Early Years

Davis Smith, Justin

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02774-2_3

Justin Davis Smith²

114 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter Davis Smith examines the struggle of the newly formed National Council of Social Service (NCSS) to establish itself in the difficult economic conditions after the First World War. Voluntary action was identified as having an important contribution to make to post-war reconstruction, but funds were tight and impacted severely on the Council’s work. There were some successes, particularly the development of village halls and community centres on the new estates, but the pace of development was slow. The chapter examines the philosophical basis to the Council’s work, such as Idealism and Constructive Leisure, and the role of voluntary action in contributing to citizenship and democracy, both at home and abroad.

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Notes

1.
Brasnett, 1969, p. 56.
2.
Taylor, 1965, p. 175.
3.
Finlayson, 1994, pp. 231–2; Owen, 1964, p. 527.
4.
Braithwaite, 1938, pp. 110 and 131.
5.
McCarthy and Thane, 2011, pp. 217–29. See also, Thane and Evans, 2012.
6.
McCarthy, 2011, p. 48. See also McCarthy, 2008.
7.
See, for example, McCarthy, 2011, p. 54, and Kent, 1992.
8.
On democratic engagement in tenants groups, see Shapely, 2011.
9.
On the dominance of the rural community councils by the rural aristocracy, see Burchardt, 2012, p. 91.
10.
McKibbin, 1988.
11.
McCarthy, 2011, p. 49.
12.
For a discussion of these issues, see McCarthy, 2011, p. 55.
13.
NCSS Annual Report 1937–38, p. 16.
14.
McCarthy and Thane, 2011, pp. 228–9. See also McCarthy, 2007.
15.
Macadam, 1934.
16.
For a contrary view that the degree of collaboration between the state and the voluntary movement at this time has been overstated, see Prochaska, 1988, p. 80.
17.
McCarthy, 2007, p. 908.
18.
Marwick, 1964, pp. 285–98.
19.
Prochaska, 1988, p. 80; Finlayson, 1994, pp. 250–1.
20.
NCSS Annual Report 1919–20, p. 7.
21.
The role of voluntary action during times of austerity is explored further in Chap. 10.
22.
NCSS, March 1919a.
23.
NCSS, December 1919b, p. 3.
24.
Ibid., p. 3. Social capital became the buzz phrase during the 1990s and early years of the twenty-first century, popularised by the writings of Robert Putnam, 1993 and 2000, and adopted by politicians of the Left and Right as providing an ‘intellectual’ underpinning to the call for an expansion of voluntary action.
25.
First Annual Report from the British Institute and National Council of Social Service 1919–20, p. 4.
26.
A memorandum from the Council, dated April 1920, gives the address as 8A New Cavendish Street, London; Uncatalogued papers; London Metropolitan Archives (LMA).
27.
Brasnett, 1969, p. 27.
28.
Sir Richard Stapley was a businessman, philanthropist, and Liberal politician, who unsuccessfully contested the general elections of 1892 and 1910. He died in 1920, leaving his fortune to the Educational Trust, also based at 33 Bloomsbury Square, London. See The Times, 21 May 1920, p. 18.
29.
A tradition had been established from its founding that the Speaker of the House of Commons would occupy the position of president of the Council. This continued until 1932 when the then Speaker Captain FitzRoy resigned his position on the grounds that his impartiality as Speaker could be compromised with the government grants being paid to the Council for its unemployment work.
30.
Brasnett, 1969, p. 28.
31.
NCSS Annual Report 1919–20.
32.
Members of the Executive Committee were ‘relieved’ of this responsibility in April 1925. Minutes of Executive Committee, 2 April 1925; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/028.
33.
NCSS Annual Report 1919–20, p. 7.
34.
NCSS Annual Report 1923, p. 8. The appeal was launched by the Council’s president, the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Rt. Hon. James Lowther, in a letter to The Times, 23 November 1920, p. 8.
35.
NCSS Annual Report, 1923. The Council had been told in 1925 that it was not regarded as a charity and therefore could not claim relief against income tax. It appealed against the ruling but was unsuccessful. Minutes of Executive Committee, 8 May 1925 and 14 January 1926; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/028.
36.
NCSS Annual Report 1919–20, p. 4.
37.
On Ellis, see Brasnett, 1969, p. 17, and Clements, 1971.
38.
See Snape, 2015a, p. 62.
39.
NCSS, 1920.
40.
For a good discussion of this conference, see Adderley, 2015, pp. 67–68.
