Abstract
In the past, the treatment of carotid artery disease has been either conservative with medical therapy, or surgical, using carotid endarterectomy. Traditionally, diagnosis was made using duplex ultrasound and additional imaging consisting of selective carotid arteriography has been considered necessary to confirm the duplex findings, to clarify equivocal or unreliable duplex findings [1] (Table 5.1), to demonstrate or exclude tandem lesions (that may occur in up to 10% of cases [2]), and finally to obtain additional anatomical information (e.g., relation of carotid bifurcation and mandibular angle) (Fig. 5.1). Duplex ultrasound is used as the sole imaging test before carotid endarterectomy in some institutions, but in most instances there is a requirement for a less operator-dependent, reliable confirmatory noninvasive diagnostic test to improve confidence in correct patient selection [2, 3].
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van den Berg, J.C. (2009). Preprocedure Imaging. In: Macdonald, S., Stansby, G. (eds) Practical Carotid Artery Stenting. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-299-9_5
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