Skip to main content

The Same but Different: Understanding Entrepreneurial Behaviour in Disadvantaged Communities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Entrepreneurial Behaviour

Abstract

While entrepreneurship is widely viewed as being equally accessible in all contexts, it could be questioned if potential or nascent entrepreneurs from minority and disadvantaged communities experience entrepreneurship in a similar manner to the mainstream population. This chapter examines immigrant, people with disability, youth, gay and unemployed communities to explore how their entrepreneurial behaviour might differ from the practices of mainstream entrepreneurs. What emerges is that marginalised communities can frequently find it difficult to divorce business from social living. This can have both positive and negative connotations for an entrepreneur, plus they face additional and distinctive challenges that mainstream entrepreneurs do not experience. The chapter concludes by proposing a novel ‘funnel approach’ that policymakers might adopt when seeking to introduce initiatives targeted at these disadvantaged communities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Andersson, L., and M. Hammarstedt. 2015. Ethnic enclaves, networks and self-employment among Middle Eastern immigrants in Sweden. International Migration 53 (6): 27–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, J., K. Lynch, S. Cantillon, and J. Walsh. 2004. Equality, from theory to action. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertelsmann Stiftung. 2016. Responsible entrepreneurship: Social innovation through entrepreneurial action. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann-Stiftung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, J., and P. Koellinger. 2009. I can’t get no satisfaction: Necessity entrepreneurship and procedural utility. Kyklos 62 (2): 191–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, C.J., A.M. Wood, M. Daly, and C. Sedikides. 2015. Personality change following unemployment. Journal of Applied Psychology 100 (4): 991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branchik, B.J. 2002. Out in the market: A history of the gay market segment in the United States. Journal of Macromarketing 22 (1): 86–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bridge, S., K. O’Neill, and S. Cromie. 1998. Understanding enterprise, entrepreneurship and small firms. London: Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buford, H. 2005. The gay market goes mainstream. The Gay Lesbian Review 12 (1): 22–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bygrave, W.D., and C.W. Hofer. 1992. Theorizing about entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 16 (2): 13–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caliendo, M., F. Fossen, and A.S. Kritikos. 2014. Personality characteristics and the decisions to become and stay self-employed. Small Business Economics 42 (4): 787–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, S., S. Mwaura, M. Ram, K. Trehan, and T. Jones. 2015. Barriers to ethnic minority and women’s enterprise: Existing evidence, policy tensions and unsettled questions. International Small Business Journal 33 (1): 49–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. 1983. The city and the grassroots. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceptureanu, S.I., and E.G. Ceptureanu. 2015. Challenges and barriers of European young entrepreneurs. Management Research and Practice 7 (3): 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chasin, A. 2000. Selling out: The gay and lesbian movement goes to market. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chrysostome, E., and X. Lin. 2010. Immigrant entrepreneurship: Scrutinizing a promising type of business venture. Thunderbird International Business Review 52 (2): 77–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooney, T. 2008. Entrepreneurs with disabilities: Profile of a forgotten minority. Irish Business Journal 4 (1): 119–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooney, T.M., and A. Flynn. 2008. Mapping ethnic entrepreneurship in Ireland. Dublin: Enterprise Ireland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooney, T.M., J. Kitching, and E. Kasperova. 2018. Policy challenges in supporting entrepreneurs with disabilities: Exploring a funnel approach. In Babson Conference, Waterford, June 6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deakin, N. 1996. The devils in the detail: Some reflections on contracting for social care by voluntary organizations. Social Policy and Administration 30 (1): 20–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deakins, D., M. Ishaq, D. Smallbone, G. Whittam, and J. Wyper. 2007. Ethnic minority businesses in Scotland and the role of social capital. International Small Business Journal 25 (3): 307–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desiderio, M.V., and J. Salt. 2010. Main findings of the conference on entrepreneurship and employment creation of immigrants in OECD countries. In OECD Conference, Paris, June 9–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodd, S.D., T. Pret, and E. Shaw. 2016. Advancing understanding of entrepreneurial embeddedness: Forms of capital, social contexts and time. In A research agenda for entrepreneurship and context, ed. F. Welter and W.B. Gartner, 120–133. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Doyel, A.W. 2000. No more job interviews!: Self-employment strategies for people with disabilities. St. Augustine: Training Resource Network.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drucker, P.F. 1985. The discipline of innovation. Harvard Business Review 63 (3): 67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elo, M., S. Sandberg, P. Servais, R. Basco, A.D. Cruz, L. Riddle, and F. Täube. 2018. Advancing the views on migrant and diaspora entrepreneurs in international entrepreneurship. Journal of International Entrepreneurship: 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurofound. 2011. Emerging forms of entrepreneurship. Dublin: Eurofound.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. 2015. Policy brief on sustaining self-employment. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Promoting and supporting migrant entrepreneurship. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. 2015. First findings: Sixth European working conditions survey: Résumé. Dublin: EuroFound.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurostat. 2018. News release: EuroIndicators 34/2018. Luxembourg: Eurostat Press Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fatoki, O. 2014. The impact of managerial competencies on the performance of immigrant-owned enterprises in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5 (6): 141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, S. 2010. Promoting entrepreneurship among disabled people with visual impairment. Hereford: Royal National College for the Blind.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritsch, M., A. Kritikos, and K. Pijnenburg. 2015. Business cycles, unemployment and entrepreneurial entry—Evidence from Germany. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 11 (2): 267–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, A. 1997. Reaching the pink pound. Marketing, September 4, 23–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, L., and T.M. Cooney. 2012. Introduction. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 13 (2): 77–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W.B. 1988. “Who is an entrepreneur?” Is the wrong question. American Journal of Small Business 12 (4): 11–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GEM. 2015. Future potential: A GEM perspective on youth entrepreneurship 2015. Wellesley: Babson College.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2015/16 global report. Wellesley: Babson College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandin, T., and K. Duffy. 2008. Developing talents: Careers for individuals with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. Shawnee: AAPC Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M., and P. Latreille. 2011. Disability and self-employment: Evidence for the UK. Applied Economics 43 (27): 4161–4178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T., M. Ram, P. Edwards, A. Kiselinchev, and L. Muchenje. 2014. Mixed embeddedness and new migrant enterprise in the UK. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 26 (5–6): 500–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kidney, E., and T.M. Cooney. 2014. The gay connection: Exploring the cultural capital of gay entrepreneurs. In International Council for Small Business Conference, Dublin, June 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitching, J. 2014. Entrepreneurship and self-employment by people with disabilities. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kouriloff, M. 2000. Exploring perceptions of a priori barriers to entrepreneurship: A multidisciplinary approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 25 (2): 59–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman, P. 1996. How the economy organizes itself in space: A survey of the new economic geography. Working Paper No. 96-04-021, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lai, D.W., L. Li, and G.D. Daoust. 2017. Factors influencing suicide behaviours in immigrant and ethno-cultural minority groups: A systematic review. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 19 (3): 755–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, S. 2006. Disability management and entrepreneurship: Results from a nationwide study in Sweden. International Journal of Disability Management 1 (1): 159–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lechner, M., and R. Vazquez-Alvarez. 2011. The effect of disability on labour market outcomes in Germany. Applied Economics 43 (8): 389–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, S. 1998. In the pink: The making of successful gay- and lesbian-owned businesses. New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, K., and C. Massey. 2003. Youth entrepreneurship and government policy. New Zealand Centre for SME Research, Massey University, 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, I., and P. Bhachu, eds. 2017. Immigration and entrepreneurship: Culture, capital, and ethnic networks. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Llisterri, J.J., H. Kantis, P. Angelelli, and L. Tejerina. 2006. Is youth entrepreneurship a necessity or an opportunity?: A first exploration of household and new enterprise surveys in Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukenbill, G. 1995. Untold millions. New York: Harper Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maritz, A., and R. Laferriere. 2016. Entrepreneurship and self-employment for people with disabilities. Australian Journal of Career Development 25 (2): 45–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marlow, S., F.J. Greene, and A. Coad. 2018. Advancing gendered analyses of entrepreneurship: A critical exploration of entrepreneurial activity among gay men and lesbian women. British Journal of Management 29 (1): 118–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masurel, E., P. Nijkamp, and G. Vindigni. 2004. Breeding places for ethnic entrepreneurs: A comparative marketing approach. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 16 (1): 77–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McQuillan, H. 2013. Self-employment options for people with a disability: Good practice review. Brothers of Charity, Clare.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meager, N., and T. Higgins 2011. Disability and skills in a changing economy. UK Commission for Employment and Skills, Briefing Paper Series, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minola, T., G. Criaco, and L. Cassia. 2014. Are youth really different? New beliefs for old practices in entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 18 (2/3): 233–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, A. 2000. Entrepreneurship: What triggers it? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 6 (2): 59–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naudé, W., M. Siegel, and K. Marchand. 2015. Migration, entrepreneurship and development: A critical review. UNU-MERIT Working Paper No. 033, Maastricht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndofor, H., and R. Priem. 2011. Entrepreneur’s forms of capital, venture strategy and venture performance: The case of immigrant entrepreneurs. Journal of Management 37 (3): 790–818.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OECD. 2010. Shooting for the moon: Good practices in local youth entrepreneurship support. