W. J., & Bhatia, S. C. (2007). Modafinil therapy for apathy in an elderly patient. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 41(2), 346–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reifegerste, D., & Rossmann, C. (2017). Promoting physical activity with group pictures. Affiliation-based visual communication for high-risk populations. Health Communication, 32(2), 161–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, B. (1994). The wheel that moves. Rehabilitation Nursing, 19(4), 240–241. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7831525. Last accessed June, 2017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, B., Galik, E., Dorsey, S., Scheve, A., & Gutkin, S. (2011a). Reliability and validity testing of the physical resilience measure. Gerontologist, 51(5), 643–652.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, B., Galik, E., Gruber-Baldini, A., & Zimmerman, S. (2011b). Testing the impact of function focused care in assisted living. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(12), 2233–2240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, B., Klinedinst, N. J., Yerges-Armstrong, L., Choi, E. Y., & Dorsey, S. G. (2015). The impact of genetics on physical resilience and successful aging. Journal of Aging & Health, 27(6), 1084–1104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, B., Orwig, D., Zimmerman, S., Simpson, M., & Magaziner, J. (2005). The exercise plus program for older women post hip fracture: Participant perspectives. The Gerontologist, 45(4), 539–544.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, B., Pretzer-Aboff, I., Galik, E., Russ, K., Cayo, J., Simpson, M., et al. (2008). Barriers and benefits to implementing a restorative care intervention in nursing homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 9(2), 102–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, B., & Inguito, P. (2011). Reliability and validity of the 25-item resilience scale in older adults. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 25(1), 11–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, S., Desbrow, B., & Chaboyer, W. (2016). Feasibility of a patient-centred nutrition intervention to improve oral intakes of patients at risk of pressure ulcer: A pilot randomised control trial. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 30(2), 271–280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, N., Bisconti, T., & Bergeman, C. (2007). The role of dispositional resilience in regaining life satisfaction after the loss of a spouse. Death Studies, 31(10), 863–883.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, L., & Caltabiano, M. L. (2009). Development of a new resilience scale: The resilience in midlife scale. Asian Social Science, 5, 39–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, A., Lim, S., & Sohn, W. (2008). Resilience to urban poverty: Theoretical and empirical considerations for population health. American Journal of Public Health, 98(6), 1101–1106.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, A. M., Molton, I. R., Alschuler, K. N., Ehde, D. M., & Jensen, M. P. (2015). Resilience predicts functional outcomes in people aging with disability: A longitudinal investigation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96, 1262–1268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, V., & Wallston, K. A. (2004). The development and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Assessment, 11, 94–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, K., Sase, E., Kato, A., Igari, T., Kikuchi, K., & Jimba, M. (2016). Psychological resilience and active social participation among older adults with incontinence: A qualitative study. Aging & Mental Health, 20(11), 1167–1173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tatsuya, H., Shigeru, I., Nobuou, M., & Minoru, O. (2015). Effectiveness of a balance-training program provided by qualified care workers for community-based older adults: A preliminary study. Geriatric Nursing, 36(3), 219–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terrill, A. L., Molton, I. R., Ehde, D. H., Amtmann, D., Bombardier, C. H., Smith, A. E., et al. (2016). Resilience, age and perceived symptoms in persons with long term physical disabilities. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(5), 640–649.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomás, J., Meléndez, J. C., Sancho, P., & Mayordomo, T. (2012). Adaptation and initial validation of the BRCS in an elderly Spanish sample. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(4), 283–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ukraintseva, S., Yashin, A. I., & Arbeev, K. G. (2016). Resilience versus robustness in aging. Journals of Gerontology A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(11), 1533–1534.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wagnild, G. (2003). Resilience and successful aging. Comparison among low and high income older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29(12), 42–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagnild, G., & Young, H. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagnild, G. M. (2009). The resilience scale user’s guide. Available for purchase at www.resiliencecenter.com. Last accessed June, 2009.

  • Whitson, H. E., Duan-Porter, W., Schmader, K. E., Morey, M. C., Cohen, H. J., & Colon-Emeric, C. S. (2016). Physical resilience in older adults: Systematic review and development of an emerging construct. The Gerontologist, 71(4), 489–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, E. M., Lenze, E. J., Butters, M., Skidmore, E., Koenig, K., Dew, M. A., et al. (2008). An open-label pilot study of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to promote functional recovery in elderly cognitively impaired stroke patients. Cerebrovascular Disease, 26(3), 317–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, S., Oberrecht, L., Bopp, M., Kammermann, S., & McElmurray, C. (2005). A qualitative study of exercise in older African American and white women in rural South Carolina: Perceptions, barriers, and motivations. Journal of Women and Aging, 17(1–2), 37–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S., & Murray, C. (2013). The lived experience of older adults’ occupational adaptation following a stroke. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60(1), 39–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, L. J., Zautra, A. J., & Going, S. (2008). Adaptation to early knee osteoarthritis: The role of risk, resilience, and disease severity on pain and physical functioning. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 36(1), 70–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barbara Resnick .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Resnick, B. (2018). The Relationship Between Resilience and Motivation. In: Resnick, B., Gwyther, L., Roberto, K. (eds) Resilience in Aging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04555-5_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics