Conclusions

Abstract

This chapter includes the conclusions that can be drawn from the new knowledge generated. Attributional LCA and consequential LCA are complementary but do not always lead to different overall conclusions. As expressed by the LIME method, without measurements of end-of-life emissions, the Sn and Ag consumptions are most important for the negative consequential environmental cost of Sn–Ag–Cu solders introduced instead of Sn–Pb solders. As soon as estimates of landfill Pb emissions are introduced the shift from Pb solders seems advantageous seen from a LIME environmental cost perspective. Precious metals such as Pd have a high environmental cost compared to Sn.