Recovery and Challenge

Davis Smith, Justin

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02774-2_8

Justin Davis Smith²

112 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter Davis Smith examines the challenges and opportunities facing the voluntary movement during the 1980s. Statutory funding increased, but the period saw the beginning of a switch from grants to contracts, which critics argued threatened to distort its mission and undermine its independence. The National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO), although supportive of welfare pluralism, pushed back against what it saw as a marketised approach to contracting and threats to curb the campaigning role of charities. Under the dynamic leadership of Nicholas Hinton and Usha Prashar, it began to recover the ground it had lost over the previous two decades and connect with the wider voluntary movement.

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Notes

1.
See Chap. 7 for a discussion of this issue.
2.
This is discussed further in Chap. 9.
3.
Crowson, 2011, p. 496.
4.
Rhodes and Marsh, 1992.
5.
See, for example, Finlayson, 1994, pp. 353–356 and Clarke, Cochrane, and Smart, 1987.
6.
On the growth of welfare spending after 1980, see Le Grand, 1991 and Deakin, 1988.
7.
See, for example, Taylor, 1992 and Milligan and Conradson, 2006.
8.
The term independent sector was increasingly used by government to link together the private and voluntary sectors. See Finlayson, 1994, pp. 364–5; Lewis, 1999a, b.
9.
Craig and Taylor, 2002.
10.
NCSS Annual Report 1978–79, p. 6.
11.
London Metropolitan Archives (LMA)/4016/PA/B/03/(1-5).
12.
Gladstone, 1979.
13.
On the development of welfare pluralism as an ideology, see, for example, Brenton, 1985, pp. 154–174. Apart from Gladstone, other key advocates at the time included Stephen Hatch and Roger Hadley. See Hatch, 1980, and Hadley and Hatch, 1981.
14.
‘The missing link’, The Guardian, 21 November 1979, p. 9.
15.
‘Voluntary service: The problems of propping up the welfare state’, The Times, 20 November 1979, p. 14.
16.
‘You, you and you’, The Observer, 18 November 1979, p. 54.
17.
See, for example, Knapp, 1984, and Webb and Wistow, 1987.
18.
Brenton, 1985, pp. 168–9.
19.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 4 September 1979; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042(5).
20.
Press note, 20 November 1979; LMA/4016/PA/B/03/001.
21.
NCSS Annual Report 1979–80, p. 5.
22.
In fact, a change of name had been discussed as early as 1937. See Chap. 3 for details.
23.
The Council’s response to Seebohm is discussed in Chap. 7.
24.
Brief for NCSS chair, Sir Philip Allen, for Extraordinary General Meeting 1973; LMA/4016/IS/A/05/001.
25.
Director’s Statement to Executive Committee, 15 July 1975; LMA/4016/IS/A/05/001.
26.
Ibid.
27.
Brief for Sir Philip Allen, Op.Cit.
28.
Brief for Sir Philip Allen, Op.Cit.
29.
NCSS Annual Report 1973–74, p. 9.
30.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 2 September 1976; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/041(1).
31.
Letter dated 16 November 1976; LMA/4016/IS/A/05/001.
32.
Letter dated 29 September 1976; LMA/4016/IS/A/05/001.
33.
Briefing paper, August 1976; LMA/4016/IS/A/05/001.
34.
Interviews with Bill Seary, 6 July 2017, and David Clark, 15 August 2017.
35.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 4 September 1979; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042(5).
36.
Crowson et al., 2011, p. 516. Hinton contested the seat of Somerton and Frome, securing 35 per cent of the vote in losing to the Conservative, Robert Boscawen.
37.
NCVO, 1984d, pp. 10–11.
38.
NCVO Annual Report 1983–84, p. 7.
39.
Interview with Bill Seary, 6 July 2017.
40.
Interview with David Emerson, 3 May 2017.
41.
Interview with Andrew Purkis, 23 August 2017.
42.
Interview with David Clark, 15 August 2017.
43.
Interview with Ian Bruce, 13 September 2017.
44.
Interview with Sara Morrison, 2 August 2017.
45.
Interview with Deborah Hinton, 26 October 2016.
46.
NCVO, 1984d, p. 11.
47.
Interviews with Marilyn Taylor, 14 June 2017, and Bill Seary, 6 July 2017.
48.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 4 December 1984; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042(2).
49.
Interview with David Clark, 15 August 2017.
50.
Interview with Andrew Purkis, 23 August 2017.
51.
Interview with Nicholas Deakin, 4 April 2017.
52.
Interview with Sara Morrison, 2 August 2017.
53.
NCVO News, November 1989, p. 1.
54.
Prashar took up post on 14 April 1986. Minutes of Executive Committee, 4 March 1986; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/043(10).
55.
Interview with Bharat Mehta, 27 July 2017.
56.
Interview with Andrew Purkis, 23 August 2017.
57.
Interview with Baroness Prashar, 9 October 2017.
58.
Interview with David Clark, 15 August 2017.
59.
Interviews with Bharat Mehta, 27 July 2017, and Richard Gutch, 23 August 2017.
60.
NCVO Annual Report 1990–91, p. 2.
61.
The national federation became independent in April 1982.
62.
Interview with Judy Weleminsky, 27 September 2017.
63.
Various interviews with contemporaries conducted for the book.
64.
Interview with Ian Bruce, 13 September 2017.
65.
NCVO Annual Report 1981–82, p. 11.
66.
NCVO Annual Report 1981–82, p. 11.
67.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86, p. 2.
68.
NCVO Annual Report 1987–88, p. 8. The influential Griffiths report, Community Care: Agenda for Action, was published in 1988.
69.
Interview with Richard Gutch, 23 August 2017.
70.
Interview with Richard Gutch, 23 August 2017. See also Gutch, 1992.
71.
Annual Report 1980–81, p. 6.
72.
Paper submitted to Executive Committee on Voluntary organisations, volunteers and industrial disputes on 27 February 1979; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042(5). The original Drain guidelines, named after Geoffrey Drain of the National Association of Local Government Officers, who chaired the working group, was published in 1975. They were revised in 1990. See Davis Smith, 1982.
73.
Crowson et al., 2011, p. 501.
74.
Quoted in Hilton et al., 2012, p. 347.
75.
NCVO, 1985, p. 7.
76.
Quoted in Williams, 1989, p. 179.
77.
For a discussion of the Council’s unemployment work in the 1930s, see Chap. 4.
78.
Hilton et al., 2012, p. 356.
79.
NCVO Annual Report 1980–81.
80.
NCVO Annual Report 1981–82, p. 23.
81.
NCVO Annual Reports 1980–81 and 1981–82.
82.
NCVO Annual Report 1983–84.
83.
NCVO Annual Report 1983–84, p. 11.
84.
NCVO Annual Report 1981–82, p. 14. In contrast, in 2014 the Council refused to sign up to the ‘Keep Volunteering Voluntary’ campaign launched in response to the implementation of the government’s ‘Help to Work’ programme, which included mandatory six-month placements in voluntary groups linked to benefit sanctions for non-compliance. It argued that such activity wasn’t volunteering as it was coerced and that to call it such threatened to undermine the value of ‘real’ volunteering. It urged charities to ‘consider carefully whether to be involved’. NCVO Press Release 28 April 2014, NCVO Comment on Help to Work Launch. This position was heavily criticised by the National Coalition for Independent Action; NCIA, 2014, pp. 4–5.
85.
NCVO Annual Report 1984–85.
86.
The Council helped establish a local economic initiatives working party in 1983 alongside the newly formed Business in the Community. Its report, Joint Action—the Way Forward, NCVO, 1984c, looked at community-based initiatives for economic regeneration.
87.
Clark, 1993, 5 July 1983. Hilton et al., 2012, p. 304.
88.
MacGregor and Pimlott, 1990, p. 9.
89.
Addy and Scott, 1987, p. 4.
90.
NCSS Annual Report 1979–80, p. 5. A further survey published in March 1992 demonstrated the extent of the cuts. NCVO Annual Report 1991–92, p. 9.
91.
NCVO Annual Report 1979–80, p. 5.
92.
NCVO Annual Report 1984–85.
93.
Interviews with Marilyn Taylor, 14 June 2017, and Bharat Mehta, 27 July 2017.
94.
NCVO Annual Report 1987–88.
95.
The GLC and metropolitan county councils were abolished under the provisions of the Local Government Act, 1985.
96.
NCVO Annual Report 1984–85.
97.
Interview with Andrew Purkis, 23 August 2017.
98.
Interview with Andrew Purkis, 23 August 2017.
99.
NCVO Annual Report 1986–87.
100.
Hilton et al., 2012, pp. 319–320. On CPAG, see Thane and Davidson, 2016.
101.
On campaigning methods in the nineteenth century, see Davies, 2015.
102.
For attempts by the Conservative-led Coalition government in 2014 and 2015 to restrict the right of charities to campaign, see Chap. 10.
103.
Gorman, Robson, Sharpe, and Taylor, 1985.
104.
NCVO, 1985, pp. 1–3.
105.
NCVO, 1984b, p. 6.
106.
Forsyth, 1984.
107.
