Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Physical Geography of Brazil pp 169–197Cite as

Amazonia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Geography of the Physical Environment ((GEOPHY))

Abstract

Amazonian landscapes are associated with the evergreen and exuberant rainforest, the largest river on the planet and a great biodiversity richness. The distribution and physiographic structure of these landscapes result from a continuous multiscale integration of natural systems over geological time. These landscapes occur both on cratonic terrains, deeply marked by past orogenic cycles, and on recent sedimentary sites from the extensive deposition in the central and western parts of the region. The equatorial position of the region since the Miocene ensured elevated temperatures and rainfalls, favoring forest cover and intense weathering. The current climate, however, is marked by a significant seasonality and an uneven distribution of rainfalls. Regional soils are products of long periods of weathering, predominating thick and nutrient-poor Ferralsols and Acrisols. Residual ferricretes support the highest topographic surfaces. The hydrography is organized in a complex system of rivers with waters of different colors—white, black and clear—converging to the Amazon River . This is the river with the largest discharge on the planet, with an annual average of 210,000 m3/s. The dominant vegetation cover is the exuberant rainforest, which contrasts, however, with open formations, locally determined by geological, edaphic and hydrological characteristics. The Amazonia has the largest indigenous population in Brazil and has been colonized since the sixteenth century. Colonization was dispersed and of negligible impact until the middle of the twentieth century, occurring along the fluvial axes. This has been changing in recent decades through the expansion of monoculture for food and energy production. Currently, 43.9% of its surface are Conservation Units and Indigenous Lands. The role of forests as a global climate regulator and as an ethno-cultural heritage is recognized worldwide. Despite this importance, its geological and paleo-environmental history, the structure and functioning of its ecosystems, its natural resources and the fragility of its environments remain little known.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ab’Sáber AN (1996) Amazônia: do discurso à práxis. Edusp, São Paulo, p 319

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert B (2002) O ouro canibal e a queda do céu. Uma crítica xamânica da economia política da natureza (Yanomami). Pacificando o branco: cosmologias do contato norte-amazônico. São Paulo, Unesp, pp 239–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeida ALO (1992) The colonization of the Amazon. University of Texas Press, pp 389

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson AB (1978) Aspectos florísticos e fitogeográficos de campinas e campinaranas, na Amazônia Central, Manaus. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Biológicas). Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia/ Fundação da Universidade do Amazonas, Manaus, 83 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson AB (1981) White-sand vegetation of Brazilian Amazonia. Biotropica 13:199–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ANEEL—Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (2008) Atlas de Energia Elétrica do Brasil. Aneel, Brasília, p 236

    Google Scholar 

  • Assis RL, Haugaasen T, Schöngart J, Montero JC, Piedade MTF, Wittmann F (2015) Patterns of tree diversity and composition in Amazonian floodplain paleo-várzea forest. J Veg Sci 26(2):312–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azevedo A (1949) O planalto brasileiro e o problema de classificação de suas formas de relevo. Boletim Paulista de Geografia 2:43–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardossy G, Aleva GJJ (1990). Lateritic bauxites. Dev Econ Geol 27:624 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Behling H, Bush M, Hooghiemstra H (2010) Biotic development of quaternary Amazonia: a palynological perspective. In: Hoorn C, Wesselingh FP (eds) Amazonia: landscape and species evolution. A look into the past. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford, pp 335–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Clapperton C (1993) Quaternary geology and geomorphology of South America. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 779

    Google Scholar 

  • Colinvaux PA, de Oliveira PE, Bush MB (2000) Amazonian and Neotropical plant communities on glacial time scales: the failure of the aridity and refuge hypotheses. Quaternary Sci Rev 19:141–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa M (1991) Aspectos geológicos dos lateritos da Amazônia. Revista Brasileira de Geociências 21(2):146–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daly DC, Prance GT (1989) Brazilian Amazon. In: Campbell DG, Hammond HD (eds) Floristic inventory of tropical countries. New York Botanical Garden, New York, pp 401–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly DC, Mitchell JD (2000) Lowland vegetation of tropical South America—an overview. In: Lentz D (ed) Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the pre-Columbian Americas. Columbia University Press, pp 391–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Dantas ME, Maia MAM. (2010) Compartimentação Geomorfológica. In: Maia MAM, Marmos JL (eds) Geodiversidade do estado do Amazonas. CPRM, Manaus, 275 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean W (1987) Brazil and the struggle for rubber: a study in environmental history. Cambridge University Press, 252 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Demattê JLI (1988) Manejo de solos ácidos dos trópicos úmidos: Região Amazônica. Fundação Cargill, Campinas, p 215

