Losing Ground

Davis Smith, Justin

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02774-2_7

Justin Davis Smith²

109 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter Davis Smith explores the growth of new more radical forms of voluntary action in the 1960s and 1970s and suggests that the National Council of Social Service (NCSS) was in danger of being left behind. The period saw a major strategic shift within the Council away from the federalism of the early years towards greater centralisation, which resulted in independence for all its associated groups and networks. This, combined with the establishment of an independent Volunteer Centre in 1973, significantly reduced the Council’s influence and reach.

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Notes

1.
Marwick, 1998.
2.
See, for example, Brenton, 1985, p. 36, and Taylor and Kendall, 1996, pp. 55–56.
3.
The Child Poverty Action Group applied for membership of the Council in 1967, and it was approved by the Executive Committee subject to consideration of ‘the possible political implications of this particular organisation’. Minutes of Executive Committee, 12 January 1967; London Metropolitan Archives (LMA)/4016/IS/A/01/36(1). On the rise of these new groups, see, for example, Thane, 2011, pp. 126–27. On CPAG, see Thane and Davidson, 2016.
4.
Shapely, 2011. See also Lent, 2001, and Berridge and Mold, 2011.
5.
Deakin, 1995, p. 54.
6.
Ibid., pp. 54–55.
7.
Many academics dismiss the idea of a post-war consensus on the welfare state. See, for example, Glennerster, 1990.
8.
Finlayson, 1994, p. 356.
9.
For example, Abel-Smith and Townsend, 1965. See also Evans, 2009.
10.
See, for example, Kendall and Knapp, 1996, especially Chap. 5.
11.
On growing statutory support for voluntary action at this time, see Taylor and Kendall, 1996, pp. 56–57, and Deakin, 1995, pp. 50–51.
12.
Deakin, 1995, p. 52.
13.
Hilton et al., 2013, p. 65.
14.
Hilton, 2011.
15.
See Chap. 8 for a discussion of these issues.
16.
See, for example, Hilton et al., 2013.
17.
On the adoption by charities of the language of business, see Kramer, 1990, p. 48.
18.
Hinton and Morrison are discussed further below.
19.
NCSS Annual Reports 1967–68 and 1972–73.
20.
NCSS Annual Report 1977–78.
21.
NCSS Annual Report 1978–79.
22.
NCSS Annual Report 1971–72, p. 23.
23.
This is discussed further below.
24.
NCSS Annual Report 1974–75.
25.
NCSS Annual Reports 1974–75 and 1978–79.
26.
The Handy working party is discussed further in Chap. 8.
27.
Finlayson, 1994, p. 380.
28.
Hilton et al., 2013, pp. 88–89.
29.
Owen, 1964, p. 480.
30.
Prochaska, 1988, p. 59.
31.
Finlayson, 1994, p. 266.
32.
Memorandum prepared by the Charity Commission on Fund-raising by Charities, tabled at the meeting of the Executive Committee, 13 July 1967; LMA/4016/IS/01/36(2).
33.
Ibid.
34.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 12 October 1967; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/36(2).
35.
NCSS Annual Report 1967–68. Egerton had been a ‘poor man’s lawyer’ and was a passionate advocate for legal aid, writing a book of the same name. See Egerton, 1945.
36.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 10 April 1969; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/37(1).
37.
NCSS Annual Report 1968–69.
38.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 10 April 1969; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/37(1).
39.
NCSS Annual Report 1970–71.
40.
National Council of Social Service, 1973.
41.
Johnson, 1981, p. 130.
42.
Minutes of Finance and General Purposes Sub-Committee, 22 February 1961; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/052(2). Lord Heyworth was president of the Council from 1957 to 1970. He was chair of Unilever and lead author of The Heyworth Report in 1965, which led to the establishment of the Social Science Research Council. He sat on numerous public bodies and according to The Times, after the war was ‘increasingly drawn into Government and academic circles as advisor and friend’, just what the Council needed in their president. He was made a Baron in 1955 and died in 1974. See The Times, 17 June 1974, p. 14.
43.
Minutes of Finance and General Purposes Sub-Committee, 22 February 1961; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/052(2).
44.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 12 October 1961; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/34(3).