NCVO, 1985, p. 4.
108.
Crowson et al., 2011, pp. 499–519 and pp. 501–502.
109.
NCVO, 1985, p. 3. See also Crowson, 2011, p. 496.
110.
The Trotskyist Militant, or Militant Tendency, took control of Liverpool City Council for much of the 1980s.
111.
NCVO, 1985, p. 5.
112.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 3 September 1985; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042 (1).
113.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86. Interview with Richard Gutch, 23 August 2017.
114.
NCVO, 1984a.
115.
NCVO Annual Report 1983–84.
116.
On the Compact negotiated between the New Labour government and the voluntary sector in 1998, see Chap. 9.
117.
Crowson et al., 2011, p. 512.
118.
NCVO Annual Report 1984–85, p. 5.
119.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 5 March 1985; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042 (2).
120.
NCVO Annual Report 1984–85.
121.
NCSS Annual Report 1979–80.
122.
NCSS Annual Report 1980–81, p. 7.
123.
Crowson et al., 2011, p. 505.
124.
Ibid., p. 514.
125.
Ibid., p. 505.
126.
Ibid., p. 505.
127.
Interview with Perri 6, 30 April 2018.
128.
Some critics felt that Goodman didn’t go far enough in its recommendations and that charities were in danger of being gagged. See Finlayson, 1994, p. 350. See also Morgan, 2012. On Goodman and his contribution to the voluntary sector, see Chap. 7.
129.
NCVO Annual Reports 1980–81, p. 6, and 1982–83, p. 21.
130.
Gladstone, 1982.
131.
The Dartington Hall Trust is a charity focusing on the arts, social justice, and sustainability. Zealley was director/trustee from 1970 to 1987.
132.
NCVO Annual Report 1982–83, p. 21.
133.
Home Office, 1989.
134.
NCVO Annual Report 1989–90, p. 8.
135.
NCVO Annual Report 1991–92, p. 6.
136.
NCVO Annual Report 1980–81. Interview with Bill Seary, 6 July 2017.
137.
Interview with Baroness Prashar, 9 October 2017.
138.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 11 June 1991; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/043(3).
139.
NCSS Annual Report 1978–79.
140.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 10 December 1985; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042(1).
141.
NCVO Annual Report 1987–88.
142.
NCSS Annual Report 1980–81. Interview with Bill Seary, 6 July 2017.
143.
NCVO Annual Report 1981–82, p. 12.
144.
NCVO Annual Report 1989–90, p. 8.
145.
Interview with Bill Seary, 6 July 2017.
146.
NCVO Annual Report 1990–91.
147.
NCVO Annual Reports 1982–83 and 1987–88.
148.
NCSS Annual Report 1978–79.
149.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 1 March 1983; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042(3).
150.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86.
151.
NCVO Annual Report 1992–93.
152.
NCVO Annual Report 1992–93, p. 11.
153.
Major, 1999.
154.
Paper entitled Ethical Investments submitted to Executive Committee on 9 June 1987; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/043(9).
155.
Paper entitled Ethical Investments submitted to Executive Committee on 9 June 1987; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/043(9).
156.
The Standing Conference of Women’s Organisations became independent in December 1980; the Standing Conference for Amateur Music in April 1983; the National Council for Voluntary Youth Services in April 1980; the Standing Conference for Local History in April 1982, as the British Association for Local History; and the National Federation of Community Organisations in April 1982.
157.
NCSS Annual Report 1980–81, p. 14.
158.
The amendment covered only specific areas of activity. A wholesale relaxation on the ban on recruiting local members did not come about until 2000. See Chap. 9 for details.
159.
NCVO Annual Report 1983–84.
160.
NCVO Annual Report 1983–84.
161.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 7 March 1989; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/043(6).
162.
Crowson et al., 2011, p. 512.
163.
Ibid., p. 513.
164.
Interview with Perri 6, 30 April 2018.
165.
Interview with Marilyn Taylor, 14 June 2017.
166.
See Chap. 9 for further details.
167.
NCVO Annual Report 1983–84.
168.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86.
169.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86.
170.
This issue is discussed further in Chap. 7.
171.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86.
