Skip to main content

Abstract

Prostate cancer is a multifocal disease, but not all of these lesions will cause harm. Recent evidence has been building to suggest that it is the largest and highest grade cancer which drives the disease to grow, invade and metastasise and lead to premature death. This tumour has been popularly coined the index lesion and, arguable, is central to the entire disciple of focal therapy.

In this chapter we explore the relationship of tumour multifocality, clinically significant disease, the index lesion and it’s implication for the future of prostate care

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cooperberg MR, Moul JW, Carroll PR. The changing face of prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23:8146–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Wilt TJ, Ahmed HU. Prostate cancer screening and the management of clinically localized disease. BMJ. 2013;325:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ahmed HU. The index lesion and the origin of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1704–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Vaidya JS, et al. Risk-adapted targeted intraoperative radiotherapy versus whole-breast radiotherapy for breast cancer: 5-year results for local control and overall survival from the TARGIT-A randomised trial. Lancet. 2014;383:603–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Piersanti M, Ezzat S, Asa S. Controversies in papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Endocr Pathol. 2003;14:183–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Halpert B, Sheehan EE, Schmalhorst WR, Scott Jr R. Carcinoma of the prostate A survey of 5,000 autopsies. Cancer. 1963;16:737–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Villers A, McNeal J, Freiha F, Stamey TA. Multiple cancers in the prostate. Morphologic features of clinically recognized versus incidental tumors. Cancer. 1992;70:2313–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Karavitakis M, et al. Histological characteristics of the index lesion in whole-mount radical prostatectomy specimens: implications for focal therapy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2011;14:46–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Karavitakis M, Ahmed HU, Abel PD, Hazell S, Winkler MH. Anatomically versus biologically unifocal prostate cancer: a pathological evaluation in the context of focal therapy. Ther Adv Urol. 2012;4:155–60.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Nelson BA, et al. Tumour volume is an independent predictor of prostate-specific antigen recurrence in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2006;97:1169–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Wise AM, Stamey TA, McNeal JE, Clayton JL. Morphologic and clinical significance of multifocal prostate cancers in radical prostatectomy specimens. Urology. 2002;60:264–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cheng L, et al. Evidence of independent origin of multiple tumors from patients with prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(3):233–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. True L, et al. A molecular correlate to the Gleason grading system for prostate adenocarcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006;103(29):10991–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mucci LA, et al. Prospective study of prostate tumor angiogenesis and cancer-specific mortality in the health professionals follow-up study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5627–33.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Liu W, et al. Copy number analysis indicates monoclonal origin of lethal metastatic prostate cancer. Nat Med. 2009;15:559–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Prostate Cancer Genomic Heterogeneity (PROGENY). ClinicalTrials.gov NCTT02022371.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Eggener SE, et al. Predicting 15-year prostate cancer specific mortality after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2011;185:869–75.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ahmed HU, Arya M, Freeman A, Emberton M. Do low-grade and low-volume prostate cancers bear the hallmarks of malignancy? Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:e509–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Haffner MC, et al. Tracking the clonal origin of lethal prostate cancer. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:2–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hashim U. Ahmed PhD, FRCS(Urol), BM, BCh(Oxon) .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag France

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Donaldson, I.A., Emberton, M., Freeman, A., Ahmed, H.U. (2015). The Concept of the Index Lesion. In: Barret, E., Durand, M. (eds) Technical Aspects of Focal Therapy in Localized Prostate Cancer. Springer, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0484-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0484-2_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Paris

  • Print ISBN: 978-2-8178-0483-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-2-8178-0484-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics