Abstract
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) consists on applying electrical pulses to peripheral motor nerve fibers in order to generate muscle contractions. If these muscle contractions are generated in a coordinated manner aiming at achieving a specific function, it is called Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES). Although FES also includes sensory functions, in this chapter only basics of FES applied to muscles will be described, since sensory FES does not concern to the thesis topic. Thus, the basic functioning principles are the same for NMES and FES in this case.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
P.H. Peckham, J.S. Knutson, Functional electrical stimulation for neuromuscular applications. Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 7, 327–360 (2005)
L.L. Baker, D.R. McNeal, L.A. Benton, B.R. Bowman, R.L. Waters, Neuro Muscular Electrical Stimulation: A Practical Guide, 3rd edn. (Los Amigos Research and Education Institute, California, 1993)
D.R. Merril, M. Bikson, J.G. Jefferys, Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols. J. Neurosci. Methods 141, 171–198 (2005)
B.R. Bowman, L.L. Baker, Effects of waveform parameters on comfort during transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 13, 59–74 (1985)
G. Kantor, G. Alon, H.S. Ho, The effects of selected stimulus waveforms on pulse and phase characteristics at sensory and motor thresholds. Phys. Ther. 74, 951–962 (1994)
A. Wongsarnpigoon, J.P. Woock, W.M. Grill, Efficiency analysis of waveform shape for electrical excitation of nerve fibers. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18, 319–328 (2010)
D.M. Durand, W.M. Grill, R. Kirsch, Electrical stimulation of the neuromuscular system, in Neural Engineering (Springer, Berlin, 2005), pp. 157–191
D.N. Rushton, Functional electrical stimulation. Physiol. Meas. 18, 241–275 (1997)
T. Kesar, S. Binder-Macleod, Effect of frequency and pulse duration on human muscle fatigue during repetitive electrical stimulation. Exp. Physiol. 91, 967–976 (2006)
M. Lawrence, Transcutaneous Electrode Technology for Neuroprostheses. Ph.D. thesis. ETH Zurich, 2009
A. Kuhn, T. Keller, M. Lawrence, M. Morari, The influence of electrode size on selectivity and comfort in transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the forearm. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18, 255–262 (2010)
J.P. Uhlir, R.J. Triolo, J. Davis, C. Bieri, Performance of epimysial stimulating electrodes in the lower extremities of individuals with spinal cord injury. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 12, 279–287 (2004)
W.D. Memberg, P.H. Peckham, M.W. Keith, A surgically-implanted intramuscular electrode for an implantable neuromuscular stimulation system. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 2, 80–91 (1994)
W. Mayr, Multichannel stimulation of phrenic nerves by epineural electrodes: clinical experience and future developments. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs J. 39, 729–735 (1993)
G.G. Naples, J.T. Mortimer, A. Scheiner, J.D. Sweeney, A spiral nerve cuff electrode for peripheral nerve stimulation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 35, 905–916 (1988)
K.S. Wuolle, C.L. Van Doren, A.M. Bryden, P.H. Peckham, M.W. Keith, K.L. Kilgore, J.H. Grill, Satisfaction with and usage of a hand neuroprosthesis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 80, 206–213 (1999)
E.B. Marsolais, R. Kobetic, Implantation techniques and experience with percutaneous intramuscular electrodes in the lower extremities. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 23, 1–8 (1986)
J.S. Knutson, G.G. Naples, P.H. Peckham, M.W. Keith, Electrode fracture rates and occurrences of infection and granuloma associated with percutaneous intramuscular electrodes in upper-limb functional electrical stimulation applications. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 39, 671–684 (2002)
E.B. Marsolais, R. Kobetic, Development of a practical electrical stimulation system for restoring gait in the paralyzed patient. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 233, 64–74 (1988)
T. Keller, A. Kuhn, Electrodes for transcutaneous (surface) electrical stimulation. J. Autom. Control 18, 35–45 (2008)
N. Sha, L.P.J. Kenney, B.W. Heller, A.T. Barker, D. Howard, W. Wang, The effect of the impedance of a thin hydrogel electrode on sensation during functional electrical stimulation. Med. Eng. Phys. 30, 739–746 (2008)
A.J. Westerveld, A.C. Schouten, P.H. Veltink, H. van der Kooij, Selectivity and resolution of surface electrical stimulation for grasp and release. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 20, 94–101 (2012)
A. Popovic-Bijelic, G. Bijelic, N. Jorgovanovic, D. Bojanic, M.B. Popovic, D.B. Popovic, Multi-Field Surface Electrode for Selective Electrical Stimulation. Artificial organs 29, 448–452 (2005)
N.M. Malesevic, L.Z. Popovic, L. Schwirtlich, D.B. Popovic, Distributed low-frequency functional electrical stimulation delays muscle fatigue compared to conventional stimulation. Muscle Nerve 42, 556–562 (2010)
N. Malesevic, L. Popovic, G. Bijelic, G. Kvascev, Muscle twitch responses for shaping the multi-pad electrode for functional electrical stimulation. J. Autom. Control 20, 53–58 (2010)
D.B. Popovic, M.B. Popovic, Automatic determination of the optimal shape of a surface electrode: selective stimulation. J. Neurosci. Methods 178, 174–181 (2009)
K.T. Ragnarsson, Functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: current use, therapeutic effects and future directions. Spinal Cord 46, 255–274 (2008)
C.L. Barrett, G.E. Mann, P.N. Taylor, P. Strike, A randomized trial to investigate the effects of functional electrical stimulation and therapeutic exercise on walking performance for people with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 15, 493–504 (2009)
D.B. Popovic, T. Sinkjaer, M.B. Popovic, Electrical stimulation as a means for achieving recovery of function in stroke patients. Neurorehabilitation 25, 45–58 (2009)
P.A. Wright, M.H. Granat, Therapeutic effects of functional electrical stimulation of the upper limb of eight children with cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 42, 724–727 (2000)
S.D. Cook, Handbook of Multiple Sclerosis, 3rd edn. (Marcel Dekker, 2001)
F. Miller, Physical Therapy of Cerebral Palsy (Springer, Berlin, 2007)
J.P. Mohr, J.C. Grotta, P.A. Wolf, M.A. Moskowitz, M.R. Mayberg, R. Von Kummer, Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2011)
T. Brandt, L.R. Caplan, J. Dichgans, H.C. Diener, Christopher Kennard, Neurological Disorders: Course and Treatment (Academic Press, San Diego, 2003)
T.M. Skirven, A.L. Osterman, J. Fedorczyk, P.C. Amadio, Rehabil. Hand Upper Extrem., 6th edn. (Mosby, Elsevier, 2011)
M.C. Cirstea, F.L. Mindy, Compensatory strategies for reaching in stroke. Brain 123, 940–953 (2000)
G.M. Lyons, T. Sinkjaer, J.H. Burridge, D.J. Wilcox, A review of portable FES-based neural orthoses for the correction of drop foot. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 10, 260–279 (2002)
A.I. Kottink, L.J. Oostendorp, J.H. Buurke, A.V. Nene, H.J. Hermens, M.J. IJzerman, The orthotic effect of functional electrical stimulation on the improvement of walking in stroke patients with a dropped foot: a systematic review. Artif. Organs 28, 577–586 (2004)
D. Guiraud, T. Stieglitz, K.P. Koch, J.L. Divoux, P. Rabischong, An implantable neuroprosthesis for standing and walking in paraplegia: 5-year patient follow-up. J. Neural Eng. 3, 268–275 (2006)
V.K. Mushahwar, P.L. Jacobs, R.A. Normann, R.J. Triolo, N. Kleitman, New functional electrical stimulation approaches to standing and walking. J. Neural Eng. 4, 181–197 (2007)
W.D. Memberg, Implanted neuroprosthesis for restoring arm and hand function in people with high level tetraplegia. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 95, 1201–1211 (2014)
M.R. Popovic, D.B. Popovic, T. Keller, Neuroprostheses for grasping. Neurol. Res. 24, 443–452 (2002)
S. Hamid, R. Hayek, Role of electrical stimulation for rehabilitation and regeneration after spinal cord injury: an overview. Eur. Spine J. 17, 1256–1269 (2008)
T.A. Thrasher, V. Zivanovic, W. McIlroy, M.R. Popovic, Rehabilitation of reaching and grasping function in severe hemiplegic patients using functional electrical stimulation therapy. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 22, 706–714 (2008)
E.C. Field-Fote, D. Tepavac, Improved intralimb coordination in people with incomplete spinal cord injury following training with body weight support and electrical stimulation. Phys. Ther. 82, 707–715 (2002)
T.J. Kimberley, S.M. Lewis, E.J. Auerbach, L.L. Dorsey, J.M. Lojovich, J.R. Carey, Electrical stimulation driving functional improvements and cortical changes in subjects with stroke. Exp. Brain Res. 154, 450–460 (2004)
D.G. Everaert, A.K. Thompson, S.L. Chong, R.B. Stein, Does functional electrical stimulation for foot drop strengthen corticospinal connections? Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 24, 168–177 (2009)
K. Sasaki, T. Matsunaga, T. Tomite, T. Yoshikawa, Y. Shimada, Effect of electrical stimulation therapy on upper extremity functional recovery and cerebral cortical changes in patients with chronic hemiplegia. Biomed. Res. 33, 89–96 (2012)
A.H. Bakhtiary, E. Fatemy, Does electrical stimulation reduce spasticity after stroke? a randomized controlled study. Clin. Rehabil. 22, 418–425 (2008)
T.P. Seib, R. Price, M.R. Reyes, J.F. Lehmann, The quantitative measurement of spasticity: effect of cutaneous electrical stimulation. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 75, 746–750 (1994)
J. Glinsky, L. Harvey, P. van Es, Efficacy of electrical stimulation to increase muscle strength in people with neurological conditions: a systematic review. Physiother. Res. Int. 12, 175–194 (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Imatz Ojanguren, E. (2019). Functional Electrical Stimulation. In: Neuro-fuzzy Modeling of Multi-field Surface Neuroprostheses for Hand Grasping. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02735-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02735-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-02734-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-02735-3
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)