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Migrant entrepreneurship in OECD countries. Paris: OECD.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. The missing entrepreneurs 2013: Policies for inclusive entrepreneurship. Paris: OECD Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014a. The missing entrepreneurs 2014: Policies for inclusive entrepreneurship. Paris: OECD Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014b. Entrepreneurial activities in Europe-entrepreneurship for people with disabilities (No. 6). OECD, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. The missing entrepreneurs 2017: Policies for inclusive entrepreneurship. Paris: OECD Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2017. The missing entrepreneurs 2017: Policies for inclusive entrepreneurship. Paris: OECD Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pagán, R. 2009. Self-employment among people with disabilities: Evidence for Europe. Disability & Society 24 (2): 217–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker Harris, S., M. Renko, and K. Caldwell. 2014. Social entrepreneurship as an employment pathway for people with disabilities: Exploring political – economic and socio-cultural factors. Disability & Society 29 (8): 1275–1290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peroni, C., C.A. Riillo, and F. Sarracino. 2016. Entrepreneurship and immigration: Evidence from GEM Luxembourg. Small Business Economics 46 (4): 639–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prince, J.P. 1997. Career assessment with lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Career Assessment 5 (2): 225–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redien-Collot, R. 2012. Motivations of gay entrepreneurs: A focus on the construct of appropriateness. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 13 (2): 115–1241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renko, M., S. Parker Harris, and K. Caldwell. 2016. Entrepreneurial entry by people with disabilities. International Small Business Journal 34 (5): 555–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P.D., W.D. Bygrave, E. Autio, L.W. Cox, and M. Hay. 2002. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor executive report. Wellesley: Babson College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozali, N., S. Abdullah, S.I.D. Ishak, A.A. Azmi, and N.H. Akhmar. 2017. Challenges faced by people with disability for getting jobs: Entrepreneurship solution for unemployment. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 7 (3): 333–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scase, R., and R. Goffee. 1980. The real world of the business owner. London: Croom Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schindehutte, M., M. Morris, and J. Allen. 2005. Homosexuality and entrepreneurship: Implications of the gay identity for the venture-creation experience. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 6 (1): 27–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J.A. 1934. Change and the entrepreneur. Essays of JA Schumpeter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sender, K. 2004. Business, not politics: The making of the gay market. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinnar, R.S., and C.A. Young. 2008. Hispanic immigrant entrepreneurs in the Las Vegas metropolitan area: Motivations for entry into and outcomes of self-employment. Journal of Small Business Management 46 (2): 242–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, L., and A. Lundström. 2001. Patterns and trends in entrepreneurship/SME policy and practice in ten economies. Vol. 3. Vällingby: Elanders Gotab.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamásy, C., and J.R. Diez. 2016. Regional resilience, economy and society: Globalising rural places. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tilcsik, A. 2011. Pride and prejudice: Employment discrimination against openly gay men in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 117 (2): 586–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmons, J.A., S. Spinelli, and Y. Tan. 1994. New venture creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st century. Burr Ridge: Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varnell, P. 2001. What gay entrepreneurs contribute. Chicago: Chicago Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldinger, R.D., H. Aldrich, and R. Ward. 1990. Ethnic entrepreneurs: Immigrant business in industrial societies. Vol. 1. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., and J. Warn. 2018. Chinese immigrant entrepreneurship: Embeddedness and the interaction of resources with the wider social and economic and context. International Small Business Journal 36 (2): 131–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, J.M., and D.S. Watkins. 1983. The female entrepreneur: Her background and determinants of business choice-some British data. In Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 271–288. Wellesley: Babson College.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. 2014. World report on disability. Geneva: World Health Organisation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, S., and C. Kitzinger. 1994. The social construction of heterosexuality. Journal of Gender Studies 3 (3): 307–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willsdon, J. 2006. Gay entrepreneurs, different but the same. Irish Journal of Management 26 (1): 107–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, L. 1999. Think pink! Attracting the pink pound. Insights 10: A107–A110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, G.J., M.J. Davidson, and S.L. Fielden. 2012. Minorities in entrepreneurship: An international review. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zouhar, J., and M. Lukes. 2015. Factors influencing nascent entrepreneurship of the unemployed: The role of labor market policies. In Academy of Management Proceedings, vol. 2015, no. 1, 18476. Briarcliff Manor 10510: Academy of Management.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas M. Cooney .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Cooney, T.M., Licciardi, M. (2019). The Same but Different: Understanding Entrepreneurial Behaviour in Disadvantaged Communities. In: McAdam, M., Cunningham, J.A. (eds) Entrepreneurial Behaviour. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04402-2_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics