Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Movement Ecology of Neotropical Forest Mammals pp 173–193Cite as

Home Range and Daily Traveled Distances of Highland Colombian Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha lugens): Comparing Spatial Data from GPS Collars and Direct Follows

Abstract

Space requirements are essential to assess population ecology especially for endangered species. The goal of this study was to estimate home range size and daily traveled distances (DTD) of two groups of woolly monkeys using two different sampling methods: direct observations of focal animals using handheld GPS devices and GPS collars located on four individuals. Our research questions were: (1) Are there differences in the estimates of home range size and DTD between methods? (2) In case of differences, are topography and trail locations associated with sampling bias? (3) What is the appropriate sampling interval to obtain statistically independent data? Highland woolly monkey home ranges and their DTD were underestimated by direct observations of focal animals using handheld GPS devices. Direct observations were affected by the rugged topography of the study site and were infrequent away from the trail system. In contrast, the use of GPS collars, it was costly but useful to obtain reliable data on space use by highland woolly monkeys. By using GPS collar was possible to track both study groups continuously with high quality and precision and covering broad geographic areas. Finally, our results demonstrated that the independence of observations for statistical purposes was reached after a 5-h sampling.

Keywords

  • Highland woolly monkey
  • Lagothrix lagothricha
  • Daily Traveled distances

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Altmann J (1974) Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour 49:227–267

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle SA, Lourenço WC, Da Silva LR, Smith AT (2009) Travel and spatial patterns change when Chiropotes satanas chiropotes inhabit forest fragments. Int J Primatol 30:515–531

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Buckland ST, Plumptre AJ, Thomas L, Rexstad EA (2010) Design and analysis of line transect surveys for primates. Int J Primatol 31:833–847

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Camus PA, Lima M (1995) El uso de la experimentación en ecología: supuestos, limitaciones, fuentes de error y su status como herramienta explicativa. Rev Chil Hist Nat 68:19–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Cifuentes E, Ramírez M, León J, Galvis N, Vargas S, Stevenson P (2013) Dieta de los churucos colombianos (Lagothrix lagothricha lugens) en relación con la productividad de frutos en el Parque nacional natural Cueva de Los Guácharos. In: Defler TR, Stevenson PR, Bueno ML, Guzmán-Caro DC (eds) Primates colombianos en peligro de extinción. Asociación primatológica colombiana Bogotá, pp 294–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Cresswell WJ, Smith GC (1992) The effects of temporally autocorrelated data on methods of home range analysis. In: Priede IG, Swift SM (eds) Wildlife telemetry: remote monitoring and tracking of animals. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp 272-284

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham EP, Unwin S, Setchell JM (2015) Darting primates in the field: a review of reporting trends and a survey of practices and their effect on the primates involved. Int J Primatol 36(5):894–915

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Cuthill IC (1991) Field experiments in animal behavior: methods and ethics. Anim Behav 42:1007–1101

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • D’Eon RG, Serrouya R, Smith G, Kochanny CO (2002) GPS radiotelemetry error and bias in mountainous terrain. Wildl Soc Bull 30:430–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Defler TR (1996) Aspects of the ranging pattern in a group of wild woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha). Am J Primatol 38(4):289–302

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Defler TR (2010) Historia natural de los primates colombianos. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore A (2003) Ranging behavior and foraging ecology of lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador. Am J Primatol 59:47–66

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore A, Fleischer RC (2005) Social behavior, reproductive strategies, and population genetic structure of Lagothrix poeppigii. Int J Primatol 26(5):1137–1173

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore A, Rodman PS (2001) Time allocation patterns of lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) in a neotropical terra firma forest. Int J Primatol 22(3):449–480

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore A, Suarez SA (2007) Route-based travel and shared routes in sympatric spider and woolly monkeys: cognitive and evolutionary implications. Anim Cogn 10:317–329

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore A, Link A, Schmitt CA, Spehar SN (2009) Dispersal patterns in sympatric woolly and spider monkeys: integrating molecular and observational data. Behaviour 146(4):437–470

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Di Orio AP, Callas R, Schaefer RJ (2003) Performance of two GPS telemetry collars under different habitat conditions. Wildl Soc Bull 31:372–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedigan LM (2010) Ethical issues faced by field primatologists: asking the relevant questions. Am J Primatol 72(9):754–771

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Fedigan LM, Fedigan L, Chapman C, Glander KE (1988) Spider monkey home ranges: a comparison of radio telemetry and direct observation. Am J Primatol 16(1):19–29

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque M, Chapman CA, Glander KE, Fernandez-Duque E (2017) Darting primates: steps toward procedural and reporting standards. Int J Primatol 39:1–8

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque E, Rotundo M (2003) Field methods for capturing and marking Azarai night monkeys. Int J Primatol 24(5):1113–1120

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle JG (1999) Primate adaptation and evolution. Academic, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • González M, Stevenson PR (2010) Comparación de los patrones de movimiento diario, actividad y dieta, reportados para los micos churucos (Lagothrix lagothricha): diferencias producto de la oferta de frutos y de la metodología usada. In: Pereira-Bengoa V, Stevenson PR, Bueno ML, Nassar-Montoya F (eds) Primatología en Colombia: avances al principio del milenio. Fundación Universitaria San Martín, Bogotá, pp 3–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris S, Cresswell WJ, Forde PG, Trewhella WJ, Woollard T, Wray S (1990) Home-range analysis using radio-tracking data–a review of problems and techniques particularly as applied to the study of mammals. Mammal Rev 20(2–3):97–123

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hebblewhite M, Haydon DT (2010) Distinguishing technology from biology: a critical review of the use of GPS telemetry data in ecology. Philos Trans R Soc B 365(1550):2303–2312

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hilpert AL, Jones CB (2005) Possible costs of radio-tracking a young adult female mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) in deciduous habitat of Costa Rican tropical dry forest. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 8(3):227–232

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holyoak E, Casagrandi R, Nathan R, Revilla E, Spiegel O (2008) Trends and missing parts in the study of movement ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(49):1060–19065

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins ME, Milton K (2016) Adverse effects of ball-chain radio-collars on female mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) in Panama. Int J Primatol 37(2):213–224

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Janmaat KR, Olupot W, Chancellor RL, Arlet ME, Waser PM (2009) Long-term site fidelity and individual home range shifts in Lophocebus albigena. Int J Primatol 30:443–466

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Juarez CP, Rotundo MA, Berg W, Fernández-Duque E (2011) Costs and benefits of radio-collaring on the behavior, demography, and conservation of owl monkeys (Aotus azarai) in Formosa, Argentina. Int J Primatol 32(1):69–82

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kenward RE (1992) Quantity versus quality: programmed collection and analysis of radio-tracking data. In: Priede IG, Swift SM (eds) Wildlife telemetry: remote monitoring and tracking of animals. Ellis Horwood, New York, pp 231–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Kernohan BJ, Gitzen RA, Millspaugh JJ (2001) Analysis of animal space use and movements. In: Millspaugh JJ, Marzluff JM (eds) Radio tracking and animal populations. Academic, New York, pp 15–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Legendre P (1993) Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or new paradigm? Ecology 74(6):1659–1673

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis JS, Rachlow JL, Garton EO, Vierling LA (2007) Effects of habitat on GPS collar performance: using data screening to reduce location error. J Appl Ecol 44:663–671

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lizcano DJ, Ahumanda JA, Nishimura A, Stevenson PR (2014) Population viability analysis of woolly monkeys in western amazonia; the woolly monkey developments in primatology. Prog Prospects 39:267–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Manly BFJ, McDonald LL, Thomas DL (1993) Resource selection by animals: statistical desing and analysis for field studies. Chapman and Hall, London, p 177

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Markham AC, Altmann J (2008) Remote monitoring of primates using automated GPS technology in open habitats. Am J Primatol 70:495–499

