Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Race, Socialism and Solidarity: Anti-Apartheid in Eastern Europe

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
A Global History of Anti-Apartheid

Part of the book series: St Antony's Series ((STANTS))

Abstract

This chapter will address the relationship between eastern European socialist states and apartheid South Africa. Employing material from archives in South Africa, Poland, Hungary and the GDR, and from international organisations that dealt with anti-apartheid (e.g. UN - WFTU - IUS - World Peace Council), this piece will address the changing relationship between apartheid/anti-apartheid and the region’s elites, intellectuals and societies. It explores the support that eastern bloc regimes gave to the anti-apartheid movement in the 1960s, focusing in particular on the importance of new alliances between the region and Africa in a host of international organisations. In the second part, it examines the limitations in these relationships, addressing (a) the increasing entanglement between eastern European Communists and the apartheid regime in the 1980s; (b) the often limited reach of anti-apartheid sentiment in eastern European societies (compared to support for e.g. Vietnam or Chile) and (c) the tensions that emerged between the region’s dissident movements and organisations that opposed apartheid.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

Archival Sources

  • Belgium, Centre d’Archives Communistes, Brussels (CarCob)

    Google Scholar 

  • • Isabelle Blume papers

    Google Scholar 

  • • Paulette and Paul Pierson-Mathy/Comité contre le colonialisme et l’apartheid papers

    Google Scholar 

  • France, Archives Départementales de Seine-Saint-Denis

    Google Scholar 

  • • CGT collection (170 J 176)

    Google Scholar 

  • Germany, German National Archives, Berlin (BA)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hungary, Hungarian National Archives, Budapest (HNA)

    Google Scholar 

  • • Foreign Affairs Department collection

    Google Scholar 

  • Hungary, Open Society Archives, Budapest (HU OSA)

    Google Scholar 

  • • Records of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute: Hungarian Unit: Monitoring.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netherlands, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam (IISH)

    Google Scholar 

  • • International Union of Socialist Youth

    Google Scholar 

  • • United Federation of Hungarian Workers

    Google Scholar 

  • Poland, National Archives/Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warsaw (AAN)

    Google Scholar 

  • • Polish Committee of Solidarity with the Nations of Africa, Asia and Latin America papers (PKSzNAA(iAŁ))

    Google Scholar 

  • • Foreign Department of the Polish United Workers’ Party papers (PZPR LXXVI)

    Google Scholar 

  • South Africa, South African Historial Archives, Johannesburg (SAHA)

    Google Scholar 

  • • Mark Gevisser’s Research Papers for Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred (AL 3284)

    Google Scholar 

  • United Kingdom, Bodleian Library, Commonwealth and African Studies, Oxford (BLCAS)

    Google Scholar 

  • • Anti-apartheid Movement Papers (MSS, AAM)

    Google Scholar 

Online Databases and Websites

Newspapers and Periodicals

Primary Published Sources

  • Against Racism and Neo-Colonialism: For the Liberation of South Africa. East Berlin: Central Council for Asian, African and Latin American Sciences in the GDR and the African-Asian Solidarity Committee of the GDR, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Against Racism, Apartheid and Colonialism: Documents Published by the GDR 1949–1977. Berlin: Staatsverlag der DDR, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antirassismus—Antiimperialismus: Der Beitrag der Christen zum Kampf gegen rassistische und kolonialistische Unterdrückung, ed. Sekretariat des Hauptvorstandes der CDU Deutschlands. Berlin, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babing, Alfred. National Befreiungskampf im suedlichen Afrika. East Berlin: Solidaritaetskomitee der DDR, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cancel the Cultural Agreement with South Africa! Bonn: Anti-apartheid Bewegung, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Documents from Czech Archive on the Occasion of the 25th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Czechoslovakia and the Republic of South Africa. Prague: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • German Democratic Republic Demands Freedom for Bram Fischer and All South Africa’s Liberation Fighters. Berlin: Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herausforderung des Gewissens: Über den ökomenischen Beitrag zum Kampf gegen den Rassismus. Berlin: Union-Verlag, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southern Africa: The UN-OAU Conference Oslo 9-14 April 1973. 1. Programme of Action and Conference Proceedings, 224–25. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • South African Worker and WFTU. Shoulder to Shoulder. Johannesburg: World Federation of Trade Unions and the WFTU Regional Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spotlight on… Bonn-Pretoria Axis. Frankfurt/M: Anti-Imperialist Solidarity Committee for Africa, Asia and Latin America, undated.

