Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Sustainable Shipping pp 375–405Cite as

Reducing GHGs: The MBM and MRV Agendas

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the concept of market-based measures (MBMs) to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships and review several distinct MBM proposals that were under consideration by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The chapter then moves on to discuss the concept of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of CO2 emissions and the distinct mechanisms set up by the European Union (EU) and the IMO for MRV. The reason the MBM and MRV subjects are treated in the same chapter is twofold: (a) the MRV discussion essentially started when the MBM discussion was suspended in 2013, and (b) MRV is a critical step for any eventual MBM implementation in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This would also assume the absence of barriers that would make the adoption of the measure difficult or impossible.

Abbreviations

BAU:

Business As Usual

BDN:

Bunker Delivery Note

CBDR-RC:

Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities

CH4 :

Methane

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

DCS:

Data collection system

DNV:

Det Norske Veritas

DoC:

Document of compliance

DWT:

Deadweight

EEDI:

Energy Efficiency Design Index

EIS:

Efficiency Incentive Scheme

EIV:

Estimated Index Value

EMSA:

European Maritime Safety Agency

ER:

Emission Report

ESSF:

European Sustainable Shipping Forum

ETS:

Emissions Trading System

EU:

European Union

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

GRT:

Gross registered tons

HFO:

Heavy Fuel Oil

IMAREST:

Institute of marine engineering, science and technology

IMO:

International Maritime Organization

IOPCF:

International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund

IPTA:

International Parcel Tankers Association

ISM:

International Ship Management

ISO:

International Standards Organization

IUCN:

International Union for the Conservation of Nature

KPI:

Key Performance Indicator

LDC:

Least developed country

LIS:

Leveraged Incentive Scheme

LNG:

Liquefied natural gas

MAC:

Marginal abatement cost

MBM:

Market-based measure

MDO:

Marine Diesel Oil

MEPC:

Marine Environment Protection Committee

MP:

Monitoring plan

MRV:

Monitoring, Reporting and Verification

NGO:

Nongovernmental organization

NOx :

Nitrogen oxides

PWC:

PricewaterhouseCoopers

RoPax:

Roll-on/roll-off passenger vessel

SECA:

Sulfur Emission Control Area

SECT:

Ship Efficiency and Credit Trading

SEEMP:

Ship Energy Efficiency Monitoring Plan

SIDS:

Small Island Developing State

UK:

United Kingdom

UNFCCC:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

USA:

United States

USD:

United States Dollar

VES:

Vessel Efficiency System

VLCC:

Very Large Crude Carrier

WSC:

World Shipping Council

WTO:

World Trade Organization

References

  • An, F., & Sauer, A. (2004). Comparison of passenger vehicle fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions standards around the world. Report for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahamas. (2010). Market-Based Instruments: a penalty on trade and development proposal by the Bahamas, IMO doc. MEPC 60/4/10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahamas. (2011). How technical and operational measures are the only direct and effective means to deliver cuts in CO2 emissions, IMO doc. GHG WG 3/2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buhaug, Ø., Corbett, J. J., Endresen, Ø., Eyring, V., Faber, J., Hanayama, S., Lee, D. S., Lee, D., Lindstad, H., Markowska, A. Z., Mjelde, A., Nelissen, D., Nilsen, J., Pålsson, C., Winebrake, J. J., Wu, W. Q., Yoshida, K. (2009). Second IMO GHG study 2009; IMO document MEPC59/INF.10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denmark. (2010). The International Fund for Greenhouse Gas emissions from ships (GHG Fund) proposed by Cyprus, Denmark, the Marshall Islands, Nigeria and IPTA, IMO doc. MEPC 60/4/8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devanney, J. W. (2010), The impact of EEDI on VLCC design and CO2 emissions, Center for Tankship Excellence, USA. www.c4tx.org.

  • DNV. (2009). Pathways to low carbon shipping. DNV report, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eide, M. S., Endresen, Ø., Skjong, R., Longva, T., & Alvik, S. (2010). Cost-effectiveness assessment of CO2 reducing measures in shipping. Maritime Policy & Management, 36(4), 367–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EU (2013a). Proposal for a regulation of the European parliament and of the council on the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport and amending regulation (EU) No 525/2013, COM(2013) 480 final, Brussels, 28.6.2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • EU. (2013b). Executive summary of the impact assessment, Brussels, 28.6.2013 SWD(2013) 236 final.