172.
The Association of Metropolitan Authorities was represented on the Executive Committee by Tessa Jowell, later a Labour cabinet member, while the Association of County councils was represented by Gillian Shephard, later a Conservative cabinet member; NCVO Annual Report 1981–82.
173.
NCVO Annual Report 1986–87, p. 3.
174.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86, p. 9.
175.
The Hon Kenneth Lamb was head of religious broadcasting and director of public affairs at the BBC and secretary to the church commissioners. He died in 1995. See The Independent, 24 June 1995.
176.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86; NCVO Annual Report 1986–87.
177.
Riots broke out in London, Birmingham, Leeds, and Liverpool in 1981, the result of racial tension and inner-city deprivation, according to the Scarman report, commissioned by the government in the aftermath of the disturbances.
178.
NCVO Annual Report 1982–83, p. 18.
179.
NCVO Annual Report 1983–84, p. 11.
180.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86.
181.
NCVO Annual Report 1990–91.
182.
Craig, 2011, p. 374.
183.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86.
184.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86, p. 5.
185.
Interview with Richard Gutch, 23 August 2017.
186.
Jarrett, 1990, pp. 7–8.
187.
Interview with Baroness Prashar, 9 October 2017.
188.
NCVO Annual Report 1988–89. The alliance, formed in 1989, is an umbrella organisation of 140 organisations advocating for women’s human rights.
189.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86.
190.
NCVO Annual Report 1986–87.
191.
NCVO Annual Reports 1983–84 and 1982–83, p. 24.
192.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86.
193.
NCSS Annual Report 1979–80.
194.
Charles Handy, one of the most influential management thinkers of the last 50 years, started his career at Shell International before moving to the London Business School. He is the author of numerous best-selling books on management, chaired the Royal Society of Arts from 1987 to 1989, and in 2006 was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws at Trinity College, Dublin.
195.
Interview with Sara Morrison, 2 August 2017.
196.
Handy, 1981.
197.
Report of the Handy working party discussed in Executive Committee on 24 February 1981; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042(4).
198.
NCVO Annual Report 1981–82.
199.
NCVO Annual Report 1988–89. The second Lord Nathan, 1922–2007, solicitor and environmental campaigner, was chair of the Royal Society of Arts from 1975 to 1977 and a cross-bench member of the House of Lords. See The Times, 24 August 2007. His father, the first Lord Nathan, chaired the 1950 Committee that led to the 1960 Charities Act. See Chap. 6 for details.
200.
Nathan, 1990.
201.
NCVO Annual Report 1989–90, p. 3.
202.
Nathan, 1990, p. 1.
203.
Tumin would later become chair of the Council. See Chap. 9 for details.
204.
Tumin, 1992.
205.
NCVO Annual Report 1992–93.
206.
Interview with Tesse Akpeki, 21 November 2017.
207.
Charity Commission and Centre for Charity Effectiveness, 2017.
208.
Interview with Tesse Akpeki, 21 November 2017.
209.
NCVO Annual Report 1989–90, p. 2.
210.
Hilton et al., 2012, p. 349.
211.
Woodfield, 1987; Home Office, 1990.
212.
See, for example, Lewis, 1999b, and Crowson et al., 2011, p. 499.
213.
Hilton et al., 2012, p. 350. On growth of managerialism within the sector, see also Butler and Wilson, 1990, and Hilton, 2011.
214.
See Finlayson, 1994, p. 338, and Butler and Wilson, 1990.
215.
Rochester, 2013.
216.
Letter from Gladstone to Handy, 1 December 1980; LMA/4016/IS/A/03/040(2).
217.
See, for example, Handy, 1999.
218.
Interview with Marilyn Taylor, 14 June 2017. Crowson et al., 2011, p. 512.
219.
Interview with Andrew Purkis, 23 August 2017.
220.
This issue is discussed in Chap. 7.
221.
The Council was concerned by a series of reports in the national press and on the BBC about alleged dubious fundraising practice. Note to Executive Committee, Malpractice report: Origins, 29 April 1986; LMA/4016/IS/A/03/041.
222.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86.
223.
NCVO, 1986.
224.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86, p. 23.
225.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86, p. 23.
226.
