Abstract
In this chapter, port competition and various competitiveness determinants will be presented and discussed, including port selection, port efficiency, port service and other related issues. Moreover, maritime transportation is fundamental to global trade which is influenced by political activities. The shipping industry is closely affected by the political economy which will be assessed to lay a foundation for this abductive research and its interpretation to follow.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Aronietis, R., Van de Voorde, E., & Vanelslander, T. (2010). Port Competitiveness Determinants of Selected European Ports in the Containerised Cargo Market. International Association of Maritime Economists Conference IAME (Vol. 10), Lisbon, Portugal.
Aversa, R., Botter, R. C., Haralambides, H. E., & Yoshizaki, H. T. Y. (2005). A mixed integer programming model on the location of a hub port in the east coast of South America. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 7(1), 1–18.
Baird, A. J. (2000). Port privatisation: Objectives, extent, process, and the UK experience. International Journal of Maritime Economics, 2(3), 177–194.
Barros, C. P., & Athanassiou, M. (2004). Efficiency in European seaports with DEA: Evidence from Greece and Portugal. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 6, 122–140.
Bennathan, E., & Walters, A. A. (1979). Port Pricing and Investment Policy for Developing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bichou, K., & Bell, M. G. H. (2007). Internationalisation and consolidation of the container port industry: Assessment of channel structure and relationships. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 9(1), 35–51.
Bichou, K., & Gray, R. (2004). A logistics and supply chain management approach to port performance measurement. Maritime Policy and Management, 31, 47–67.
Blonigen, B., & Wilson, W. (2006). New Measures of Port Efficiency Using International Trade Data (NBER Working Paper 12052). New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Chan, Y. (2005). A statistical study of intrastate vs. interstate regulatory reforms. Journal of Geography, 13, 165–171.
Chang, S. (2000). Disasters and transport systems: Loss, recovery and competition at the port of Kobe after the 1995 earthquake. Journal of Transport Geography, 8(8), 53–65.
Chang, C., & Thai, V. (2016). Do port security quality and service quality influence customer satisfaction and loyalty? Maritime Policy and Management, 43(6), 720–736.
Chin, A., & Tongzon, K. (1998). Maintaining Singapore as a major shipping and air transport hub. In T. Toh (Ed.), Competitiveness of the Singapore Economy (pp. 83–114). Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Clark, X., Dollar, D., & Micco, A. (2001). Maritime Transport Costs and Port Efficiency. Available at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/451431468766755364/122522322_20041117184549/additional/multi0page.pdf. Accessed 9 March, 2016.
Clark, X., Dollar, D., & Micco, D. (2004). Port Efficiency, Maritime Transport Costs and Bilateral Trade (NBER Working Paper No. 10353). Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w10353.pdf. Accessed 4 January 2017.
Coto-Millan, P., Banos-Pino, J., & Rodriguez-Alvarez, A. (2000). Economic efficiency in Spanish ports: Some empirical evidence. Maritime Policy and Management, 27(2), 169–174.
Cui, H., & Notteboom, T. (2018). A game theoretical approach to the effects of port objective orientation and service differentiation on port authorities’ willingness to cooperate. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 26, 75–86.
Cullinane, K., & Song, D. W. (2003). A stochastic frontier model of the productive efficiency of Korean Container Terminals. Applied Economics, 35(3), 251–267.
Cullinane, K., & Song, D. W. (Eds.). (2007). Asian Container Ports: Development, Competition and Co-operation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cullinane, K., & Wang, T. F. (2010). The efficiency analysis of container port production using DEA panel data approaches. OR Spectrum, 32(3), 717–738.
Cullinane, K., Song, D. W., & Gray, R. (2002). A stochastic frontier model of the efficiency of major container terminals in Asia: Assessing the influence of administrative and ownership structures. Transportation Research Part A, 36, 743–762.
Cullinane, K., Wang, T. F., & Cullinane, S. (2004). Container terminal development in Mainland China and its impact on the competitiveness of the port of Hong Kong. Transport Reviews, 24(1), 33–56.
Cullinane, K., Ji, P., & Wang, T. F. (2005). The relationship between privatisation and DEA estimates of efficiency in the container port industry. Journal of Economics and Business, 27(5), 433–462.
Cullinane, K., Wang, T. F., Song, D., & Ji, P. (2006). The technical efficiency of container ports: Comparing data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier analysis. Transportation Research Part A, 40(4), 354–374.
De Langen, P. W. (2002). Clustering and performance: The case of maritime clustering in the Netherlands. Maritime Policy and Management, 29(3), 209–221.
De Martino, M., & Morvillo, A. (2008). Activities, resources and inter-organisational relationships: Key factors in port competitiveness. Maritime Policy and Management, 35(6), 571–589.
De Monie, G. (1987). Measuring and Evaluating Port Performance and Productivity (UNCTAD Monographs on Port Management No. 6). Geneva: UNCTAD.
Estache, A., & Trujillo, L. (2009). Global economic changes and the future of pot authorities. In H. Meersman, E. Van de Voorde, & T. Vanelslander (Eds.), Future Challenges for the Port and Shipping Sector (pp. 69–87). London: Informa.
Figueiredo, D., Oliverira, G., & Cariou, P. (2015). The impact of competition on container port (in)efficiency. Transportation Research Part A, 78, 124–133.
Fleming, D. K., & Baird, A. J. (1999). Some reflections on port competition in the United States and Western Europe. Maritime Policy and Management, 26(4), 383–394.
Foster, T. (1978). Ports: What shippers should look for. Chilton’s Distribution Worldwide, 77(1), 41–48.
Foster, T. (1979). What’s important in a port. Chilton’s Distribution Worldwide, 78(1), 32–36.
Fung, K. F. (2001). Competition between the ports of Hong Kong and Singapore: A structural vector error correction model to forecast the demand for container handling services. Maritime Policy and Management, 27(1), 3–22.
Garcia-Alonso, L., & Martin-Bofarull, M. (2007). Impact of port investment on efficiency and capacity to attract traffic in Spain: Bilbao versus Valencia. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 9(3), 254–267.
Gonzalez, M. M., & Trujillo, L. (2009). Efficiency measurement in the port industry: A survey of the empirical evidence. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 43(2), 157–192.
Guy, E., & Urli, B. (2006). Port selection and multicriteria analysis: An application to the Montreal-New York alternative. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 8(2), 169–186.
Ha, M. S. (2003). A comparison of service quality at major container ports: Implications for Korean ports. Journal of Transport Geography, 11, 131–137.
Haezendonck, E., & Notteboom, T. (2002). The competitive advantage of seaports. In M. Huybrechts, et al. (Eds.), Port Competitiveness: An Economic and Legal Analysis of the Factors Determining the Competitiveness of Seaports (pp. 67–87). Antwerp: De Boeck.
Haralambides, H. E. (2002). Competition, excess capacity, and the pricing of port infrastructure. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 4(4), 323–347.
Heaver, T. (1995). The implications of increased competition for port policy and management. Maritime Policy and Management, 22, 125–133.
Heaver, T., Meersman, H., & Van de Voorde, E. (2001). Co-operation and competition in international container transport: Strategies for ports. Maritime Policy and Management, 28(3), 293–305.
Heaver, T., Meersman, H., Moglia, F., & Van de Voorde, E. (2000). Do mergers and alliances influence european shipping and port competition? Maritime Policy and Management, 27(4), 363–373.
Homosombat, W., Ng, A., & Fu, X. (2016). Regional transformation and port cluster competition: The case of the Pearl River Delta in South China. Growth and Change, 47(3), 349–362.
Hoshino, H. (2010). Competition and collaboration among container ports. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 26(1), 31–47.
Huybrechts, M., Meersman, H., Van de Voorde, E., Van Hooydonk, E., Verbeke, A., & Winkelmans, W. (Eds.). (2002). Port Competitiveness: An Economic and Legal Analysis of the Factors Determining the Competitiveness of Seaports. Antwerp: De Boeck Ltd.
Ishii, M., Lee, P. T. W., Tezukac, K., & Chang, Y. T. (2013). A game theoretical analysis of port competition. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 49(1), 92–106.
Jara-Diaz, S. R., Cortes, C., & Ponce, F. (2001). Number of points served and economies of spatial scope in transport cost functions. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 35(2), 327–342.
Jeon, I.-S., Kim, H.-S., & Kim, B.-J. (1993). Strategy for Improvement of Competitive Power in Korea Container Port. Seoul: Korea Maritime Institute.
Kim, H.-S. (1993). Decision Components of Shippers’ Port Choice in Korea. Seoul: Korea Maritime Institute.
Lirn, T. C., Thanopoulou, H. A., & Beresford, A. K. C. (2003). Transhipment port selection and decision-making behaviour: Analysing the Taiwanese case. International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, 6(4), 229–244.
Lirn, T. C., Thanopoulou, H. A., Beynon, M. J., & Beresford, A. K. C. (2004). An application of AHP on transhipment port selection: A global perspective. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 6(1), 70–91.
Liu, Z. (1995, September). The comparative performance of public and private enterprises. Journal of Transportation Economics and Policy, 29(3), 263–274.