    Google Scholar 

  • France. (2010). Further elements for the development of an Emissions Trading System (ETS) for International Shipping proposal by France, IMO doc. MEPC 60/4/41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Germany. (2010). Impact assessment of an emissions trading scheme with a particular view on developing countries, IMO doc. MEPC 60/4/54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gkonis, K. G., & Psaraftis, H. N. (2012). Modelling tankers’ optimal speed and emissions, Archival Paper, 2012 SNAME Transactions, Vol. 120, 90–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • IMAREST. (2011). Marginal abatement costs and cost effectiveness of energy-efficiency measures, IMO doc. MEPC 62/INF.7.

    Google Scholar 

  • IMO. (2010). Full report of the work undertaken by the expert group on feasibility study and impact assessment of possible market-based Measures, IMO doc. MEPC 61/INF.2.

    Google Scholar 

  • IMO. (2018). Resolution MEPC.304(72) (Adopted on 13 April 2018) Initial IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, IMO doc. MEPC 72/17/Add.1, Annex 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN. (2010), A Rebate Mechanism (RM) for a market-based instrument for international shipping proposal by IUCN, IMO doc. MEPC 60/4/55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamaica. (2010). Achieving reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from ships through Port State arrangements utilizing the ship traffic, energy and environment model, STEEM (PSL) proposal by Jamaica, IMO doc. MEPC 60/4/40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Japan. (2010). The Leveraged Incentive Scheme (LIS) to improve the energy efficiency of ships based on the International GHG Fund proposed by Japan, IMO doc. MEPC 60/4/37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Japan and WSC. (2011). Consolidated proposal of “Efficiency incentive scheme” based on the Leveraged Incentive Scheme and the Vessel Efficiency System,” IMO doc. GHG WG 3/3/2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapetanis, G. N., Gkonis, K. G, Psaraftis, H. N. (2014). Estimating the operational effects of a bunker Levy: The case of Handymax Bulk Carriers, TRA 2014 conference, Paris, April 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosmas, V., & Acciaro, M. (2017). Bunker levy schemes for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction in international shipping. Transportation Research Part D, 57, 195–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norway. (2010). The Global Emission Trading System (ETS) for international shipping proposal by Norway, IMO doc. MEPC 61/4/22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Psaraftis, H. N. (2012). Market based measures for green house gas emissions from ships: A review. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 11, 211–232 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Psaraftis, H. N. (2016). Green maritime transportation: Market based measures, chapter. In H. N. Psaraftis (Ed.), Green transportation logistics: In search for win-win solutions. Cham: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. W. P., Jalkanen, J. P., Anderson, B. A., Corbett, J. J., Faber, J., Hanayama, S., O’Keeffe, E., Parker, S., Johansson, L., Aldous, L., Raucci, C., Traut, M., Ettinger, S., Nelissen, D., Lee, D. S., Ng, S., Agrawal, A., Winebrake, J. J., Hoen, M., Chesworth, S., & Pandey, A. (2014). Third IMO GHG Study 2014. London: International Maritime Organization (IMO) June.

    Google Scholar 

  • UK. (2010). Global Emissions Trading System (ETS) for international shipping proposal by the United Kingdom, IMO doc. MEPC 60/4/26.

    Google Scholar 

  • USA. (2010). The United States proposal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, the Ship Efficiency and Credit Trading (SECT), IMO doc. MEPC 60/4/12.

    Google Scholar 

  • WSC. (2010). Vessel Efficiency System (VES) proposal by World Shipping Council, IMO doc. MEPC 60/4/39.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

    Harilaos N. Psaraftis

  2. DFDS Seaways, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Poul Woodall

Authors
  1. Harilaos N. Psaraftis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Poul Woodall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Harilaos N. Psaraftis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

    Harilaos N. Psaraftis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Psaraftis, H.N., Woodall, P. (2019). Reducing GHGs: The MBM and MRV Agendas. In: Psaraftis, H. (eds) Sustainable Shipping. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04330-8_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation