Abstract
For the last 40 years, valve replacement with various substitutes in patients with severe valve dysfunction has been practiced, particularly in those with unrepairable valve deformation [1].
Valve Substitutes: Artificial valve substitutes are essentially of two types: mechanical and bioprostheses.
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Henein, M.Y., Sheppard, M., Pepper, J.R. (2012). Valve Substitutes. In: Henein, M. (eds) Clinical Echocardiography. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-521-5_5
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