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Moen R, Pastor J, Cohen Y, Schwartz CC (1996) Effects of moose movement and habitat use on GPS collar performance. J Wildl Manag 60:659–668

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Moorcroft PR, Lewis MA (2006) Mechanistic home range analysis. Monographs in population biology. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller KH, Schildger J (1994) Capture and radio-telemetry of masked titi monkeys, Callicebus personatus melanochir. Neotropical Primates 2(4):7–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathan R, Getz WM, Revilla E, Holyoak M, Kadmon R, Saltz D, Smouse PE (2008) A movement ecology paradigm for unifying organismal movement research. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(49):19052–19059

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura A (1990) A sociological and behavioral study of woolly monkeys, Lagothrix lagothricha in the upper Amazon. Sci Eng Rev Doshiosha Univ 31:1–121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura A (1994) Social interaction patterns of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha): a comparison among the atelines. Sci Eng Rev Doshisha Univ 35:236–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura A (2003) Reproductive parameters of wild female Lagothrix lagotricha. Int J Primatol 24(4):707–772

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura A, Izawa K (1975) The group characteristics of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) in the upper Amazonian basin. Contemporary primatol. Karger, Basel, pp 351–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Parga JA (2011) Nocturnal ranging by a diurnal primate: are ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) cathemeral? Primates 52:201–205

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Pebsworth PA, Morgan HR, Huffman MA (2012) Evaluating home range techniques: use of global positioning system (GPS) collar data from chacma baboons. Primates 53(4):345–355

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Peres CA (1994) Diet and feeding ecology of gray woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) in central Amazonia; comparisons with other Atelines. Int J Primatol 15(3):333–372

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Peres CA (1996) Use of space, spatial group structure, and foraging group size of gray woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) at Urucu, Brazil. In: Marilyn A, Norconk AL, Rosenberger, Paul AG (eds) Adaptive radiations of neotropical primates. Plenum Press, New York, pp 467–488

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce L, Kellndorf J, Walker W, Barros O (2006) Evaluation of the horizontal resolution of SRTM elevation data. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 72(11):1235–1124

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Powell RA (2000) Animal home ranges and territories and home range estimators. In: Boitani L, Fuller TK (eds) Research techniques in animal ecology: controversies and consequences. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 65-110

    Google Scholar 

  • Prada CM, Stevenson PR (2016) Plant composition associated with environmental gradients in tropical montane forest (Cueva de Los Guácharos National Park, Huila, Colombia). Biotropica 48(5):568–576

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos-Fernández G, Aguilar SES, Schaffner CM, Vick LG, Aureli F (2013) Site fidelity in space use by spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. PLoS One 8(5):e62813

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ren B, Li M, Long Y, Grueter CC, Wei F (2008) Measuring daily ranging distances of Rhinopithecus bieti via a global positioning system collar at Jinsichang, China: a methodological consideration. Int J Primatol 29:783–794

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers AR (2001) Tracking animals with GPS: the first 10 years. Tracking animals with GPS. The Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt CA, Di Fiore A (2014) Life history, behavior, and development of wild immature lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix poeppigii) in Amazonian Ecuador. In: Defler T, Stevenson PR (eds) The woolly monkey: behavior, ecology, systematics, and captive research. Springer, New York, pp 113–146

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee N, Shanee S (2014) Yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix favicauda): conservation status, anthropogenic threats, and conservation initiatives. In: Defler TR, Stevenson PR (eds) The woolly monkey: Behavior, ecology, systematics and captive research. Springer, New York, pp 283–299

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Soini P (1986) A synecological study of a primate community in the Pacaya-Samiria National. Reserve, Peru. Primate Conserv 7:63–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Solla DE, Shane R, Bonduriansky R, Brooks RJ (1999) Eliminating autocorrelation reduces biological relevance of home range estimates. J Anim Ecol 68(2):221–234

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Stark DJ, Vaughan IP, Saldivar DAR, Nathan SK, Goossens B (2017) Evaluating methods for estimating home ranges using GPS collars: a comparison using proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus). PLoS One 12(3):e0174891

