Notes
- 1.
Lambertsen, CJ. Chemical Control of Respiration At Rest, 14th ed, Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1980
Coleridge, HM, Coleridge, JCG. Reflexes evoked from tracheobronchial tree and lungs. In: Fishman, AP (Ed), Handbook of Physiology. The Respiratory System, American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD, 1986
- 2.
Reeves, RB. An imidazole alphastat hypothesis for vertebrate acid base regulation: Tissue carbon dioxide content and body temperature in bullfrogs. Respir Physiol 1972; 14:219
Kazemi, H, Johnson, DC. Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid acid–base balance. Physiol Rev 1986; 66:953
- 3.
Bushinsky, DA, Coe, FL, Katzenberg, C, et al. Arterial PCO2 in chronic metabolic acidosis. Kidney Int 1982; 22:311
Jennings, DB, Davidson, JSD. Acid–base and ventilatory adaptation in conscious dogs during chronic hypercapnia. Respir Physiol 1984; 58:377
Javaheri, S, Kazemi, H. Metabolic alkalosis and hypoventilation in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:1011
- 4.
Lambertsen, CJ. Chemical Control of Respiration At Rest, 14th ed, Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1980
Burton, MD, Kazemi, H. Neurotransmitters in central respiratory control. Respir Physiol 2000; 122:111
- 5.
Coleridge, HM, Coleridge, JCG. Reflexes evoked from tracheobronchial tree and lungs. In: Fishman, AP (Ed), Handbook of Physiology. The Respiratory System, American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD, 1986
- 6.
Igarashi, T, Nishimura, M, Kobayashi, S, et al. Dependency on the rate of change in PaO2 of the ventilatory response to progressive hypoxia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1995
- 7.
* Actually, the original Fick’s law mentioned pressure, not quantity.
- 8.
Hasan, A. Understanding Mechanical Ventilation. Orient Longman, 2003
- 9.
Sorbini, CA, Grassi, V, Solinas, E, et al. Arterial oxygen tension in relation to age in healthy subjects. Respiration 1968; 25:3–13
- 10.
Martin, L. Abbreviating the alveolar gas equation. An argument for simplicity. Respir Care 1986;31–40
- 11.
Cinel, D, Markwell, K, Lee, R, Szidon, P. Variability of the respiratory gas exchange Ratio during arterial puncture. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:217
Martin, L. Abbreviating the alveolar gas equation. An argument for simplicity. Respir Care 1986;31–40
- 12.
Hasan, A. Understanding Mechanical Ventilation. Orient Longman, 2003
- 13.
Wasserman, K, Whipp, BJ. Exercise physiology in health and disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975; 112:219
Hansen, JE, Sue, DY, Wasserman, K. Predicted values for clinical exercise testing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129(Suppl):S49
Casaburi, R, Daly, J, Hansen, JE, et al. Abrupt changes in mixed venous blood gas composition after the onset of exercise. J Appl Physiol 1989; 67:1106
- 14.
Hasan, A. Understanding Mechanical Ventilation. Orient Longman, 2003
- 15.
Forster II, RE, DuBois, AB, Briscoe, WA, Fisher, AB. The Lung: Physiological basis of pulmonary function tests. Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1886
- 16.
Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al. The American European Consensus Conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:818–824
Peris, LV, Boix, JH, Salom, JV, et al. Clinical use of the arterial/alveolar oxygen tension ratio. Crit Care Med 1983; 11:888
Covelli, HD, Nessan, VJ, Tuttle, WK. Oxygen derived variables in acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 1983; 8:646
- 17.
West, JB. Pulmonary Pathophysiology: The Essentials, 6th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2003, 22–24
- 18.
Enright PL, Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, 2008. www.UptoDate.com
- 19.
Mellemgaard, K. The alveolar-arterial oxygen difference: its size and components in normal man. Acta Physiol Scand 1966; 67:10
Kanber, GJ, King, FW, Eshchar, YR, Sharp, JT. The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in young and elderly men during air and oxygen breathing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 97:376
- 20.
Martin, L. All you really need to know to interpret blood gases. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1999 p.53
- 21.
Cugell DW. How long should you wait [editorial]? Chest 1975; 67:253
- 22.
Kanber, GJ, King, FW, Eshchar, YR, Sharp, JT. The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in young and elderly men during air and oxygen breathing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 97:376
Gilbert, R, Keighley, JF. The arterial/alveolar oxygen tension ratio. An index of gas exchange applicable to varying inspired oxygen concentrations. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 109:142
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hasan, A. (2009). Gas Exchange. In: Handbook of Blood Gas/Acid–Base Interpretation. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-334-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-334-7_2
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84800-333-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-84800-334-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)