    Google Scholar 

  • Struggle against Racism and Apartheid in Southern Africa, brochure for Geneva exhibition, Berlin, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Bonn-Pretoria Alliance: Memorandum of the Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee of the German Democratic Republic. Dresden: Zeit im Bild, 1967, 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Conference against Apartheid, Racism and Colonialism in Southern Arica, Lisbon 16–19 June 1977 (Portuguese National committee against Apartheid, Racism and Colonialism in Southern Africa, 1977), 78.

    Google Scholar 

Monographs, Journal Articles, Book Chapters

  • Abraszewski, Andrzej. Polska w Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych. Warsaw: Interpress, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adie, W.A.C. “China, Russia and the Third World.” The China Quarterly 11 (1962): 200–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axen, Hermann. Sozialismus und revolutionärer Weltprozeß. Ausgewählte Reden und Aufsätze. Berlin, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balicki, Jan. Rasizm w Afryce Południowej. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balicki, Jan. Apartheid: studium prawno-polityczne rasizmu w Afryce Południowej. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balicki, Jan. Afrykanerzy, afrykanie, apartheid. Warszawa: Iskry, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balicki, Jan. Historia Burów. Geneza państwa Apartheidu. Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassarak, Gerhard, and Guenter Wirth, eds. Herausforderung des Gewissens: Über den ökomenischen Beitrag zum Kampf gegen den Rassismus. Berlin: Union-Verlag, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Békési, Pál. “Afrika a mai világban –kapcsolataink Afrikával.” Társadalmi Szemle 21, no. 7–8 (1966): 81–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernaś, Franciszek. Na wzgórzach Transwalu. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Alfa, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianke, Arnold. Państwo apartheidu. Warszawa: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bley, Helmut, and Reinhard Tetzlaff, eds. Afrika und Bonn. Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boesak, Allan. Das Evangelium verlangt, auf der Seite der Unterdrückten zu stehen. Berlin: Union Verlag, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bokorné Szegő, Hanna. “Az ENSZ és az emberi jogok.” In Az ENSZ Napjainkban, edited by Mihály Simai, 167–88. Budapest: Kossuth, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boraine, Alex, Janet Levy, and Ronel Scheffer, eds. Dealing with the Past: Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa. Rondebosch: Institute for a Democratic Alternative for South Africa, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borovi, József. Magyar katolikus lelkiszolgalat Del-Afrikaban. Budapest: Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brehme G. et al., “Apartheid – massenhafte Verletzung der Menschenrechte.” Asien-Afrika-Lateinamerika: Zeitschrift des Zentralen Rates fuer Asien-Afrika-und Lateinamerikawissenschaften in der DDR 7:2 (1979): 189–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, Lisa, Van Gosse, and Alex Lichtenstein, eds. “Special Issue: The Global Anti-apartheid Movement.” Radical History Review 119 (2014): 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, Jeffrey James. “Beyond Continents, Colours and the Cold War: Yugoslavia, Algeria and the Struggle for Non-Alignment.” The International History Review 37, no. 5 (2015): 912–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costea, Peter. “Eastern Europe’s Relations with the Insurgencies of South Africa (SWAPO and the ANC) 1972–1988.” Eastern European Quarterly 24, no. 3 (1990): 398–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobosiewicz, Zbigniew, Tadeusz Lętocha, and Marek Jan Malinowski. Białe imperium Południowej Afryki. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domarańczyk, Zbigniew. Przedsionek piekła. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, François, and Antje du Bois-Pedain. “Post-conflict Justice and the Reconciliatory Paradigm: The South African Experience.” In Justice and Reconciliation in Post-apartheid South Africa, edited by François Du Bois and Antje du Bois-Pedain, 289–311. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, Stephen, and Tsepo Sechaba. Comrades against Apartheid: The ANC and the South African Communist Party in Exile. London: James Currey, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kőszeg, Ferenc. “Párt és állam.” Beszélő 2, no. 2 (1990). Accessed August 1, 2018. http://beszelo.c3.hu/print/2868.