Lloyd’s List. (2016). Top 100 Container Ports 2016. Available at https://maritimeintelligence.informa.com/~/media/Informa-Shop…/LL_Top_Ports.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2017.
Luo, M., & Grigalunas, T. A. (2003). A spatial economic multimodal transportation simulation model for US coastal container ports. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 5(2), 158–178.
Malchow, M., & Kanafani, A. (2001). A disaggregate analysis of factors influencing port selection. Maritime Policy and Management, 28(3), 265–277.
Malchow, M. B., & Kanafani, A. (2004). A disaggregate analysis of port selection. Transportation Research Part E, 40, 317–337.
Marcadon, J. (1999). Containerisation in the ports of Northern and Western Europe. GeoJournal, 48(1), 15–20.
Martinez-Budría, E., Diaz-Armas, R., Navarro-Ibanez, M., & Ravelo-Mesa, T. (1999). A study of the efficiency of Spanish port authorities using data envelopment analysis. International Journal of Transport Economics, 26(2), 237–253.
McCalla, R. (1999). Global change, local pain: Intermodal seaport terminals and their service areas. Journal of Transport Geography, 7, 247–254.
Meersman, H., Van de Voorde, E., & Vanelslander, T. (2010). Port competition revisited. Review of Business Economic Literature, 55(2), 210–232.
Merkel, A. (2017). Spatial competition and complementarity in European port regions. Journal of Transport Geography, 61, 40–47.
Ng, A. K. Y. (2006). Assessing the attractiveness of ports in the North European container transhipment market: An agenda for future research in port competition. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 8(3), 234–241.
Ng, A. K. Y. (2013). The evolution and research trends of port geography. Professional Geographer, 65(1), 65–86.
Nguyen, H. O., Nguyen, H. V., Chang, Y., Chin, A., & Tongzon, J. (2016). Measuring port efficiency using bootstrapped DEA: The case of Vietnamese ports. Maritime Policy and Management, 43(5), 644–659.
Nir, A., Lin, K., & Liang, G. (2003). Port choice behaviour-from the perspective of the shipper. Maritime Policy and Management, 30(2), 165–173.
Notteboom, T. E. (2002, November 13–15). The interdependence between liner shipping networks and intermodal networks. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), Panama City.
Notteboom, T. (2008, March). The Relationship Between Seaports and the Inter-Modal Hinterland in Light of Global Supply Chains (OECD Discussion Paper No. 2008–2010). OECD/ITF Joint Transportation Research Centre.
Notteboom, T. (2012, April 18). Dynamics in Port Competition in Europe: Implications for North Italian Ports. Workshop ‘I porti del Nord’-Milan.
Notteboom, T. E., & Rodrigue, J.-P. (2005). Port regionalisation: Towards a new phase in port development. Maritime Policy and Management, 32(3), 297–313.
Notteboom, T. E., & Winkelmans, W. (2001). Structural changes in logistics: How will port authorities face the challenge? Maritime Policy and Management, 28(1), 71–89.
Notteboom, T., & Yap, W. Y. (2012). Port competition and competitiveness. In W. Talley (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Maritime Economics, pp. 549–570. Malden: Blackwell.
Notteboom, T., Coeck, C., & Van Den Broeck, J. (2000). Measuring and explaining the relative efficiency of container terminals by means of Bayesian stochastic frontier models. International Journal of Maritime Economics, 2, 83–106.
OECD. (2011). Competition in Ports and Port Services (OECD Working Paper). Paris: OECD.
Ohashia, H., Kim, T., Oum, T., & Yuc, C. (2005). Choice of air cargo transshipment airport: An application to air cargo traffic to/from Northeast Asia. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11, 149–159.
Pallis, A., & Vaggelas, G. (2005). Port competitiveness and the EU Port Services Directive: The case of Greek ports. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 7, 116–140.
Parola, F., Risitano, M., Ferretti, M., & Panetti, E. (2017). The drivers of port competitiveness: A critical review. Transport Reviews, 37(1), 116–138.
Perez-Labajos, C., & Blanco, B. (2004). Competitive policies for commercial sea ports in the EU. Marine Policy, 28, 553–556.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press.
Rimmer, P. (1998). Ocean liner shipping services: Corporate restructuring and port selection/competition. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 39(2), 193–208.
Robinson, R. (1998). Asian hub/feeder nets: The dynamics of restructuring. Maritime Policy and Management, 25(1), 21–40.
Robinson, R. (2002). Ports as elements in value driven chain systems: The new paradigm. Maritime Policy and Management, 29(3), 241–255.
Roe, M. (2009). Maritime governance and policy-making failure in the European Union. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 1(1), 161–174.