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubroeucq D, Volkoff B (1998) From Oxisols to Podzols and Histosols: evolution of the soil mantles in the Rio Negro basin (Amazonia). CATENA 32:245–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dumont JF, García F, Fournier M (1992) Registros de cambios climáticos para los depósitos y morfologias fluviales en la Amazonia Occidental. In: Ortlieb L, Macharé J (eds) Paleo ENSO records Extended Abstracts, ORSTOM-CONCYTEC, Lima, Peru, International Symposium, pp 87–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunne T, Mertes LA, Meade RH, Richey JE, Forsberg BR (1998) Exchanges of sediment between the floodplain and channel of the Amazon River in Brazil. Geological Soc Am Bull 110(4):450–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EMBRAPA—Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, (2006) Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. EMBRAPA-SPI, Rio de Janeiro, p 306

    Google Scholar 

  • EPE—Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, (2010) Plano Decenal de Expansão de Energia 2019. EPE, Rio de Janeiro, p 354

    Google Scholar 

  • Fearnside PM (2005) Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates, and consequences. Conserv Biol 19(3):680–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira PA (2009) Análise comparativa de vegetação lenhosa do ecossistema de campina na Amazônia brasileira. Tese de Doutorado em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais - Convênio INPA e UFAM, Manaus, 277 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira LV, Venticinque E, Almeida S (2005) O desmatamento na Amazônia e a importância das áreas protegidas. Estudos avançados 19(53):157–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filizola N (1999) O fluxo de sedimentos em suspensão nos rios da bacia amazônica brasileira. Aneel Publication, Brasilia, p 63

    Google Scholar 

  • Filizola N, Guyot JL (2004) The use of Doppler technology for suspended sediment discharge determination in the River Amazon. Hydrol Sci J 49(1):143–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filizola N, Guyot JL (2011) Fluxo de sedimentos em suspensão nos rios da Amazônia. Rev Bras Geoc 41(4):556–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Franzinelli E, Potter PE (1983) Petrology, chemistry, and texture of modern river sands, Amazon River system. J Geol 91:23–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furley A (2007) Tropical forests of the Lowlands. In: Veben T; Kenneth RY, Antony RO (eds) The physical geography of South America. Oxford University Press, pp 135–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Galvão MV (1977) Apresentação. In: IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. IBGE, Região Norte, Rio de Janeiro, pp IX–XIII

    Google Scholar 

  • Garreaud RD, Aceituno P (2007) Atmospheric circulation over South America: mean features and variability. In: Veblen T, Young K, Orme A (eds) The physical geography of South America. Oxford University Press, USA, pp 45–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Garreaud RD, Vuille M, Compagnucci R, Marengo J (2009) Present-day South American climate. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 281:180–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey BJ (1990) Boom towns of the Amazon. Geogr Rev 80(2):103–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guyot JL, Jouanneau JM, Soares L, Boaventura GR, Maillet N, Lagane C (2007) Clay mineral composition of river sediments in the Amazon basin. Catena 71:340–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasui Y, Carneiro CDR, Almeida FFM de, Bartorelli A (eds) (2012) Geologia do Brasil. São Paulo, Ed. Beca, 900 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Homma AKO, Alves RNB, de Menezes AJEA, Matos GB de (2006) Guseiras na Amazônia: perigo para a floresta. Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Área de Informação da Sede-Livro científico, ALICE (vol 233, issue no 39). Ciência Hoje, 4 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • IBGE—Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2006) Manual Técnico de Geomorfologia, 2ª edn. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro, p 182

    Google Scholar 

  • INPE—Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. (1989) Avaliação da Floresta Amazônica. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - Diretora de Sensoriamento Remoto, São José dos Campos, p 52

