Abstract
Recent Western history is marked by waves of migration based on political and social changes, including histories of wars, colonization, and capitalist trade route developments. This chapter discusses this history as well as anti-immigrant reactions, legitimized through Inquisition, anti-Semitic movements, eugenics, colonialism, and capitalist globalization and political developments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Addison, T., & Worswick, C. (2002). The impact of immigration on the earnings of natives: Evidence from Australian micro data. Economic Record, 78(240), 68–78.
Ahmed, S. (2013). Strange encounters: Embodied others in post-coloniality. London, UK: Routledge.
American Immigration Council. (2013). The economic blame game: Immigration and unemployment. Washington, DC: Immigration Policy Center. Retrieved June 2018, from https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/economic_blame_game.pdf.
Ana, O. S. (1999). ‘Like an animal I was treated’: Anti-immigrant metaphor in US public discourse. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 191–224.
Aruga, T. (1994). Reflections on the history of US-Japanese relations. American Studies International, 32(1), 8–16.
Bales, K., & Soodalter, R. (2010). The slave next door: Human trafficking and slavery in America today. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Baldwin, J. (1993). Nobody knows my name: More notes of a native son. New York, NY: Vintage.
Bashford, A., & Levine, P. (Eds.). (2010). The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bauder, H. (2003). “Brain abuse”, or the devaluation of immigrant labour in Canada. Antipode, 35(4), 699–717.
Berger, R. (2005). Immigrant women tell their stories. New York: The Haworth Press.
Black, E. (2003). War against the weak: Eugenics and America’s campaign to create a master race. New York, NY: Four Walls Eight Windows.
Bosma, U. (2007). Beyond the Atlantic: Connecting migration and world history in the age of imperialism, 1840–1940. International Review of Social History, 52(1), 116–123.
Brigham, C. C. (1923). A study of American intelligence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Cacho, L. M. (2000). ‘The people of California are suffering’: The ideology of white injury in discourses of immigration. Journal for Cultural Research, 4(4), 389–418.
Californians for Population Stabilization. (2018). https://www.capsweb.org/.
Carballo, D. M., Roscoe, P., & Feinman, G. M. (2014). Cooperation and collective action in the cultural evolution of complex societies. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 21(1), 98–133.
Casey, E. S., & Watkins, M. (2014). Up against the wall: Re-imagining the US-Mexico border. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Chavez, L. R. (2001). Covering immigration: Popular images and the politics of the nation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cogdell, C. (2010). Eugenic design: Streamlining America in the 1930s. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Connelly, M. (2006, April 14). In polls, illegal immigrants are called burden. New York Times, p. A16.
Currell, S., & Cogdell, C. (Eds.). (2006). Popular eugenics: National efficiency and American mass culture in the 1930s. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
Curtin, P. (1984). Cross-cultural trade in world history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Daley, J. (2016, November 29). Why xenophobia is Dictionary.com word of the year. Smithsonian Smart News. Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/why-xenophobia-dictionarycoms-word-year-180961225/.
Danieli, Y. (1984). Psychotherapist’s participation in the conspiracy of silence about the Holocaust. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 1(1), 23.
Danieli, Y. (1985). The treatment and prevention of long-term effects and intergenerational transmission of victimization: A lesson from Holocaust survivors and their children. Trauma and its Wake, 1, 295–313.
Daniels, R. (1977). The politics of prejudice: The anti-Japanese movement in California and the struggle for Japanese exclusion. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species: Or, the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: Down, Bromley, Kent.
Darwin, C. (1888). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. London: Murray.
Darwin, C. (1898). The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter (Rev. ed., F. Darwin, Ed.). London, UK: John Murray.
Davenport, C. B. (1910). Eugenics: The science of human improvement by better breeding. New York: H. Holt.
Davis, J. H. (2018, June 15). Separated at the border from their parents: In six weeks, 1,995 children. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/15/us/politics/trump-immigration-separation-border.html.
Dodson, B. (2010). Locating xenophobia: Debate, discourse, and everyday experience in Cape Town, South Africa. Africa Today, 56(3), 2–22.
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1903). The talented tenth. New York, NY: James Pott and Company.
Duggan, L. (2012). The twilight of equality?: Neoliberalism, cultural politics, and the attack on democracy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Elbagir, N., Razek, R., Platt, A., & Jones, B. (2016). People for sale. Exclusive report, CNN. Retrieved June 18, 2018, from https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/libya-migrant-auctions/index.html.
Ervin, N. (1994). Immigration and the environment. In N. Mills (Ed.), Arguing immigration: Are new immigrants a wealth of diversity… or a crushing burden? (pp. 90–96). New York: Simon & Schuster.
Evans, W. S. (1931). Organized eugenics. New Haven, CT: American Eugenics Society.
Fanon, F. (1959/2008). Black skin/White masks. New York: Grove Press.
Frosh, S. (2004). Freud, psychoanalysis and anti-semitism. Psychoanalytic Review, 91(3), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1521/prev.91.3.309.38302.
Gabaccia, D. R. (2002). Immigration and American diversity: A concise introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Galton, F. (1865). Hereditary talent and character. Macmillan’s Magazine, 12(157), 318–327.
Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences. New York: Macmillan.
Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into the human faculty & its development. London: J.M. Dent.
Galton, F. (1904). Eugenics: Its definition, scope, and aims. American Journal of Sociology, 10(1), 1–25.
Gambino, C. P., Acosta, Y. D., & Grieco, E. M. (2014). English-speaking ability of the foreign-born population in the United States: 2012. American Community Service Reports, ACS-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
Gellner, E. (1995). Nationalism and xenophobia. In B. Baumgartl & A. Favell (Eds.), New xenophobia in Europe (pp. 6–9). London: Kluwer Law International.
Gibson, R. K. (2002). The growth of anti-immigrant parties in Western Europe. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Goddard, H. H. (1911). The elimination of feeble-mindedness. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 37(2), 261–272.
Goddard, H. H. (1912). The Kallikak family: A study in the heredity of feeble-mindedness. New York: Macmillan.
Goddard, H. H. (1914). Feeble-mindedness. New York: Macmillan.
Goddard, H. H. (1917). Mental tests and the immigrant. Journal of Delinquency, 2, 243–277.
Goss, S., Wade, A., Skirvin, J. P., Morris, M., Bye, K. M., & Huston, D. (2013). Effects of unauthorized immigration on the actuarial status of the social security trust funds. Actuarial Note, 151. Baltimore, MD: Social Security Administration.
Gozdziak, E. M., & Collett, E. A. (2005). Research on human trafficking in North America: A review of literature. International Migration, 43(1–2), 99–128.
Grant, M. (1921). The passing of the great race. New York, NY: C. Scribner’s Sons.
Hall, G. S. (1903). The white man’s burden versus indigenous development of the lower races. The Journal of Education, 58(4, 1438), 83.
Hall, G. S. (1909). Evolution and psychology. In E. B. Poulton & G. S. Hall (Eds.), Fifty years of Darwinism: Modern aspects of evolution (pp. 251–267). Boston: H. Holt.
Hall, G. S. (1917a). Jesus, the Christ, in the light of psychology. New York: Doubleday, Page.
Hall, G. S. (1917b). Practical relations between psychology and the war. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1(1), 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0070238.
Haynes, S. (2000). Etruscan civilization: A cultural history. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications.
Head, K., & Ries, J. (1998). Immigration and trade creation: Econometric evidence from Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 31(1), 47–62.
Hovey, J. D. (2000). Acculturative stress, depression, and suicidal ideation in Mexican immigrants. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6, 134–151.
Hovey, J. D., & Magana, C. J. (2003). Psychosocial predictors of anxiety among immigrant Mexican migrant farmworkers: Implications for prevention and treatment. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 274–289.
Johnson, G. E. (1980). The labor market effects of immigration. Illinois Law Review, 33(3), 331–341.
Jung, Y. (2004). Can Japan become a “society attractive to immigrants?”: Identity, gender, and nation-states under globalization in East Asia. International Journal of Japanese Sociology, 13, 53–68.
Kivisto, P., & Faist, T. (2009). Beyond a border: The causes and consequences of contemporary immigration. London, UK: Sage.
Kuhl, S. (2002). The Nazi connection: Eugenics, American racism, and German national socialism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, E. (1883). The new colossus. A Century of Immigration, 1820–1924. Library of Congress. Retrieved from https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awlaw3/immigration.html.