  • Filatova, Irina, and Apollon Davidson. Russia and South Africa in the Soviet Era. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frycz, Andrzej. “Socialist Apartheid.” Wola 24, no. 150 (August 12, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasztold, Przemysław. “Wywiad PRL a problemy polityczno-gospodarcze Afryki Subsaharyjskiej w latach osiemdziesiątych XX wieku.” Olsztyńskie Studia Afrykanistyczne 2 (2011): 143–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasztold, Przemysław. “Lost Illusions: Communist Poland’s Involvements in Africa during the Cold War.” In Warsaw Pact Intervention in the Third World, edited by Philip E. Muehlenbeck and Natalia Telepneva, 197–220. London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehrig, Sebastian. “Reaching Out to the Third World: East Germany’s Anti-apartheid and Socialist Human Rights Campaign.” German History 36, no. 4 (Novembre 2018): 574–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goddeeris, Idesbald. “The Limits of Lobbying: ILO and Solidarność.” In ILO Histories: Essays on the International Labour Organization and Its Impact on the World during the twentieth Century, edited by Jasmien Van Daele, Magaly Rodríguez García, Geert Van Goethem, and Marcel van der Linden, 423–41. Bern: Peter Lang, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon Lauren, Paul. “First Principles of Racial Equality: History and the Politics and Diplomacy of Human Rights Provisions in the United Nations Charter.” Human Rights Quarterly 5, no. 1 (February, 1983): 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, William Glenn. Germany’s Cold War: The Global Campaign to Isolate East Germany, 1949–1969. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grinberg, Daniel. Geneza apartheidu. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosescu, Raluca. “State Socialist Endeavours for the Non-Applicability to Statutory Limitations to International Crimes. Historical Roots and Present Implications.” The Journal of the History of International Law (forthcoming 2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guelke, Adrian, and Tom Junes. “‘Copycat Tactics’ in Processes of Regime Change: The Demise of Communism in Poland and Apartheid in South Africa.” Critique and Humanism Journal 40 (2012): 171–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, Heike, and Susann Lewerenz. “Campaigning against Apartheid in East and West Germany.” Radical History Review 119 (Spring 2014): 191–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinze, Christian, and Manfred Loos. “Die Haltung der UNO-Spezialorganisationen zur Apartheid-Politik der Republik Südafrika.” Asien-Afrika-Lateinamerika: Zeitschrift des Zentralen Rates fuer Asien-Afrika-und Lateinamerikawissenschaften in der DDR 4, no. 2 (1976): 203–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillebrand, Ernst. Das Afrika-Engagement der DDR. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hockenos, Paul, and Jane Hunter. “Pretoria Gold.” Australian Left Review 1, no. 121 (1990): 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview with Noam Chomsky by Zuzana Piussi and Vít Janeček, Nicaragua Today, no. 34. Spring 1989, 14, 5 June 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, Ryan M. Gordian Knot: Apartheid and the Unmaking of the Liberal World Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jabłonowski, Henryk, and Ernest Skalski. Kraj niedobrej nadziei. Warszawa: Młodzieżowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, Steven L.B. The Making of International Human Rights: The 1960s, Decolonization, and the Reconstruction of Global Values. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konieczna, Anna. “La France, l’ANC et les solidarités transnationales: l’histoire du premier mouvement anti-apartheid français (1960–74).” In Nouvelles formes de contestation: du national au transnational, edited by Emma Bell, 123–46. Chambéry: Presses de l’Université de Savoie Mont Blanc, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruckenberg, Lena J. The UN-Real World of Human Rights: An Ethnography of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, Loren. Post-imperial Brecht: Politics and Performance, East and South. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krusche, Günter. ‘Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich’: Die Kirche an der Seite der Unterdrueckten: Die Rezeption des Programms zur Bekaempfung des Rassismus in den Kirchen der DDR im Prozess der Auseinandersetzung um die Menschenrechte. Rothenburg o.d. Tbr: Ernst-Lange-Inst. für Ökumenische Studien, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lech, Miodek. “Polsko-kubańskie relacje polityczne i gospodarcze w kontekście sytuacji międzynarodowej.” In Relacje Polska-Kuba. Historia i współczesność, edited by Katarzyna Dembicz, 129–68. Warszawa: Centrum Studiów Latynoamerykańskich Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Christopher, J. “Decoloniality of a Special Type: Solidarity and Its Potential Meanings in South African Literature, during and after the Cold War.” Journal of Postcolonial Writing 50, no. 4 (2014): 466–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lętocha, Tadeusz. Republika Południowej Afryki – kraj apartheidu. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewandowska, Iwona. Apartheid. Warszawa: Polska Agencja Prasowa, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lodge, Tom. “Secret Party: South African Communists between 1950 and 1960.” South African Historical Journal 67, no. 4 (October 2, 2015): 433–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski, Marek Jan. Białe mocarstwo Czarnego Lądu. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mark, James, and Péter Apor. “Socialism Goes Global: Decolonization and the Making of a New Culture of Internationalism in Socialist Hungary, 1956–1989.” The Journal of Modern History 87, no. 4 (December 2015): 852–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mark, James, and Quinn Slobodian. “Eastern Europe in the Global History of Decolonization.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Ends of Empire, edited by Martin Thomas and Andrew Thompson, 351–72. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mrożek, Sławomir. “To the Deeply Revered United Nations.” A Dél-Afrikai Magyar Egyesület Lapja 4, no. 2 (June 1986): 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, Helmut, and Lothar Rathmann. “Der Kampf der Voelker gegen das Verbrechen der Apartheid.” Asien-Afrika-Lateinamerika: Zeitschrift des Zentralen Rates fuer Asien-Afrika-und Lateinamerikawissenschaften in der DDR 3, no. 1 (1975): 120–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mzimela, Sipo E. Apartheid: South African Nazism. Nairobi: Evangel Publishing House, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, Rob. “The Collapse of the Communist-Anticommunist Condominium: The Repercussions for South Africa.” Social Text 31/32 (1992): 235–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onslow, Sue, eds. Cold War in Southern Africa: White Power, Black Liberation. London: Routledge, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Outrata, Filip. “In the Same Boat: Chomsky, Dissent, and the Universality of Human Rights.” V4/Revue (July 2, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasierbiński, Tadeusz Mariusz. Z bronią w ręku. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, William. In Germany Now: The Diary of a Soldier. London: Progress Publishing Company, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfaff, Steven. “The Politics of Peace in the GDR: The Independent Peace Movement, the Church and the Origins of the East German Opposition.” Peace & Change 26, no. 3 (July 2001): 280–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popescu, Monica. South African Literature beyond the Cold War. New York: Palgrave, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson-Little, Ned. “Dictatorship and Dissent: Human Rights in East Germany in the 1970s.” In The Breakthrough: Human Rights in the 1970s, edited by Jan Eckel and Samuel Moyn, 49–67. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rode, Reinhard. Die Südafrikapolitik der BRD. München: Grünewald, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, Nick. “The Western Wall: The Iron Curtain Recast in Midsummer 1951.” In Cold War Crossings: International Travel and Exchange Across the Soviet Bloc, 1940s–1960s, edited by Patryk Babiracki and Kenyon Zimmer, 78–106. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, Chris. “The Ending of the Cold War and Southern Africa.” In The End of the Cold War and the Third World: New Perspectives on Regional Conflict, edited by Artemy Kalinovsky and Sergey Radchenko, 264–76. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, Chris. “1989 and Southern Africa.” In 1989 in Global Perspective, edited by Ulf Engel, Frank Hadler, and Matthias Middell, 358–59. Leipzig: Leipzig University Press, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleicher, Hans Georg. “The German Democratic Republic and the South African Liberation Struggle,” in The Road to Democracy in South Africa. Volume. 3: International Solidarity. Part II, edited by South African Democracy and Education Trust (SADET), 1069-1154. Pretoria: UNISA Press, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleicher, Hans Georg, and Ilona Schleicher. Special Flights: The GDR and Liberation Movements in Southern Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: SAPES Trust, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleicher, Ilona, and Andreas Bohne. Solidarität gegen Apartheid – für ein freies Südafrika. Reflektieren und Reflexionen über DDR-Solidarität mit dem AN. Berlin: Solidaritätsdienst-international, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleicher, Ilona, and Hans-Georg Schleicher. Die DDR im südlichen Afrika: Solidarität und Kalter Krieg. Hamburg: Institut für Arika-Kunde, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellström, Tor. Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa. Volume 1. Formation of a Popular Opinion (1950–1970). Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellström, Tor. Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa. Volume 2. Solidarity and Assistance (1970–1994). Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shubin, Vladimir. ANC: A View from Moscow. Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana Media, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shubin, Vladimir, and Marina Traikova. “There Is No Threat from the Eastern Bloc.” In The Road to Democracy in South Africa. Volume 3: International Solidarity. Part II, edited by South African Democracy and Education Trust (SADET). Pretoria: UNISA Press, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skalski, Ernest. Apartheid. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slobodian, Quinn. “Socialist Chromatism: Race, Racism and the Racial Rainbow in East Germany.” In Comrades of Color: East Germany in the Cold War World, edited by Quinn Slobodian, 23–39. Oxford and New York: Berghahn, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, Simon. “Bloke Modisane in East Germany.” In Comrades of Color: East Germany in the Cold War World, edited by Quinn Slobodian, 121–31. Oxford and New York: Berghahn, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storkmann, Klaus. Geheime Solidarität: Militärbeziehungen und Militärhilfen der DDR in die » Dritte Welt«. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó, Miklós. “Egy tilalommal kevesebb, vagy egy elvtelenséggel több?” Beszélő 2, no. 2 (1990). Accessed August 1, 2018. http://beszelo.c3.hu/print/2868.