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaramillo C, Hoorn C, Silva SAF, Leite F, Herrera F, Quiroz L, Dino R, Antonioli L (2010) The origin of the modern Amazon rainforest: implications of the palynological and palaeobotanical record. In: Hoorn C, Wesselingh FP (eds) Amazonia: landscape and species evolution. A look into the past. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford, pp 317–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Junk WJ (1989) Flood tolerance and tree distribution in central Amazonian floodplains. In: Holm-Nielsen LB, Nielsen IC, Balslev H (eds) Tropical forests: botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity. Academic Press, New York, pp 47–64

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Junk WJ, Mello JASN (1990) Impactos ecológicos das represas hidrelétricas na bacia amazônica brasileira. Estudos Avançados 4:126–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Junk WJ, Piedade MTF (2010) An introduction to South American wetland forests: distribution, definitions and general characterization. In: Junk WJ, Piedade MTF, Wittmann F, Schöngart J, Parolin P (eds) Amazonian floodplain forests—ecophysiology, biodiversity and sustainable management. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, pp 3–26

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Junk WJ, Piedade MTF, Schöngart J, Cohn-Haft M, Adeney JM, Wittmann FA (2011) Classification of major naturally-occurring Amazonian lowland wetlands. Wetlands 31:623–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Junk WJ, Wittmann F, Schöngart J, Piedade MTF (2015) A classification of the major habitats of Amazonian black-water river floodplains and a comparison with their white-water counterparts. Wetlands Ecol Manage 23(4):677–693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaandorp RJG, Vonhof HB, Wesselingh FP, Romero-Pittman L, Kroon D, van Hinte JE (2005) Seasonal Amazonian rainfall variation in the Miocene Climate Optimum. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 221(1–2):1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keck M, Sikkink K (1998) Activist beyond borders. Advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, London, p 228

    Google Scholar 

  • King LC (1956) A geomorfologia do Brasil Oriental. Revista Brasileira de Geografia 18:147–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubitzki K (1989) The ecogeographical differentiation of Amazonian inundation forests. Plant Syst 162:285–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latrubesse EM (2008) Patterns of anabranching channels: the ultimate end-member adjustment of mega rivers. Geomorphology 101:130–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latrubesse EM (2012) Amazon lakes. In: Bengtsson L, Herschy R, Fairbridge R (eds) Lakes and reservoirs. Springer, Berlin, pp 13–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Latrubesse EM, Franzinelli E (1998) Late quaternary alluvial sedimentation in the Upper Rio Negro Basin, Amazonia, Brazil: palaeohydrological implications. In: Benito G, Baker V, Gregory K (eds) Paleohydrology and environmental change. Wiley, pp 271

    Google Scholar 

  • Latrubesse EM, Franzinelli E (2005) The late quaternary evolution of the Negro River, Amazon, Brazil: implications for island and floodplain formation in large anabranching tropical systems. Geomorphology 70:372–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latrubesse EM, Silva SAF, Cozzuol M, Absy ML (2007) Late Miocene continental sedimentation in southwestern Amazonia and its regional significance: biotic and geological evidence. J SoC Am Earth Sci 23:61–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latrubesse EM, Arima EY, Dunne T, Park E, Baker VR, d’Horta FM, Wigth C, Wittmann F, Zuanon J, Baker PA, Ribas CC, Norgaard RB, Filizola N, Flyvbjerg B, Stevaux JC (2017) Damming the rivers of the Amazon basin. Nature 546:363–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latrubesse EM, Kalicki T (2002) Late Quaternary palaeohydrological changes in the Upper Purus basin, Southwestern Amazonia, Brazil. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphol 129:41–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Latrubesse EM, Rancy A (1998) The late Quaternary of the Upper Jurua River, Southwestern Amazonia, Brazil: geology and vertebrate paleontology. Quat S Am Antarctic Peninsula 11:27–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Latrubesse EM, Rancy A (2000) Neotectonic influence on tropical rivers of Southwestern Amazon during the late Quaternary: the Moa and Ipixuna river basins, Brazil. Quat Int 72:67–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leturcq G (2016) Differences and similarities in impacts of hydroeletric dams between North and South of Brazil. Ambiente Soc 19(2):265–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marengo JA, Tomasella J, Soares WR, Alves LM, Nobre CA (2012) Extreme climatic events in the Amazon basin: climatological and hydrological context of recent floods. Theor Appl Climatol 107:73–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meade RH (1994) Suspended sediments of the modern Amazon and Orinoco Rivers. Quatern Int 21:29–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meade RH (2007) Transcontinental moving and storage: the Orinoco and Amazon Rivers transfer the Andes to the Atlantic. In: Gupta AK (ed) Large Rivers: geomorphology and management. Wiley, Chichester, pp 45–63

