Skip to main content

Spécificités de la réanimation de l’enfant

  • Chapter
La réanimation neurochirurgicale

Part of the book series: Le point sur … ((POINT))

  • 645 Accesses

Abstrait

L’enfant n’est pas un petit adulte. À la naissance, le développement du système nerveux central (SNC) est incomplet et ne sera réellement mature qu’après la fin de la première année de vie. Ce retard de maturation du SNC est à l’origine de nombreuses différences physiopathologiques et psychologiques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Références

  1. Bracco D, Bissonnette B (2001) Neurosurgery, Neurotraumatology. Anesthetic considerations and postoperative management. In: Bissonnette B, Dalens B (eds), Pediatric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Co, New York, pp 1120–54

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bickler P (1992) Energetics of cerebral metabolism and ion transport. In: Bissonnette B (ed), Cerebral protection, resuscitation and monitoring: A look into the future of neuro anesthesia, Anesthesiology Clinics of North America, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 563–75

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sokoloff L (1989) Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain. In: Siegel G, Agranoff B, Albers R, Molinoff P (eds), Basic Neurochemistry: molecular, cellular and medical aspects, Raven Press, New York, pp 565–91

    Google Scholar 

  4. Siesjo BK (1981) Cell damage in the brain: a speculative synthesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1: 155–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kennedy C, Sokoloff L (1957) An adaptation of nitrous oxide method to the study of the circulation in children: normal values for cerbral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate in childhood. J Clin Invest 36: 1130–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Settergren G, Lindblad BS, Persson B (1980) Cerebral blood flow and exchange of oxygen, glucose ketone bodies, lactate, pyruvate and amino acids in anesthetized children. Acta Paediatr Scand 69: 457–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Mehta S, Kalsi HK, Nain CK, Menkes JH (1977) Energy metabolism of brain in human protein-calorie malnutrition. Pediatr Res 11: 290–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Younkin DP, Reivich M, Jaggi J et al. (1982) Noninvasive method of estimating human newborn regional cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2: 415–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cross KW, Dear PR, Hathorn MK et al. (1979) An estimation of intracranial blood flow in the new-born infant. J Physiol 289: 329–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ogawa A, Sakurai Y, Kayama T, Yoshimoto T (1989) Regional cerebral blood flow with age: changes in rCBF in childhood. Neurol Res 11: 173–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rosomoff H, Holaday D (1954) Cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption during hypothermia. Am J Physiol 179: 85–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lassen NA, Christensen MS (1976) Physiology of cerebral blood flow. Br J Anaesth 48: 719–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hernandez MJ, Brennan RW, Bowman GS (1980) Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the newborn dog. Brain Res 184: 199–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Purves MJ, James IM (1969) Observations on the control of cerebral blood flow in the sheep fétus and newborn lamb. Circ Res 25: 651–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. McLeod ME, Creighton RE, Humphreys RP (1982) Anaesthesia for cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children. Can Anaesth Soc J 29: 299–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tweed A, Cote J, Lou H et al. (1986) Impairment of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in the newborn lamb by hypoxia. Pediatr Res 20: 516–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ong BY, Greengrass R, Bose D et al. (1986) Acidemia impairs autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in newborn lambs. Can Anaesth Soc J 33: 5–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hennes HJ, Jantzen JP (1994) Effects of fenoldopam on intracranial pressure and hemodynamic variables at normal and elevated intracranial pressure in anesthetized pigs. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6: 175–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Barry D, Strandgaard S (1985) Acute effects of antihypertensive drugs on autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Prog Appl Microcirc 8: 206–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Van Aken H, Van HJ (1991) Influence of anesthesia on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism: an overview. Agressologie 32: 303–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gregory G, Ong B, Tweed A (1983) Hyperventilation restores autoregulation in the cerebral circulation in the neonate. Anesthesiology 59: 427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lassen NA (1974) Control of cerebral circulation in health and disease. Circ Res 34: 749–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lou HC, Lassen NA, Friis HB (1979) Impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the distressed newborn infant. J Pediatr 94: 118–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Muizelaar JP, van der, Poel HG, Li ZC et al. (1988) Pial arteriolar vessel diameter and CO2 reactivity during prolonged hyperventilation in the rabbit. J Neurosurg 69: 923–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hidaka A, Suzuki Y, Komatani M et al. (1986) Influence of maternal hyperoxia or hypercarbia on the hemodynamics of the placenta and fetal brain. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi 38: 1754–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Yamashita N, Kamiya K, Nagai H (1991) CO2 reactivity and autoregulation in fetal brain. Childs Nerv Syst 7: 327–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Pilato MA, Bissonnette B, Lerman J (1991) Transcranial Doppler: response of cerebral blood-flow velocity to carbon dioxide in anaesthetized children. Can J Anaesth 38: 37–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Milhorat TH (1974) Failure of choroid plexectomy as treatment for hydrocephalus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 139: 505–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Pollay M (1975) Formation of cerebrospinal fluid. Relation of studies of isolated choroid plexus to the standing gradient hypothesis. J Neurosurg 42: 665–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hammock MK, Milhorat TH (1973) Recent studies on the formation of cerebrospinal fluid. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 1973: 27–34

