Abstract
Congestion control of real-time streaming a video clip or film across the Internet is vital, as network traffic volatility requires constant adjustment of the bit rate in order to reduce packet loss. Traditional solutions to congestion control are prone to delivery rate fluctuations and may respond only when packet loss has already occurred, while both fluctuations and packet loss seriously affect the end user’s appreciation of the delivered video. In this chapter, fuzzy logic control (FLC) is newly applied to control of video streaming in fixed and wireless networks. In a fixed network, by way of congestion control the encoded video bitstream’s rate is adjusted according to the available bandwidth. Compared to existing controllers, FLC’s sending rate is significantly smoother, allowing it to closely track available bandwidth at a bottleneck on the video stream’s path across a network. The chapter also shows that when multiple video streams are congestion controlled through FLC, the result is a fairer and more efficient sharing of the bandwidth capacity. Also considered is a pioneering application of FLC to wireless networks, where other resources, apart from available bandwidth, come into play. An FLC system has been designed that provides a modular solution to control of latency and energy consumption, which is important for battery-powered devices, but must be balanced against the quality of delivered video. The chapter concludes by presenting the potential of emerging type-2 fuzzy logic as a way of significantly improving the robustness of classical type-1 fuzzy logic.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hagras, H.: Type-2 FLCs: A new generation of fuzzy controllers. IEEE Comput. Intell. 2(1), 30–43 (2007)
Ghanbari, M.: Standard codecs: Image compression to advanced video coding. The Institute of Electrical Engineering Press, London, (2003)
Jammeh, E., Fleury, M., Ghanbari, M.: Fuzzy logic congestion control of transcoded video streaming without packet loss feedback. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 18(3), 387–393 (2008)
Assunção, A. A., Ghanbari, M.: A frequency domain video transcoder for dynamic bit-rate reduction of MPEG-2 bit streams. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 8(8), 953–967 (1998)
Razavi, R., Fleury, M., Ghanbari, M.: Power-constrained fuzzy logic control of video streaming over a wireless interconnect. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 14 (2008). Available online at http://www.hindawi.com/journals/asp/2008/560749.html
Kalman, M., Ramanathan, P., Girod, B.: Rate-distortion optimized video streaming with multiple deadlines. Int. Conf. on Image Processing, 662–664, Singapore, Sept. (2003)
Baturone, I., Barriga, A., Sánchez-Solano, S., Jiménez, C., López, C.: Microelectronic design of fuzzy logic-based systems. CRC Press, Baton Rouge, FO, (2000)
Pitsillides A., Sekercioglu, A.: Congestion control. In W. Pedrycz and A. Vasiliakos, (eds.) Computational Intelligence in Telecommunications Networks, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 109–158 (2000)
Ghosh, S., Razouki, Q., Schumacher, H. J., Celmins, A.: A survey of recent advances in fuzzy logic in telecommunications networks and new challenges. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 6(3), 443–447 (1998)
Şekercioglu, A., Pitsillides, A., Vasilakos, A.: Computional intelligence in management of ATM networks: A survey of current state of research. Soft Comput. J. 5(4), 257–263 (2001)
Liang, Q., Karnik, N., Mendel, J. M.: Connection admission control in ATM networks using survey-based type-2 fuzzy logic system. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. C Appl. Rev. 30(3), 329–339 (2000)
Kazemian, H. B., Meng, L.: An adaptive control for video transmission over Bluetooth. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 14(2), 263–274 (2006)
Rossides, L., Chrysostemou, C., Pitsillides, A., Şekercioglu, A.: Overview of Fuzzy-RED in Diff-Serv networks. Soft-Ware 2002, 2–14, Coleraine, April (2002)
Wang, X., D. Ye, D., Wu, Q.: Using fuzzy logic controller to implement scalable quality adaptation for stored video in DiffServ networks. 12th Int. PacketVideo workshop. Pittsburgh, PA, April (2002)
Leone, A., Bellini, A., Guerrieri, R.: An H.261 fuzzy-controlled coder for videophone se quences. IEEE World Conference on Computational Intelligence, 244–248 June (1994)
Grant, P. M., Saw, Y.-S., Hannah., J. M.: Fuzzy rule based MPEG video rate prediction and control. Eurasip ECASP Conference, 211–214 (1997)
Liang, Q., Mendel, J. M.: MPEG VBR video traffic modeling and classification using fuzzy techniques. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 9(1), 183–193 (2001)
Shu, H., Liang, Q., Gao, J.: Wireless sensor network lifetime analysis using interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 16(2), 416–427 (2008)
Liang, Q., Mendel, J. M.: Equalization of time-varying nonlinear channels using type-2 fuzzy adaptive filters. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 8(5), 551–563 (2000)
Zaddeh, L. A.: The concept of linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning. Inform. Sci. 8, 199–249 (1975)
Mendel, J. M.: Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems: An overview. IEEE Comput. Intell. 2(1), 20–29 (2007)
Gorzalczany, M. B.: A method of inference in approximate reasoning based on interval-valued fuzzy sets. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 21, 1–17 (1987)
John, R., Coupland, S.: Type-2 fuzzy logic: A historical view. IEEE Comput. Intell. 2(1), 57–62 (2007)
Jang, J.-S. R., Sun, C.-T., Mitzutani, E.: Neuro-fuzzy and softcomputing, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, (1997)
Chun, J., Zhu, Y., Claypool, M.: FairPlayer or foulPlayer? – head to head performance of RealPlayer streaming video over UDP versus TCP. Worcester Polytechnic Institution, Worcester, MA, Tech. Rep. May (2002)
Assunção, P. A. A., Ghanbari, M.: Buffer analysis and control in CBR video transcoding. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 10(1), 83–92 (2000)
Rejaie, R., Handley, M., Estrin, D.: RAP: An end-to-end rate-based congestion control mechanism for realtime streams in the Internet. IEEE INFOCOM, 1337–1345, New York, Mar. (1999)
Cai, L., Shen, X., Pan, J., Mark, J. W.: Performance analysis of TCP-friendly AIMD algorithms for multimedia applications. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 7(2), 339–335 (2005)
Handley, M., Floyd, S., Padyhe, S. J., Widmer, J.: TCP friendly rate control (TFRC): Protocol specification. IETF RFC 3448 (2003). Available online at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3448.txt
Padyhe, J., Firoiu, V., Towsley, D., Krusoe, J.: Modeling TCP throughput: A simple model and its empirical validation, ACM SIGCOMM’98, 303–314, Vancouver, Sept. (1998)
Rhee I., Xu, L.: Limitations of equation-based congestion control. IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking 15(4), 852–865 (2007)
Greer, D.: Building converged networks with IMS technology. IEEE Comput. 38(11), 14–16 (2005)
Haartsen, J.: The Bluetooth radio system. IEEE Personal Comms. 7(1), 28–36 (2000)
Specification of the Bluetooth System – 2.1 + EDR. Nov. (2007) Available online at http://www.bluetooth.com
Ferro E., Potorì, F.: Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless protocols: A survey and a comparison. IEEE Wireless Communications 12(1), 12–26 (2005)
Reeve, M., Bilton, C. E., Holmes, M., Bross, M.: 21CN. IEEE Comms. Eng. Oct. (2005)
Golmie, N., Chevrolier, N., Rebala, O.: Bluetooth and WLAN Coexistence: Challenges and solutions. IEEE Wireless Commun. 10(6), 22–29 (2003)
Valenti, M. C., Robert, M., Reed, J. H.: On the throughput of Bluetooth data transmissions. IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference, 119–123, Orlando, Florida, Mar. (2002)
Razavi, R., Fleury, M., Ghanbari, M.: Detecting congestion within a Bluetooth piconet: Video streaming response. London Comms. Symposium, 181–184 Sept. (2006)
Li, Q., van der Schaar, M.: Providing QoS to layered video over wireless local area networks through real-time retry limit adaptation. IEEE Trans. on Multimed. 6(2), 278–290 (2004)
Gilbert, E. N.: Capacity of burst-noise channel. Bell System Technical J. 39, 1253–1265 (1960)
Elliott, E. O.: Estimates of error rates for codes on burst noise channels. Bell System Technical J. 42, 1977–1997 (1963)
Razavi, R., Fleury, M., Ghanbari, M.: An efficient packetization scheme for Bluetooth video transmission. Electron. Lett. 42(20), 1143–1145 (2006)
Razavi, R., Fleury, M., Ghanbari, M.: Fuzzy control of adaptive timeout for video streaming over a Bluetooth interconnect. 2nd mediaWin Workshop at IEEE 12th Int. Symposium on Computers and Communications, Lisbon, Portugal, July (2007)
Jammeh, E. A., Fleury, M., Wagner, C., Hagras, H., Ghanbari, M.: Interval type-2 fuzzy logic congestion control of video streaming. IET Intelligent Environments Conference, Seattle, July (2008)
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge assistance from C. Wagner and H. Hagras in applying interval-type 2 fuzzy logic to an original type-1 controller.
This work was supported by the EPSRC, UK under grant no. EP/C538692/1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fleury, M., Jammeh, E., Razavi, R., Ghanbari, M. (2009). Resource-Aware Fuzzy Logic Control of Video Streaming over IP and Wireless Networks. In: Hassanien, AE., Abawajy, J., Abraham, A., Hagras, H. (eds) Pervasive Computing. Computer Communications and Networks. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-599-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-599-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84882-598-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-84882-599-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)