Seabrooke, W., Hui, E. C. M., Lam, W. H. K., & Wong, G. K. C. (2003). Forecasting cargo growth and regional role of the port of Hong Kong. Cities, 20(1), 51–64.
Slack, B., & Fremont, A. (2005). Transformation of port terminal operators: From the local to the global. Transport Reviews, 25(1), 117–130.
Slack, B., Comtois, C., & McCalla, R. (2002). Strategic alliances in the container shipping industry: A global perspective. Maritime Policy and Management, 29(1), 65–76.
Song, D. W. (2003). Port co-opetition in concept and practice. Maritime Policy and Management, 30(1), 29–44.
Song, D. W., & Yeo, K.-T. (2004). A competitive analysis of Chinese container ports using the analytic hierarchy process. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 6, 34–52.
Thai, V. V. (2008). Service quality in maritime transport: Conceptual model and empirical evidence. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 20(4), 493–518.
Thai, V. V. (2015). The impact of port service quality on customer satisfaction: The case of Singapore. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 18(4), 458–475.
Tiwari, P., Itoh, H., & Doi, M. (2003). Shippers’ port and carrier selection behaviour in China: A discrete choice analysis. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 5(1), 23–39.
Tongzon, J. (1989). The impact of wharfage costs on Victoria’s export-oriented industries. Economic Paper, 8, 58–64.
Tongzon, J. (2001). Efficiency measurement of selected Australian and other international ports using data envelopment analysis. Transportation Research Part A, 35(2), 113–128.
Tongzon, J., & Heng, W. (2005). Port privatisation, efficiency and competitiveness: Some empirical evidence from container ports (terminals). Transportation Research Part A, 39(5), 405–424.
Tongzon, J. L., & Sawant, L. (2007). Port choice in a competitive environment: From the shipping lines’ perspective. Applied Economics, 39, 477–492.
Trujillo, L., & Tovar, B. (2007). The European port industry: An analysis of its economic efficiency. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 9(2), 148–171.
Tsai, M. C., & Su, C. H. (2005). Political risk assessment of five East Asian ports: The viewpoints of global carriers. Marine Policy, 29(4), 291–298.
Valentine, V. F. (2002). Measuring Efficiency of Container Ports: An Analysis By Organisational and Ownership Structure (PhD thesis). University of Plymouth, UK.
Van de Voorde, E., & Winkelmans, W. (2002). A general introduction to port competition and management. In M. Huybrechts, H. Meersman, E. Van de Voorde, E. Van Hooydonk, A. Verbeke, & W. Winkelmans (Eds.), Port Competitiveness (pp. 1–15). Antwerp: De Boeck.
Veldman, S., & Buckmann, E. H. (2003). A model on container port competition: An application for the West European container hub-ports. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 5, 3–22.
Veldman, S. J., Buckmann, E. H., & Saitua, R. N. (2005). River depth and container port market shares: The impact of deepening the Scheldt River on the West European container hubport market shares. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 7(4), 336–355.
Wan, Y., & Zhang, A. (2013). Urban road congestion and seaport competition. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 47(1), 55–70.
Wang, J., & Slack, B. (2000). The evolution of a regional container port system: Pearl River Delta. Journal of Transport Geography, 8(4), 263–275.
Wang, J., Ng, A. K. Y., & Olivier, D. (2004). Port governance in China: A review of policies in an era of internationalising port management practices. Transport Policy, 11(3), 237–250.
Yap, W. Y., & Lam, J. S. L. (2004). An interpretation of inter-container port relationships from the demand perspective. Maritime Policy and Management, 31(4), 337–355.
Yap, W. Y., & Lam, J. S. L. (2006a). Competition dynamics between container ports in East Asia. Transportation Research Part A, 40(1), 35–51.
Yap, W. Y., & Lam, J. S. L. (2006b). A measurement and comparison of cost competitiveness of container ports in South East Asia. Transportation, 33, 641–654.
Yap, W. Y., Lam, J. S. L., & Notteboom, T. (2006). Developments in container port competition in East Asia. Transport Reviews, 26(2), 167–188.
Yeo, G. T. (2007). Port Competitiveness in North East Asia: An Integrated Fuzzy Approach to Expert Evaluations (PhD thesis). University of Plymouth, UK.
Yeo, G. T., Roe, M., & Dinwoodie, J. (2008). Evaluating the competitiveness of container ports in Korea and China. Transportation Research Part A, 42(6), 910–921.
Zeng, Z., & Yang, Z. (2002). Dynamic programming of port position and scale in the hierarchized container ports network. Maritime Policy and Management, 29(2), 163–177.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhang, X., Roe, M. (2019). Port Competition. In: Maritime Container Port Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03825-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03825-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03824-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03825-0
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)