Lee, M. T., & Martinez, R. (2009). Immigration reduces crime: An emerging scholarly consensus. In Immigration, crime and justice (pp. 3–16). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Leonhardt, D. (2007). Truth, fiction, and Lou Dobbs. The New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/30/business/30leonhardt.html.
Licata, L., & Klein, O. (2002). Does European citizenship breed xenophobia?: European identification as a predictor of intolerance towards immigrants. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 323–337.
Linthicum, K. (2015). Group says California immigration policies contribute to drought. http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-immigration-drought-20150524-story.html.
Lombardo, P. A. (Ed.). (2011). A century of eugenics in America: From the Indiana experiment to the human genome era. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Lopez, G., & Radford, J. (2017). Facts on U.S. immigrants, 2015. Pew Research Center Reports. Retrieved June 18, 2018, from http://www.pewhispanic.org/2017/05/03/facts-on-u-s-immigrants/#2013-fb-authorized-pie.
Lovelace, W. (1928/2002). Introduction to Malleus Maleficarum. Online HTML Scripting Copyright © 1998–2001 by the Windhaven Network, Inc.
Lynn, R. (2001). Eugenics: A reassessment. New York: Praeger.
Lyons, P. D., & Clark, J. J. (2008). Interaction, enculturation, social distance, and ancient ethnic identities. In L. D. Webster, M. E. McBrinn, & E. Gamboa Carrera (Eds.), Archaeology without borders: Contact, commerce, and change in the US Southwest and Northwestern Mexico (pp. 185–207). Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
McClintock, A. (1995). Imperial leather: Race, gender and sexuality in the colonial contest. New York: Routledge.
McDougall, W. (1921). National welfare and national decay. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
Memmi, A. (2013). The colonizer and the colonized. New York: Routledge.
Merskin, D. L. (2011). Media, minorities, and meaning: A critical introduction. New York: Peter Lang.
Misago, J. P., Freemantle, I., & Landau, L. B. (2015). Protection from xenophobia: An evaluation of UNHCR’s regional office for Southern Africa’s xenophobia related programmes. Witwatersrand, South Africa: The African Center for Migration and Society. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/55cb153f9.pdf.
Nowrasteh, A. (2016). Terrorism and immigration: Risk analysis. The CATO Institute, Policy Analysis No. 798. Retrieved June 18, 2018, from https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/terrorism-immigration-risk-analysis.
Oakley, R. (1996). Tackling racist and xenophobic violence in Europe: Review and practical guidelines. Strasbourg, Germany: Council of Europe Publishing.
Ortega, F., & Peri, G. (2009). The causes and effects of international migrations: Evidence from OECD countries 1980–2005 (No. W14833). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Ousey, G. C., & Kubrin, C. E. (2009). Exploring the connection between immigration and violent crime rates in U.S. cities, 1980–2000. Social Problems, 56(3), 447–473.
Pearson, K. (1905). National life from the standpoint of science. London: Adam and Black.
Pearson, K. (1911). The scope and importance to the state of the science of national eugenics. London: Dulau and Company.
Pearson, K. (1930). The life, letters and labours of Francis Galton. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Perea, J. F. (1997). Introduction. In J. F. Perea (Ed.), Immigrants out! The new nativism and the anti-immigrant impulse in the United States (pp. 1–12). New York: New York University Press.
Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Reactions toward the new minorities of Western Europe. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 77–103.
Popenoe, P., & Johnson, R. H. (1918/1935). Applied eugenics. New York: Macmillan.
Pritzker, B. (2000). A native American encyclopedia: History, culture, and peoples. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Roosevelt, T. (1894, April). True Americanism. The Forum Magazine, p. 3.
Said, E. (1993). The politics of knowledge. In C. McCarthy & W. Crichlow (Eds.), Race, identify and representation in education (pp. 306–314). New York: Routledge.
Saleeby, C. W. (1911). Woman and womanhood: A search for principles. New York: Kennerley.
Sanger, M. (1919, February). Birth control and racial betterment. Eugenical News..
Sanger, M. (1921). The eugenic value of birth control propaganda. Birth Control Review, 5(10), 1–10.
Schultz, E. (2016). Bhutanese refugee crisis: A brief history. The Seattle Times. Retrieved from https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/bhutanese-refugee-crisis-a-brief-history/.