  • Taylor, Ian. “The Ambiguous Commitment: The People’s Republic of China and the Anti-apartheid Struggle in South Africa.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 18, no. 1 (2000): 91–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Telepneva, Natalia. Our Sacred Duty: The Soviet Union, the Liberation Movements in the Portuguese Colonies, and the Cold War, 1961–1975. PhD diss., London School of Economics, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • The United Nations and Apartheid 1948–1994. New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thörn, Håkan. Anti-apartheid and the Emergence of a Global Civil Society. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2006.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van Vuuren, Hennie. Apartheid Guns and Money—A Tale of Profit. Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verheugen, Gerhard. Apartheid, Suedafrika and die deutschen Interessen am Kap. Cologne: Kiwi, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vetlesen, Vesla. “Trade Union Support to the Struggle against Apartheid: The Role of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions.” In Norway and National Liberation in Southern Africa, edited by Torre Liné Eriksen, 326–52. Stockholm: The Nordic Africa Institute, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weis, Toni. “The Politics Machine: On the Concept of ‘Solidarity’ in East German Support for SWAPO.” Journal of Southern African Studies 37, no. 2 (2011): 351–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilke, Manfred. “Reformkommunisten und Bürgerrechten.” In Opposition ohne Hoffnung, edited by Jiří Pelikán and Manfred Wilke. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winrow, Gareth M. The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zagacki, Kenneth S. “Rhetoric, Dialogue, and Performance in Nelson Mandela’s ‘Televised Address on the Assassination of Chris Hani’.” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 6, no. 4 (2003): 709–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zajas, Paweł. “Polacy jako Burowie.” In Wokół ‘W pustyni i w puszczy’. W stulecie pierwodruku powieści, edited by Jerzy Axer and Tadeusz Bujnicki, 29–52. Kraków: Universitas, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Paul Betts

  2. University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    James Mark

  3. University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

    Idesbald Goddeeris & Kim Christiaens

Authors
  1. Paul Betts
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James Mark
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Idesbald Goddeeris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kim Christiaens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul Betts .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Paris, France

    Anna Konieczna

  2. Department of Historical Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Rob Skinner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Betts, P., Mark, J., Goddeeris, I., Christiaens, K. (2019). Race, Socialism and Solidarity: Anti-Apartheid in Eastern Europe. In: Konieczna, A., Skinner, R. (eds) A Global History of Anti-Apartheid. St Antony's Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03652-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03652-2_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03651-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03652-2

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation