Abstract
For normal growth development, a fetus needs an adequate quantity and quality of nutrition from the mother via the placenta. In order to lessen the risk of fetal growth restriction and being born small for gestational age (SGA)—and the long-term consequences of these conditions—it is crucial that malnutrition during pregnancy is prevented. As the lifestyle of the mother greatly influences fetal development, promoting and supporting maternal nutrition should be a point of focus for disease prevention programs. Any nutritional advice must take into consideration the needs of both the mother and the fetus.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Pitkin RM. Nutritional influences during pregnancy. Med Clin North Am. 1977;61:3-15.
Biesalski H-K. Ernährungsmedizin [Nutritional medicine]. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2004.
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Ernahrung, Osterreichische Gesellschaft fur Ernahrung, Schweizerische Gesellschaft fur Ernahrungsforschung, Schweizerische Vereinigung fur Ernahrung. Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. Frankfurt: Umschau/Baus; 2008.
European responsible nutrition alliance (ERNA). Facts about vitamins, minerals and other food components with health effects. ERNA website. www.erna.org. Accessed February 20, 2013.
Ute K, Rosch R. Ernährungsberatung in schwangerschaft und stillzeit (German). Hippokrates: Stuttgart; 2008.
Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington DC: National Academies Press; 2009.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). National Academies website. www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10490.Accessed February 20, 2013.
Institute of Medicine (IOM). Institute of Medicine Subcommittee on Lactation: nutrition during lactation. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1991.
Hunter JE. n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oils. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51:809-814.
Odeleye OE, Watson RR. Health implication of the n-3 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:177-178.
Heseker H. [Functions, physiology, metabolism, recommendations and supply in Germany] (German). Ernährungs-Umschau. 2000;47:243-245.
Hathcock JN, Hattan DG, Jenkins MY, et al. Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52:183-202.
Lammer ET, Chen DT, Hoar RM, et al. Retinoic acid embryopathy. N Eng J Med. 1985;313:837-841.
Miller RK, Hendrickx AG, Hummler H, Wiegand UW. Periconceptional vitamin A use: how much is teratogen? Reprod Toxicol. 1998;12:75-88.
Wiegand UW, Hartmann S, Hummler H. Safety of vitamin A: recent results. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998;68:411-416.
Azais-Braesco V, Pascal G. Vitamin A in pregnancy: requirements and safety limits. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(5 suppl):1325S-1333S.
Holik MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency, an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1-20.
Institute of Medicine (IOM). Dietary reference intakes of calcium and vitamin D. IOM website. www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D.aspx. Accessed February 20, 2013.
Holik MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266-281.
Lewis S, Lucas RM, Halliday J, Ponsonby AL. Vitamin D deficiency and pregnancy: from preconception to birth. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54:1092-1102.
Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, Holick MF, Powers RW, Roberts JM. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:3517-3522.
Merewood A, Mehta SD, Chen TC, Bauchner H, Holik MF. Association between vitamin D deficiency and primary caesarean section. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:940-945.
US Preventive Services Task Force. Folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:626-631.
Wilcox AJ, Lie RT, Solvoll K, et al. Folic acid supplements and the risk of facial clefts: a national population-based control study. BMJ. 2007;334:46.
Drake VJ. Micronutrient needs during pregnancy and lactation. Oregon State University–Linus Paul Institute;2011. www.lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/lifestages/pregnancyandlactation/index.html#iron. Accessed February 20, 2013.
McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993-2005. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12:444-454.
World Health Organization (WHO). Iron deficiency anemia: assessment, prevention and control. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2011. www.who.int/nutrition/publication/en/ida_assessment_prevention_control.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2013.
Pavord S, Myers B, Robinson S, Allard S, Strong J, Oppenheimer C; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Br J Haematol. 2012;156:588-600.
Heseker H. [Functions, physiology, metabolism, recommendations and supply in Germany] (German). Ernährungs-Umschau. 2000;47:243-245.
Kiss H, Konnaris C. [Guideline, Austrian Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics] (German). Speculum. 2011;29:19-21.
Koletzko B, Bauer CP, Bung P, et al. [Nutrition in pregnancy - practice recommendations of the network, Healthy Start - Young Family Network] (German). Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2012;137:1366-1372.
Kuczkowski KM. Caffeine in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009;280:695-698.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Healthcare
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zabransky, S. (2013). Maternal Nutrition. In: Zabransky, S. (eds) Caring for Children Born Small for Gestational Age. Springer Healthcare, Tarporley. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-908517-90-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-908517-90-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer Healthcare, Tarporley
Print ISBN: 978-1-908517-85-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-908517-90-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)