Selden, S. (1999). Inheriting shame: The story of eugenics and racism in America. New York: Teachers College Press.
Shelley, L. (2010). Human trafficking: A global perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Shiochet, C. E. (2015). Immigrants and crime: Crunching the numbers. CNN Reports. Retrieved June 18, 2018, from https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/08/politics/immigrants-crime/.
Sloan, T. (2005). Globalization, poverty, and social justice. In G. Nelson & I. Prilleltensky (Eds.), Community psychology: In pursuit of liberation and well-being (pp. 309–329). New York: Palgrave.
Smith, J. D. (1985). Minds made feeble: The myth and legacy of the Kallikaks. Rockville, MD: Aspen.
Solnit, R. (2004). The Siege of the Sierra Club anti-immigration ideologues must not be allowed to hijack John Muir’s vision. Mother Jones. Retrieved from https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2004/03/siege-sierra-club/.
Stein, G. J. (2002). From passive periphery to active agents: Emerging perspectives in the archaeology of interregional interaction. American Anthropologist, 104(3), 903–916.
Tactaquin, C. (1998). The greening of the anti-immigrant agenda. Network News, Spring Issue.
Taras, R. (2012). Xenophobia and Islamophobia in Europe. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
Teaching Tolerance. (2011). Ten myths about immigration. Issues 39. Retrieved June 25, 2018, from https://www.tolerance.org/magazine/spring-2011/ten-myths-about-immigration.
Terman, L. M. (1916). The measurement of intelligence. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Tucker, W. H. (1996). The science and politics of racial research. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
Unger, R. K., & Crawford, M. E. (1992). Women and gender: A feminist psychology. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
UNHCR. (2018). Refugee crisis in Europe. Office of Emergencies, the United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/refugee-crisis-in-europe/.
Vale, P. (2002). Migration, xenophobia, and security-making in post-apartheid South Africa. Politikon, 29, 7–29.
Weikart, R. (2004). From Darwin to Hitler: Evolutionary ethics, eugenics, and racism in Germany. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wiggam, A. E. (1923). The new decalogue of science. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
Williamson, J. (1997). Globalization and inequality, past and present. The World Bank Research Observer, 12, 117–135.
Wistrich, R. S. (2011). Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia. London, UK: Routledge.
Yakushko, O. (2009a). Human trafficking: A review for mental health professionals. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 31, 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-009-9075-3.
Yakushko, O. (2009b). Xenophobia: Understanding the roots and consequences of negative attitudes towards immigrants. The Counseling Psychologist, 37, 36–66.
Yakushko, O. (2010a). Stress and coping strategies in the lives of recent immigrants: A grounded theory model. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 32(4), 256–273.
Yakushko, O. (2010b). Working through interpreters with limited-English proficiency clients: A phenomenological investigation. Professional Psychology: Research, Theory, and Practice, 41(5), 449–455.
Yakushko. O. (2018a). Don’t worry, be happy: Erasure of racism, sexism, and poverty in positive psychology. Psychotherapy and Politics International, 16, e1433.
Yakushko, O. (2018b). Witches, charlatans and old-wives tales: Critical history of women’s indigenous knowledge in psychology. Women and Therapy, 41, 18–29.
Yakushko, O., & Blodgett, E. (2018). Counseling recent immigrants. In CC. Lee (Ed.), Multicultural issues in counseling: New approaches to diversity (pp. 215–227). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Yakushko, O., & Morgan-Consoli, M. L. (2014). Politics and research of immigration: Implications for counseling and psychological scholarship and action. Journal of Social Action in Counseling and Psychology, 6, 98–122.
Yakushko, O., & Rajan, I. (2013). Refugees. In The multicultural psychology case studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage (with student).
Yerkes, R. M. (1923). Eugenic bearing of measurements of intelligence. The Eugenics Review, 14(4), 225–229.
Yuval, I. J. (2011). Jews and Christians in the middle ages: Shared myths, common language. In R. S. Wistrich (Ed.), Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia (pp. 88–107). London: Routledge.
Zinn, H. (2010). The twentieth century: A people’s history. New York: Harper & Row.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yakushko, O. (2018). The Immigrant Tides: Xenophobia in Western History Xenophobia as Neither Universal Nor Historically Invariable. In: Modern-Day Xenophobia. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00644-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00644-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00643-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-00644-0
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)