41.
Ibid., p. 79.
42.
Ibid., pp. 10–11.
43.
On the development of Idealism in Britain, see Offer, 1999 and 2003.
44.
On Green and other British Idealists, see Den Otter, 1996; Vincent and Plant, 1984; and Harris, 1992. On the importance of active citizenship to Idealist thought, see Beaven and Griffiths, 2008.
45.
The contribution of Barker and Lindsay to the Council and wider movement is discussed in this and the following chapter. J.L Stocks played a smaller, but still important, role in the Council’s development, chairing its housing committee between the wars. Like Lindsay, he drew his civic inspiration from Greek philosophy and Labour politics. He was professor of philosophy at the University of Manchester and vice-chancellor of the University of Liverpool. He was active in the settlement movement and WEA and fought Oxford for Labour unsuccessfully at the 1935 general election. The Times said ‘he combined the precepts of a teacher of philosophy with the active practice of civic virtue’. He died in 1937. See The Times, 14 June 1937, p. 9.
46.
Den Otter, 1996, p. 208.
47.
On the influence of Green and other Idealists on Adams, especially in relation to rural policy, see Burchardt, 2011.
48.
Campbell, 1970, pp. 2–3.
49.
On the influence of Plunkett on Adams, see Burchardt, 2011.
50.
On Adams, see Brasnett, 1969, pp. 33–35 and his obituary in The Times, 1 February 1966, p. 12.
51.
On Adams’ time heading up Lloyd George’s secretariat, see Turner, 1980.
52.
NCSS Annual Report 1930–31.
53.
See Snape, 2015a, pp. 51–83.
54.
Snape, 2015b.
55.
Coles, 1993, p. 6.
56.
Snape, 2015a, p. 65.
57.
Quoted in Jones, 1986, p. 167.
58.
NCSS Annual Report 1929–30, p. 14.
59.
Snape, 2015a, p. 62.
60.
Harris, 1992, p. 126.
61.
In July 1923 the Council published a memorandum setting out the objects and structure of a local council of social service and throughout this period it sought ways to strengthen the movement NCSS, 1923.
62.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 24 June 1926; LMA/4016/IS/A/1/028.
63.
NCSS Annual Report 1922; Finlayson, 1994, p. 265.
64.
NCSS had given evidence to the inter-departmental committee of inquiry on Public Assistance. The recommendation to establish councils of social service to help with the coordination was supported by the Association of Municipal Corporations, Brasnett, 1969, p. 38.
65.
Deedes had a distinguished career in the army, fighting in the Gallipoli campaign and serving as chief secretary of the Palestine government. In addition to his work with the Council, he was active locally in Bethnal Green in London and chaired the London Council of Social Service for ten years from 1936. See Mitchell, 1957, pp. 127–128.
66.
Brasnett, 1969, p. 62.
67.
Laybourn, 1994, p. 31.
68.
A Central Churches group was established in May 1938. See Chap. 5 for a fuller discussion.
69.
NCSS Annual Report 1926, p. 7.
70.
NCSS Annual Report 1926, p. 7.
71.
It is not entirely the case that the Council had no tradition of rural engagement to draw on. A rural department had been established before the First World War by Horace Plunkett and W.G.S. Adams and was instrumental in the setting up of the Development Commission by Lloyd George in 1909 to support rural affairs. In 1919 the rural department transferred its assets to the new Council to continue its work. Interview with David Clark, 15 August 2017.
72.
Stevenson, 2003; Burchardt, 1999, p. 197.
73.
NCSS Annual Report 1930–31, p. 10.
74.
NCSS Annual Report 1936–37, p. 33.
75.
Burchardt, 2012.
76.
On the life and work of Grace Hadow, see Deneke, 1946, and Smith, 2004.
77.
The Women’s Institute was established in 1915 by suffragists as part of an international movement to improve the status of rural women. See, for example, Andrews, 1997.
78.
On the history of the Oxfordshire Rural Community Council, see Campbell, 1970.
79.
Burchardt, 2012, p. 90.
80.
On the history of the Development Commission, see Rogers, 1999. See also Cripps, 1985.
81.
Burchardt, 2012, p. 83.
82.
Sir Henry Rew was a civil servant and agricultural economist and statistician, assistant secretary to the Board of Agriculture and secretary to the Ministry of Food. In addition to chairing the Village Clubs Association, he was chair of the farmers’ club and president of the Royal Statistical Society. He unsuccessfully contested South Oxfordshire as a Liberal at the general elections of 1922 and 1923. He died in 1929. See The Times, 9 April 1929, p. 18.
83.
See Morgan, 1947, p. 90.
84.
Burchardt, 2012, p. 100.
85.
Ibid., p. 94.
86.
Burchardt, 1999, p. 208.
87.
Brasnett, 1969, p. 51.
88.
NCSS Annual Report 1936–37, p. 35.
89.
NCSS Annual Report 1938–39, p. 33.
90.
NCSS Annual Report 1922.
91.
Burchardt, 2012, p. 98.
92.
NCSS Annual Report 1938–39.
93.
Coles, 1993, pp. 3–4.
94.
Burchardt, 2012, p. 96. See also Jeans, 1990, p. 250.
95.
Brasnett, 1969, p. 65.
96.
Snape, 2015a, p. 66.
97.
Mess and King, 1947, p. 70.
98.
Snape, 2015a, p. 67.
99.
See Stapleton, 1994.
100.
Barker, 1953, p. 176.
101.
On Becontree and Dagenham, see Young, 1934.
102.
Mess and King, 1947, p. 71.
103.
NCSS Annual Report 1936–37, pp. 20–21.
104.
NCSS Annual Report 1936–37, p. 22.
105.
Brasnett, 1969, p. 64.
106.
NCSS Annual Report 1938–39, p. 47.
107.
Snape, 2015a, p. 68.
108.
See, for example, Olechnowicz, 1997.
109.
Garside, 2004, p. 262. See also Garside, 2000.
110.
NCSS Annual Report 1938–39, p. 47.
111.
Snape, 2015a, p. 68.
112.
NCSS Annual Report 1930–31, p. 14.
113.
Brasnett, 1969, p. 26; NCSS Annual Report 1927–28.
114.
NCSS Annual Report 1923, p. 7.
115.
NCSS Annual Report 1937–38, p. 19.
116.
NCSS Annual Report 1937–38, p. 16.
117.
Political and Economic Planning, 1937, p. 174; NCSS Annual Report 1937–38.
118.
NCSS Annual Report 1927–28, p. 32.
119.
NCSS Annual Report 1927–28, p. 32.
120.
NCSS Annual Report 1937–38, p. 21.
121.
Political and Economic Planning, 1937, p. 174.
122.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 14 January 1926; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/028.
123.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 10 December 1931; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/029.
124.
NCSS Annual Report 1927–28, p. 8. In 2013 a new charity, Step Up to Serve, was established with the support of the three main political parties in the UK to promote youth social action. It too had a focus on action and ‘character’. See www.iwill.org.uk
125.
NCSS Annual Report 1926, p. 32.
126.
NCSS Annual Report 1936–37.
127.
Davies, 2015, p. 109.
128.
Finlayson, 1994, p. 236.
129.
Brasnett, 1969, p. 55.
130.
See, for example, Benn, 1925, p. 227.
131.
Owen, 1964, p. 337.
132.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 16 June 1927; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/028.
133.
NCSS Annual Report 1926, p. 50.
134.
NCSS Annual Report 1937–38, p. 78. See also Mess and Braithwaite, 1947, p. 189.
135.
The establishment of CAF is discussed further in Chap. 7.
136.
The Prince of Wales became patron in 1927. He continued in this role during his short-lived tenure as King and was replaced as patron by his successor George VI, with the Duke of Kent becoming vice-patron.
137.
The Times, 9 June 1928, p. 11.
138.
NCSS Annual Report 1927–28.
139.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 23 April 1931, LMA/4016/IS/A/01/029.
140.
Brasnett, 1969, p. 84.
141.
Ellis wrote well-received military histories of the Welsh Guards, 1946 and the war in France and Flanders, 1953.
142.
Owens, J. 1970, ‘Major L. Ellis’, The Times, 26 October 1970, p. 10.
143.
Clements, 1971.
144.
NCSS Annual Report 1936–37.
145.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 25 February 1937, LMA/4016/IS/A/01/030(2).
146.
Smeal, 1969, p. 10.
147.
NCSS Annual Report 1937–38, p. 81.
148.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 10 April 1930; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/029.
149.
Minutes of Executive Committee, 16 July 1936; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/030(1).
150.
NCSS Annual Report 1937–38; Minutes of Executive Committee, 29 April 1937; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/030(2).
151.
On the link between Idealism and the documentary movement, see Aitken, 1989.
152.
Ffrancon, 2004, p. 107.
153.
Ibid., p. 115.
154.
Minutes of Public Relations Committee, 21 December 1937; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/030(4).
155.
The Council finally changed its name to the National Council for Voluntary Organisations in April 1980. See Chap. 8 for a fuller discussion.
156.
Memorandum on NCSS constitution from L. Ellis, 12 October 1932; LMA/4016/IS/A/01/029.
157.
NCSS Annual Report 1928–29, p. 18.
158.
Macadam, 1934, p. 71.
159.
Harrison, 1988, p. 7.

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Davis Smith, J. (2019). Early Years. In: 100 Years of NCVO and Voluntary Action. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02774-2_3

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