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rubin RC, Henderson ES, Ommaya AK et al. (1966) The production of cerebrospinal fluid in man and its modification by acetazolamide. J Neurosurg 25: 430–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Milhorat TH, Hammock MK, Fenstermacher JD, Levin VA (1971) Cerebrospinal fluid production by the choroid plexus and brain. Science 173: 330–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cutler RW, Page L, Galicich J, Watters GV (1968) Formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in man. Brain 91: 707–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Welch K (1980) The intracranial pressure in infants. J Neurosurg 52: 693–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kosteljanetz M (1985) Pressure-volume conditions in patients with subarachnoid and/or intraventricular hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 63: 398–403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Chopp M, Portnoy HD, Branch C (1983) Hydraulic model of the cerebrovascular bed: an aid to understanding the volume-pressure test. Neurosurgery 13: 5–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Marmarou A, Maset AL, Ward JD et al. (1987) Contribution of CSF and vascular factors to elevation of ICP in severely head-injured patients. J Neurosurg 66: 883–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Shapiro HM (1975) Intracranial hypertension: therapeutic and anesthetic considerations. Anesthesiology 43: 445–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Shapiro K, Marmarou A (1989) Mechanism of intracranial hypertension in children. In: McLaurin R, Venes J, Schut L, Epstein F (eds), Pediatric Neurosurgery, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 338–52

    Google Scholar 

  40. Lindsberg PJ, O’Neill JT, Paakkari IA et al. (1989) Validation of laser-Doppler flowmetry in measurement of spinal cord blood flow. Am J Physiol 257: H674–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hickey R, Albin MS, Bunegin L, Gelineau J (1986) Autoregulation of spinal cord blood flow: is the cord a microcosm of the brain? Stroke 17: 1183–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Marcus ML, Heistad DD, Ehrhardt JC, Abboud FM (1977) Regulation of total and regional spinal cord blood flow. Circ Res 41: 128–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sandler AN, Tator CH (1976) Review of the effect of spinal cord trama on the vessels and blood flow in the spinal cord. J Neurosurg 45: 638–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Goto T, Crosby G (1992) Anesthesia and the spinal cord. In: Bissonnette B (ed), Cerebral protection, resuscitation and monitoring: A look into the future of neuro anesthesia, Anesthesiology Clinics of North America, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 493–521

    Google Scholar 

  45. Rubinstein A, Arbit E (1990) Spinal cord blood flow in the rat under normal physiological conditions. Neurosurgery 27: 882–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Guha A, Tator CH, Rochon J (1989) Spinal cord blood flow and systemic blood pressure after experimental spinal cord injury in rats. Stroke 20: 372–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Griffiths IR (1973) Spinal cord blood flow in dogs: the effect of blood pressure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 36: 914–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Griffiths IR (1973) Spinal cord blood flow in dogs. 2. The effect of the blood gases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 36: 42–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Usubiaga JE, Usubiaga LE, Brea LM, Goyena R (1967) Effect of saline injections on epidural and subarachnoid space pressures and relation to postspinal anesthesia headache. Anesth Analg 46: 293–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lassen N (1986) Cerebral and spinal cord blood flow. In: Cottrell J (ed), Anesthesia and Neurosurgery, CV Mosby, St-Louis, pp 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  51. Bissonnette B (1995) Fluid therapy. In: Wolf A (ed), Handbook of Neonatal Anaesthesia, W.B. Saunders Co, London, pp 110–32

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ishige N, Pitts LH, Berry I et al. (1987) The effect of hypoxia on traumatic head injury in rats: alterations in neurologic function, brain edema, and cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7: 759–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Albin MS, Bunegin L, Dujovny M et al. (1975) Brain retraction pressure during intracranial procedures. Surg Forum 26: 499–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Araki T, Kato H, Kogure K (1990) Neuronal damage and calcium accumulation following repeated brief cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. Brain Res 528: 114–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ravussin P, Archer DP, Meyer E et al. (1985) The effects of rapid infusions of saline and mannitol on cerebral blood volume and intracranial pressure in dogs. Can Anaesth Soc J 32: 506–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Lanier WL, Stangland KJ, Scheithauer BW et al. (1987) The effects of dextrose infusion and head position on neurologic outcome after complete cerebral ischemia in primates: examination of a model. Anesthesiology 66: 39–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Pulsinelli WA, Levy DE, Sigsbee B et al. (1983) Increased damage after ischemic stroke in patients with hyperglycemia with or without established diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 74: 540–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bruce DA, Schut L, Bruno LA et al. (1978) Outcome following severe head injuries in children. J Neurosurg 48: 679–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Harwood-Nash D (1970) Fractures of the petrous and tympanic parts of the temporal bone in children: a tomographic study of 35 cases. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 110: 598–607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Freytag E (1963) Autopsy findings in head injuries from blunt forces. Statistical evalutation of 1,367 cases. Arch Pathol 75: 402–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hendrick E, Harwood-Nash D, Hudson A (1964) Head injuries in children: A survey of 4465 consecutive cases at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Clin Neurosurg 11: 46–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Bruce DA, Alavi A, Bilaniuk L et al. (1981) Diffuse cerebral swelling following head injuries in children: the syndrome of “malignant brain edema”. J Neurosurg 54: 170–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ross DA, Olsen WL, Ross AM et al. (1989) Brain shift, level of consciousness, and restoration of consciousness in patients with acute intracranial hematoma. J Neurosurg 71: 498–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Langfitt TW, Obrist WD, Alavi A et al. (1986) Computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography in the study of brain trauma. Preliminary observations. J Neurosurg 64: 760–7s

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Bohn D, Armstrong D, Becker L, Humphreys R (1990) Cervical spine injuries in children. J Trauma 30: 463–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag France

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Paut, O., Bissonnette, B. (2007). Spécificités de la réanimation de l’enfant. In: Bruder, N., Ravussin, P., Bissonnette, B. (eds) La réanimation neurochirurgicale. Le point sur …. Springer, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-287-68199-8_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-287-68199-8_23

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Paris

  • Print ISBN: 978-2-287-68198-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-2-287-68199-8

Publish with us

Policies and ethics