The 1992 Charities Act amended the 1960 Act and tightened regulation on fundraising.
227.
NCSS Annual Report 1978–79, p. 9. Standing Conference of Rural Community councils, 1978.
228.
Interview with David Emerson, 3 May 2017.
229.
NCSS Annual Report 1980–81, p. 18. Woollett, 1981.
230.
NCSS Annual Report 1980–81.
231.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86, p. 16.
232.
The standing conference had commissioned its own review in 1983 and the two reviews ran concurrently. Minutes of Executive Committee, 3 September 1985; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042(1).
233.
Leavett, 1985. Alan Leavett was a development commissioner.
234.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86.
235.
Report of joint NCVO/SCRCC working party set up in September 1985 to take forward consultation on Leavett Review, Executive Committee 10 June 1986; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/043(10).
236.
NCVO Annual Report 1986–87, p. 18.
237.
Letter from Dr. Alan Rogers, chair of the standing conference, to the Executive Committee on 19 August 1985 on Review of Rural Community councils. Rogers said that whilst Nicholas Hinton had been broadly supportive of independence, the new chief executive, Bill Griffiths, made a last ditch effort to keep the movement within the Council; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042(1). Rogers later wrote a history of the Development Commission. See Rogers, 1999.
238.
Paper entitled SCRCC (ACRE)/NCVO Joint Review submitted to the Executive Committee on 10 June 1986; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/043(10).
239.
Letter from Dr. Alan Rogers, Op. Cit.
240.
NCVO Annual Report 1981–82.
241.
Interview with Nicholas Deakin, 4 April 2017.
242.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 5 June 1984; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042(2).
243.
NCVO Annual Report 1985–86.
244.
Interview with Richard Gutch, 23 August 2017.
245.
NCVO Annual Report 1987–88.
246.
Paper entitled NCVO/CVSNA working party, submitted to Executive Committee, 7 June 1988; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/043(7).
247.
NCVO Annual Report 1990–91. NACVS was renamed the National Association for Voluntary and Community Action (NAVCA) in 2006.
248.
Interview with Nicholas Deakin, 4 April 2017.
249.
Interview with Nicholas Deakin, 4 April 2017.
250.
Interview with Richard Gutch, 23 August 2017.
251.
On the ongoing struggle of resources for councils for Voluntary Service, see Rochester, 2012.
252.
NCVO Annual Report 1983–84.
253.
NCVO Annual Report 1986–87.
254.
On National Food Alliance, see NCVO Annual Report 1987–88; on National Agency on Alcohol Misuse, see NCVO Annual Report 1982–83; on Family Forum, see NCVO Annual Report 1980–81.
255.
Interview with Andrew Purkis, 23 August 2017.
256.
NCVO Annual Report 1980–81.
257.
NCVO Annual Report 1988–89.
258.
Interview with David Emerson, 3 May 2017.
259.
Interview with Bharat Mehta, 27 July 2017.
260.
Interview with Bill Seary, 6 July 2017.
261.
Interview with Sara Morrison, 2 August 2017.
262.
Interview with Bill Seary, 6 July 2017.
263.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 6 March 1990; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/043(5).
264.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 1 October and 11 June 1991; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/043(3).
265.
NCVO Annual Report 1991–92, p. 17.
266.
Director’s Report to Executive Committee on 6 October 1992; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/043(3).
267.
Crowson, 2011, p. 496.
268.
Crowson et al., 2011, p. 499.
269.
Lewis, 1999a, p. 267.
270.
NCVO Annual Report 1990–91, p. 9.
271.
Lewis, 1999a, p. 266.

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Cass Business School, City, University of London, London, UK
Justin Davis Smith

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Davis Smith, J. (2019). Recovery and Challenge. In: 100 Years of NCVO and Voluntary Action. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02774-2_8

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02774-2_8
Published: 07 March 2019
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-02773-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-02774-2
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