45.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 12 April 1962; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/35(1).
46.
See Chap. 10 for a discussion of the Big Society.
47.
On the setting up of the Voluntary Services Unit, see Windlesham, 1975, pp. 59–70.
48.
Ibid. In his speech, the prime minister said his objective was to create the conditions ‘under which voluntary effort can thrive’, and he announced additional funding of £3.5 million over four years to support the movement. Following the event the Council wrote to the government asking for funding for 20 new posts to support this work. Lord Windlesham replied, politely declining the offer. Minutes of Executive Committee, 10 February 1972; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/38(3).
49.
Ibid.
50.
On criticisms of the VSU, see Kendall and Knapp, 1996, pp. 147–48. On its strengthening under New Labour, see Chap. 9.
51.
It wasn’t quite the first committee. The previous Labour prime minister, Harold Wilson, had set up a small coordinating unit on voluntary social services in the Cabinet Office as early as 1964. See 6 and Leat, 1997. On the Rushcliffe Committee, see Chap. 5.
52.
Interview with Sara Morrison, 2 August 2017.
53.
Allen had a glittering career within Whitehall serving as permanent secretary to four home secretaries. He was made a life peer by James Callaghan in 1976 and joined the cross-benches. In addition to his role at the Council he was chair of the Occupational Pensions Board and Mencap and member of the Royal Commission on Standards of Conduct in Public Life. He died in 2007. See The Times, 4 December 2007, p. 53, and Cubbon, 2013.
54.
Interview with Sara Morrison, 2 August 2017.
55.
Interview with Foster Murphy, 24 May 2017.
56.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 10 February 1972; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/38(3).
57.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 8 April 1965; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/35(3).
58.
NCSS Annual Report 1964–65.
59.
Brasnett, 1969, pp. 233–34.
60.
NCSS Annual Report 1970–71.
61.
NCSS Annual Report 1971–72.
62.
NCSS Annual Report 1965–66.
63.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 14 July 1966; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/36(1).
64.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 13 October 1966; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/36(1).
65.
NCSS Annual Report 1973–74.
66.
Arnold Goodman, who led many Council committees, was described in an obituary in the Independent as ‘the greatest negotiator of the age’ and for many years ‘possibly Britain’s most distinguished citizen outside government’. A renowned lawyer and adviser to the prime minister, Harold Wilson, it is said that when appointed master of University College, Oxford, in 1976 he was chair of 19 significant public bodies and numerous private ones. He was made a life peer in 1965 and died in 1995. See The Independent, 15 May 1995. The Charities Aid Foundation established a lecture series in his honour.
67.
Minutes Executive Committee, 22 February 1977; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/41(1).
68.
Finlayson, 1994, p. 350.
69.
See, for example, Sheard, 1992 and 1995.
70.
Brenton, 1985, p. 38, and Dartington, 1971.
71.
Brewis, 2013, p. 17.
72.
NCSS Annual Report 1961–62.
73.
On the contribution of Lockwood to the work of the committee, see the letter following his death in 1965 in The Times, 16 July 1965, p. 18.
74.
NCSS Annual Report 1963–64. The Duke of Edinburgh succeeded Lord Heyworth as president of the Council in April 1970 and held the post for three years. At the annual meeting in November 1970 he gave the keynote address on The Human Environment. NCSS Annual Report 1970–71.
75.
NCSS Annual Report 1965–66.
76.
NCSS Annual Report 1966–67.
77.
NCSS Annual Report 1967–68.
78.
Brewis, 2011, pp. 102–104.
79.
NCSS Annual Report 1973–74.
80.
The committee chaired by Countess Albemarle was established in 1958 and reported to Parliament in 1960, leading to a significant expansion in funding for youth work in England and Wales. Ministry of Education, 1960.
81.
NCSS Annual Report 1963–64.
82.
Ministry of Health, 1962a, b.
83.
NCSS Annual Report 1961–62.
84.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 10 October 1968; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/37(1).
85.
For a discussion of these issues, see Chap. 8.
86.
Geraldine Aves was chief welfare officer and head of the welfare division at the Ministry of Health from 1941 to 1963; governor of the National Institute for Social Work; and chair of the National Corporation for the Care of Old People. She was vice-president of the new Volunteer Centre she helped establish from 1977. She died in 1986. For a good account of her life and work, see Willmott, 1992.
87.
Aves, 1969.
88.
NCSS Annual Report 1969–70.
89.
Note from J.K. Owens on Aves Report dated 25 March 1970, included in Minutes of Executive Committee, 9 April 1970; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/37(4).
90.
Ibid.
91.
Sir William Hart was a local government administrator and legal writer.
92.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 9 July 1970; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/38(3).
93.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 8 October 1970; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/38(1).
94.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 11 February 1971; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/38(1).
95.
Interview with Foster Murphy, 24 May 2017.
96.
Interview with Baroness Pitkeathley, 24 April 2018.
97.
NCSS Annual Report 1969–70.
98.
NCSS Annual Report 1972–73.
99.
NCSS Annual Report 1972–73.
100.
NCSS Annual Report 1973–74.
101.
NCSS Annual Report 1975–76.
102.
On the significance of the loss of volunteering to the Council, see 6 and Leat, 1997.
103.
For a discussion of Haynes’ model, see Chap. 5.
104.
NCSS Annual Report 1967–68.
105.
NCSS Annual Report 1969–70.
106.
Report of the review committee discussed at Meeting of Executive Committee, 17 October 1969; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/37(1).
107.
Ibid.
108.
NCSS Annual Report 1969–70.
109.
Report of the review committee discussed at Meeting of Executive Committee, 17 October 1969; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/37(1).
110.
Ibid.
111.
Minutes of 13th Meeting of the review committee, 25 April 1969; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/092(4).
112.
NCSS Annual Report 1969–70.
113.
NCSS Annual Report 1969–70.
114.
NCSS Annual Report 1973–74.
115.
NCSS Annual Report 1965–66.
116.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 10 October 1968; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/37(1).
117.
NCSS Annual Report 1968–69.
118.
NCSS Annual Report 1962–63. The Molony committee on consumer protection reported in 1962.
119.
Sir Harold Banwell was the first full-time secretary of the Association of Municipal Corporations and chair of the National Council of Citizens’ Advice Bureaux from 1961 until his resignation in 1971. He died in 1982. See, The Times, 17 April 1982, p. 12.
120.
The Times, 28 June 1971, p. 3.
121.
The Times, 13 July 1971, p. 13.
122.
See, for example, House of Lords Debates, Series 5, Vol. 322, cols. 349–50, 14 July 1971 and Vol. 322, cols. 613–22, 15 July 1971.
123.
NCSS Annual Report 1972–73.
124.
NCSS Annual Report 1976–77.
125.
NCSS Annual Reports 1971–72 and 1979–80.
126.
NCSS Annual Report 1975–76.
127.
NCSS Annual Report 1979–80.
128.
NCSS Annual Report 1977–78.
129.
NCSS Annual Report 1973–74.
130.
NCSS Annual Reports 1968–69 and 1973–74.
131.
NCSS Annual Report 1968–69.
132.
NCSS Annual Report 1961–62.
133.
The Seebohm committee was established in 1965 and reported in 1968. The Council discussed the report in January 1969 and, while welcoming its ‘basic philosophy’, expressed concern over the dangers of creating ‘monolithic structures’ and the report’s ‘ambivalence’ towards voluntary organisations. Minutes of Executive Committee, 9 January 1969; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/37(1).
134.
NCSS Annual Report 1972–73 and 1973–74.
135.
The Bretherton report on The present state and future prospects of rural community councils was published in 1970.
136.
Correspondence from the organising secretary of the Northumberland and Tyneside CSS to the review committee, LMA/4016/IS/A/01/092(2).
137.
NCSS Annual Report 1968–69.
138.
There were small deficits in 1972–73 and 1973–74, rising to £93,000 in 1978–79. NCSS Annual Reports 1972–73, 1973–74, and 1978–79.
139.
NCSS Annual Reports 1971–72 and 1976–77.
140.
Letters from J.K. Owens to William Willett at Buckingham Palace, 31 October and 18 December 1972; LMA/4016/IS/A/04/052.
141.
NCSS Annual Report 1978–79.
142.
The possibility of a move out of London had also been considered and dismissed in 1967. Minutes of Executive Committee, 13 July 1967; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/036(2).
143.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 17 October 1974; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/40(1).
144.
NCSS Annual Report 1975–76.
145.
Interview with Foster Murphy, 24 May 2017.
146.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 4 April 1968; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/036(3).
147.
NCSS Annual Report 1975–76, pp. 5–6.
148.
For a discussion of the criticism faced by the Council in the 1930s, see Chap. 4.
149.
NCSS Annual Report 1978–79.
150.
NCSS Annual Report 1977–78.
151.
NCSS Annual Report 1978–79, p. 8.
152.
This is discussed further in Chap. 8.
153.
Brasnett, 1969, pp. 264–5.
154.
Ibid., p. 266. The role of secretariat to the standing conference ended in 1971; NCSS Annual Report 1971–72.
155.
NCSS Annual Report 1966–67.
156.
NCSS Annual Report 1967–68.
157.
Britain joined the European Community on 1 January 1973.
158.
NCSS Annual Reports 1971–72 and 1973–74.
159.
NCSS Annual Report 1974–75.
160.
NCSS Annual Report 1978–79, p. 9.
161.
NCSS Annual Report 1978–79, p. 9.
162.
NCSS Annual Report 1963–64.
163.
NCSS Annual Report 1969–70.
164.
NCSS Annual Report 1978–79.
165.
NCSS Annual Report 1973–74.
166.
NCSS Annual Report 1966–67.
167.
Wolfenden, 1967, pp. 139–40.
168.
Pimlott Baker, 2004. See also, The Times, 9 March 1983, p. 14.
169.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 6 September 1983; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/042(3).
170.
Interview with Foster Murphy, 24 May 2017.
171.
Interview with Bill Seary, 6 July 2017.
172.
Interview with Ian Bruce, 13 September 2017.
173.
Owens, 1977, pp. 46–48. Owens died in 1987.
174.
Interview with David Clarke, 15 August 2017.
175.
Management Services Civil Service Department (1975) Management Review of the National Council of Social Service; LMA/4016/IS/A/05/027.
176.
Interview with Sara Morrison, 2 August 2017.
177.
Article on Nicholas Hinton by Des Wilson, 12 March 1977, source unknown; unpublished archives of NCVO.
178.
Social Work Today, 1977, p. 1.
179.
Hinton, 1984, pp. 10–11.
180.
Letter from J.K. Owens to William Willett at Buckingham Palace 31 October 1972; LMA/4016/IS/A/04/052.
181.
Interview with Foster Murphy, 24 May 2017.
182.
Interview with David Clarke, 15 August 2017.
183.
Interview with Foster Murphy, 24 May 2017.
184.
Wolfenden Committee, 1978.
185.
NCSS Annual Report 1977–78, pp. 5–6. The term ‘intermediary body’ coined by Wolfenden didn’t find favour and was later replaced in common parlance, first by ‘local development agency’ and then ‘infrastructure body’. See Rochester, 2012, p. 104.
186.
Wolfenden Committee, 1978.
187.
Harris et al., 2001, p. 2.
188.
6 and Leat, 1997. See also Hall, 1992.
189.
6 and Leat, 1997, p. 42.
190.
Harris et al., 2001, p. 2.
191.
It was used by the authors of the government review of the Council in 1975. Management Services Civil Service Department (1975) Management Review of the National Council of Social Service; LMA/4016/IS/A/05/027.
192.
Wolfenden Committee, 1978, p. 15.
193.
NCSS Annual Report 1977–78.
194.
NCSS Annual Report 1977–78, p. 6.
195.
Hinton, 1978.
196.
‘Reforming the corner shops of the social services’, The Times, 17 April 1978, p. 10.
197.
Amos, 1978, pp. 129–30.
198.
Kendall and Knapp, 1996, pp. 136–7.
199.
The Home Office, 1978.
200.
The Conservative government produced a response to Wolfenden but its priorities for the voluntary movement lay elsewhere, Home Office, 1981.
201.
Gladstone, 1979. The significance of this report for the Council’s work is discussed in Chap. 8.
202.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 4 April 1968; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/036(3); Minutes of Executive Committee, 11 July 1968; LMA/4016/IS/01/037(1). NCSS Annual Report 1968–69.
203.
Coles, 1993, pp. 24–27.
204.
Article on Nicholas Hinton by Des Wilson, 12 March 1977, source unknown; unpublished archives of NCVO.
205.
Ibid.

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Davis Smith, J. (2019). Losing Ground. In: 100 Years of NCVO and Voluntary Action. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02774-2_7

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