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson PR (1998) Proximal spacing between individuals in a group of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) in Tinigua National Park, Colombia. Int J Primatol 19(2):299–311

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson PR (2000) Seed dispersal by woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) at Tinigua National Park, Colombia: dispersal distance, germination rates, and dispersal quantity. Am J Primatol 50:275–289

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson PR (2006) Activity and ranging patterns of Colombian woolly monkeys in noth-western Amazonia. Primates 47(3):239–247

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson PR, Castellanos MC (2000) Feeding rates and daily path range of the colombian woolly monkeys as evidence for between-and within-group competition. Folia Primatol 71:399–408

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson PR, Link A (2011) Lagothrix lugens. IUCN Red list of threatened species. Version

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson PR, Quiñones MJ, Ahumada JA (1994) Ecological strategies of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) at Tinigua National Park, Colombia. Am J Primatol 32(2):123–140

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson PR, Zárate DA, Ramírez MA, Henao-Díaz F (2015) Social interactions and proximal spacing in woolly monkeys: lonely females looking for male friends. In: Furuichi T, Yamagiwa J, Aureli F (eds) Dispersing primate females. Springer, Tokyo, pp 45–71

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Strier KB (1992) Atelinae adaptations: behavioral strategies and ecological constraints. Am J Phys Anthropol 88:515–524

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swihart RK, Slade NA (1985) Testing for independence of observations in animal movements. Ecology 66(4):1176–1184

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Trayford HR, Farmer KH (2012) An assessment of the use of telemetry for primate reintroductions. J Nat Conserv 20(6):311–325

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Vargas SA, León J, Ramírez M, Galvis N, Cifuentes E, Stevenson PR (2014) Population density and ecological traits of highland woolly monkeys at Cueva de los Guácharos National Park, Colombia. High Altitude Primates, Springer New York, pp 85–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter WD, Fischer JW, Baruch-Mordo S, VerCauteren KC (2011) What is the proper method to delineate home range of an animal using today’s advanced GPS telemetry systems: the initial step. In: Krejcar O (ed) Modern telemetry. In Tech, Rijeka, pp 249–268

    Google Scholar 

  • White GC, Garrott RA (1990) Analysis of wildlife radio-tracking data. Academic, Toronto, p 383

    Google Scholar 

  • Zárate D, Stevenson PR (2014) Behavioral ecology and Interindividual distance of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) in a rainforest fragment in Colombia. In: Defler T, Stevenson PR (eds) The woolly monkey. Developments in primatology: progress and prospects. Springer, New York, pp 227–245

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

    Leidy Carolina García-Toro, Andrés Link, Elsy Johanna Páez-Crespo & Pablo R. Stevenson

Authors
  1. Leidy Carolina García-Toro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elsy Johanna Páez-Crespo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pablo R. Stevenson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leidy Carolina García-Toro .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Lerma, Campeche, Mexico

    Rafael Reyna-Hurtado

  2. Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Colin A. Chapman

Appendix

Appendix

Fig. 11.7
figure 7

Home range size estimate for each one of the GPS collar individuals with the minimum convex polygon method compared with the size of the area from direct tracking with GPS devices. The external polygon represents the home range size of the GPS collar individuals (a) Pibe. (b) Maya. (c) Leyca. (d) Toninho, while the internal polygon represents the daily monitoring with direct tracking (95% of the data). Axes (x, y) indicate the UTM coordinates

Full size image
Fig. 11.8
figure 8

Sampling effort calculated from DTD estimations for direct tracking method for group C (R2 = 0.56)

Full size image

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

García-Toro, L.C., Link, A., Páez-Crespo, E.J., Stevenson, P.R. (2019). Home Range and Daily Traveled Distances of Highland Colombian Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha lugens): Comparing Spatial Data from GPS Collars and Direct Follows. In: Reyna-Hurtado, R., Chapman, C. (eds) Movement Ecology of Neotropical Forest Mammals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03463-4_11

Download citation

search

Navigation