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Melack JM, Hess LL (2010) Remote sensing of the distribution and extent of wetlands in the Amazon basin. In: Junk WJ, Piedade MTF, Wittmann F, Schöngart, Parolin P (eds) Amazonian floodplain forests: ecophysiology, biodiversity and sustainable management. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 43–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Melfi AJ, Pedro G, Volkoff B (1979) Natureza e distribuição dos compostos ferríferos nos solos do Brasil, vol 3. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Campinas, pp 47–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman JD, Meade RH (1983) World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans. J Geol 91:1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molinier M, Guyot JL, Oliveira E, Guimaraes V (1996) Les regimes hydrologiques de l'Amazone et de ses affluents. In: Chevallier P, Pouyaud B (eds) L'hydrologie tropicale: geoscience et outil pour le developpement. AIHS, Paris, pp 209–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran EF (2016) Roads and Dams: infrastructure-driven transformations in the Brazilian Amazon. Ambiente Soc 19:207–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers N (1988) Tropical forests and their species. Biodiversity. National Academy, Washington, pp 28–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Nimer E (1977) Clima. In: Geografia do Brasil: Região Norte. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, vol 1, pp 39–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Nobre CA, Marengo JA, Artaxo P (2009a) Understanding the climate of Amazonia: progress from LBA. In: Keller M, Bustamante M, Gash J, Dias PS (orgs) Amazonia and global change. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol 186. American Geophysical Union Books, Washington, D.C., pp 145–147

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nobre CA, Obregón GO, Marengo JA, Fu R, Poveda G (2009b) Characteristics of Amazonian climate: main features. In: Keller M, Bustamante M, Gash J, Dias PS (Orgs). Amazonia and global change. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol 186. American Geophysical Union Books, Washington, D.C., pp 149–162

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pennington RT, Dick CWH (2010) Diversification of the Amazonian flora and its relation to key geological and environmental events: a molecular perspective. In: Hoorn C, Wesselingh FP (eds) Amazonia: landscape and species evolution. A look into the past. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford, pp 373–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira E, Carneiro CR, Bergamaschi S, Almeida FFM (2012) Evolução das sinéclise paleozoicas: províncias Solimões, Amazonas, Parnaíba e Paraná. In: Hasui Y, Carneiro CDR, Almeida FFM, Bartorelli A (eds) Geologia do Brasil, primeira edição. São Paulo, Beca Editora, pp 374–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitman NCA, Terborgh J, Silman MR, Nuñez VP, Neill DA, Cerón CE, Palacios WA, Aulestia M (2001) Dominance and distribution of tree species in upper Amazonian tierra firme forests. Ecology 82:2101–2117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poveda G, Waylen PR, Pulwarty RS (2006) Annual and inter-annual variability of the present climate in Northern South America and Southern Mesoamerica. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 234:3–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prance GT (2001) Amazon ecosystems. In: Levin SA (ed) Encyclopedia of biodiversity, vol 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 145–157

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Prance GT, Schubert HOR (1978) Notes on the vegetation of Amazonia I, vol 30, issue no 1. A preliminary note the origin of the open white sand Campinas of the lower Rio Negro, Brittonia, pp 60–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad G (1983) A review of the early Tertiary bauxite event in South America, Africa and India. J Afr Earth Sci 1(3/4):305–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RADAMBrasil (1978) Folha SA-20 Manaus - Geologia, Geomorfologia, Pedologia, Vegetação, uso Potencial da Terra, vol 18. Ministério das Minas e Energias Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral, Rio de Janeiro, pp 623

    Google Scholar 

  • Reis NJ, Almeida ME, Riker SL, Reis ALF (2006) Geologia e recursos minerais do Estado do Amazonas – Texto explicativo dos mapas geológico e de recursos minerais do Estado do Amazonas, escala 1:1.000.000. Manaus: CPRM – Serviço Geológico do Brasil, 153 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Richey JE, Nobre C, Deser C (1989) Amazon River discharge and climate variability: 1903 to 1985. Science 246(4926):101–103 (New Series)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzini CT (1997) Tratado de Fitogeografia do Brasil - Aspectos sociológicos e florísticos. 2nd edn. HUCITEC/EDUSP, São Paulo, 374 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross JLS (1985) Relevo Brasileiro; uma nova proposta de classificação. Revista do Departamento de Geografia 4:25–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Salati E, Victoria RL, Martinelli LA, Richey JE (1989). Deforestation and its role in possible changes in the Brazilian Amazon. In: DeFries RS, Malone TF (eds) Global change and our common future: papers from a forum, pp 159–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Salo J, Kalliola R, Häkkinen I, Mäkinen Y, Niemelä P, Puhakka M, Coley PD (1986) River dynamics and the diversity of Amazon lowland forest. Nature 322(6076):254–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos SC (2007) Hidrelétricas e suas consequências socioambientais. In: Verdum R (ed) Integração, usinas hidroelétricas e impactos socioambientais. INESC, Brasília, pp 41–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmink M, Wood CH (1992) Contested frontiers in Amazonia. Columbia University Press, New York, p 387

    Google Scholar 

  • Sepulchre P, Sloan LC, Fluteau F (2010) Modelling the response of Amazonian climate to the uplift of the Andean mountain range. In: Hoorn C, Weeslingh F (eds) Amazonia: landscape and species evolution. Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, pp 211–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Serra A, Ratisbona L (1945) As ondas de frio da Bacia Amazônica, vol 3, issue no 36. Boletim Geográfico, Rio de Janeiro, pp 172–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuster DL, Farley KA, Vasconcelos PM, Balco G, Monteiro HS, Waltenberg K, Stone JO (2012) Cosmogenic 3He in hematite and goethite from Brazilian “canga” duricrust demonstrates the extreme stability of these surfaces. Earth Planet Sci Lett 329–330:41–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva AJP, Lopes RC, Vasconcelos AM, Bahia RBC (2003) Bacias Sedimentares Paleozóicas e Meso-Cenozóicas Interiores Paleozoic and Meso-Cenozoic Sedimentary Basins. In: Bizzi LA, Schobbenhaus C, Vidotti RM, Gonçalves JH (eds) Geologia, Tectônica e Recursos Minerais do Brasil. Serviço Geológico do Brasil – CPRM. Brasília, 692 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith NJ, Schultes RE (1990) Deforestation and shrinking crop gene-pools in Amazonia. Environ Conserv 17(3):227–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sioli H (1984) The Amazon and its main affluents: hydrography, morphology of the river courses and river types. In: Sioli H (ed) The Amazon. Limnology and landscape ecology of a mighty Tropical River and its basin. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 127–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Soares-Filho B, Rajão R, Macedo M, Carneiro A, Costa W, Coe M, Rodrigues H, Alencar A (2014) Cracking Brazil’s forest code. Science 344(6182):363–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sombroek W (2000) Amazon landforms and soils in relation to biological diversity. Acta Amazonica 30:81–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tardy Y, Roquin C (1998) Dérive des continents, paléoclimats et altération tropicales, Orléans: Editions BRGM, 473 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Théveniaut H, Freyssinet Ph (2002) Timing of lateritization on the Guiana Shield: synthesis of paleomagnetic results from French Guiana and Suriname palaeogeography. Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 178:91–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toni F, Pacheco P (2005) Gestão ambiental descentralizada: um estudo comparativo de três municípios da Amazônia Brasileira. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, p 73

