Abstract
As indicated in previous chapters, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most common causes of death in the western world, and stroke, the most common cause of disability in women. Treatment is a major financial burden to health services, and effective prevention has now become a priority. The official aim in the UK is to reduce mortality from heart disease among men under 75 by 40%.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Department of Health, United Kingdom. National Service Frameworks for Coronary Heart Disease. London: Department of Health; 2000.
Voss R, Cullen P, Schulte H, Assmann G. Prediction of risk of coronary events in middle-aged men in the prospective cardiovascular Münster study (PROCAM) using neural networks. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:1253–1262.
Nicolaides AN. Screening for cardiovascular risk. Br J Cardiol. 2010;17:105–107.
Yao ST, Hobbs JT, Irvine WT. Ankle systolic pressure measurements in arterial disease affecting the lower extremities. Br J Surg. 1969;56:676–679.
Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration et al. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham risk score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300:197–208.
Doobay AV, Anand SS. Sensitivity and specificity of ankle-brachial index to predict future cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1463–1469.
Greenland P et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain. Circulation. 2007;115:402–426.
National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the NCEP expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143–3421.
Lorenz MW, Marcus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness. Circulation. 2007;115:459–467.
Ebrahim S et al. Carotid plaque, intima media thickness, cardiovascular risk factors, and prevalent cardiovascular disease in men and women: the British Regional Heart study. Stroke. 1999;30:841–850.
Hollander M et al. Carotid plaques increase the risk of stroke and subtypes of cerebral infarction in asymptomatic elderly: the Rotterdam study. Circulation. 2002;105:2872–2877.
Schmidt C, Fagerberg B, Hulthe J. Non-stenotic echolucent ultrasound-assessed femoral artery plaques are predictive for future cardiovascular events in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis. 2005;181:125–130.
Honda O et al. Echolucent carotid plaques predict future coronary events in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1177–1184.
Seo Y et al. Echolucent carotid plaques as a feature in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circ J. 2006;70:1629–1634.
Johnsen SH et al. Carotid atherosclerosis is a stronger predictor of myocardial infarction in women than in men: a 6-year follow up study of 6226 persons: the Trømso study. Stroke. 2007;38:2873–2880.
Spence JD et al. A tool for targeting and evaluating vascular preventive therapy. Stroke. 2002;33:2916–2922.
Griffin M et al. Carotid and femoral arterial wall changes and prevalence of clinical cardiovascular disease. Vasc Med. 2009;14:227–232.
Griffin M et al. Plaque area at carotid and common femoral bifurcation, and prevalence of clinical cardiovascular disease. Int Angiol. 2010;29:216–225.
Lester SJ, Eleid MF, Khandheria BK, Hurst RT. Carotid IMT thickness and coronary artery calcium score as indications of subclinical atherosclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:229–233.
Lonn E et al. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and b vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354: 1567–1777.
Saposnik G, Ray JG, Sheridan P, McQueen M, Lonn E. Homocysteine-lowering therapy and stroke risk, severity and disability. Stroke. 2009;40:1365–1372.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nicolaides, A., Griffin, M., Panayiotou, A.G., Bond, D. (2011). Screening for Cardiovascular Risk Using Ultrasound: A Practical Approach. In: Nicolaides, A., Beach, K., Kyriacou, E., Pattichis, C. (eds) Ultrasound and Carotid Bifurcation Atherosclerosis. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-688-5_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-688-5_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84882-687-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-84882-688-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)