    Google Scholar 

  • Toni F, Villarroel L, Bueno BT (2015) State Governments and Forest Policy: a New Elite in the Brazilian Amazon? In: Bull B, Aguilar-Støen MC (eds) Environmental politics in Latin America: elite dynamics, the left tide and sustainable development. Routledge, London, pp 190–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Tricart J (1965) Principes et méthodes de la geomorphologie. Masson, Paris, p 201

    Google Scholar 

  • Vainer CB (2004) Águas para a vida, não para a morte: notas para uma história do movimento deatingidos por barragens no Brasil. In: Acselrad H, Herculano S, Pádua JÁ (Org) Justiça Ambiental e Cidadania. Relume Dumará, Rio de Janeiro, pp 185–215

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Hamment T, Urrego L, Espejo N, Duivenvoorden J, Lips J (1992) Late glacial and Holocene sedimentation and fluctuation of river water level in the Caquetá river area (Colombia, Amazonia). J Quat Sci 7:57–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasconcelos PM, Renne PR, Brimhall GH, Becker TA (1994) Direct dating of weathering phenomena by 40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar analysis of supergene K-Mn oxides. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:1635–1665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaz PT, Wanderley Filho JR, Bueno GV (2007) Bacia do Tacutu. B Geoci Petrobrás 15(2):289–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Veloso HP, Rangel Filho ALR, Lima JCA (1991) Classificação da Vegetação Brasileira Adaptada a um Sistema Universal. IBGE, Departamento de Recursos Naturais e Estudos Ambientais, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, p 124

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicentini A (2004) A Vegetação ao Longo de um Gradiente Edáfico no Parque Nacional do Jaú. In: Borges SH, Iwanaga S, Durigan CC, Pinheiro MR (eds) Janelas para a Biodiversidade no Parque Nacional do Jaú: uma estratégia para o estudo da biodiversidade na Amazônia. Fundação Vitória Amazônica (FVA)/WWF/IBAMA, Manaus, Brasil, pp 117–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Vieira LC, Santos PCTC (1987) Amazônia: seus solos e outros recursos naturais. Agronômica Ceres, São Paulo, p 416

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann F, Schöngart J, Montero JC, Motzer M, Junk WJ, Piedade MTF, Queiroz HL, Worbes M (2006) Tree species composition and diversity gradients in white-water forests across the Amazon basin. J Biogeogr 33(8):1334–1347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann F, Zorzi BT, Tizianel FAT, Urquiza MVS, Faria RR, Sousa NM, Módena ES, Gamarra RM, Rosa ALM (2008) Tree species composition, structure and aboveground wood biomass of a Riparian forest of the lower Miranda River, Southern Pantanal, Brazil. Folia Geobotanica 43:397–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann F, Householder E, Piedade MTF, Assis RL, Schöngart J, Parolin P, Junk WJ (2012) Habitat specifity, endemism and the neotropical distribution of Amazonian white-water floodplain trees. Ecography 35:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood CH, Wilson J (1984) The magnitude of migration to the Brazilian frontier. Frontier expansion in Amazonia. In: Schmink M, Wood CH (eds) Frontier expansion in Amazonia. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, pp 142–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood CH, Schmink M (1979) Blaming the victim: small farmer production in an Amazon colonization project. Stud Third World Soc 7:77–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Lau KM (1998) Does a monsson climate exist over South America? J Clim 11(5):1020–1040

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Socio-Environmental Studies, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Brazil

    Guilherme Taitson Bueno, Luís Felipe Soares Cherem & Maximiliano Bayer

  2. Center for Sustainable Development, Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil

    Fabiano Toni

  3. Department of Geography, Pontifical Catholic, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Felipe Silva Guimarães

Authors
  1. Guilherme Taitson Bueno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Luís Felipe Soares Cherem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fabiano Toni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Felipe Silva Guimarães
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Maximiliano Bayer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guilherme Taitson Bueno .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    André Augusto Rodrigues Salgado

  2. Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

    Leonardo José Cordeiro Santos

  3. Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), State University of Western Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil

    Julio César Paisani

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bueno, G.T., Cherem, L.F.S., Toni, F., Guimarães, F.S., Bayer, M. (2019). Amazonia. In: Salgado, A., Santos, L., Paisani, J. (eds) The Physical Geography of Brazil . Geography of the Physical Environment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04333-9_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation