This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Sulzberger MB, Witten VH. Effect of topically applied compound F in selected dermatoses. J Invest Dermatol 1952;19:101–2.
Feldman SR. The biology and clinical application of systemic corticosteroids. In: Callan JP, ed. Current Problems in Dermatology. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1992:211–35.
Schacke H, Schottelius A, Docke WD, et al. Dissociation of transactivation from transrepression by a selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist leads to separation of therapeutic effects from side effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:227–32.
Schacke H, Docke WD, Asadullah K. Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids. Pharmacol Ther 2002;96:23–43.
Heck S, Bender K, Kullmann M, et al. I kap-paB alpha-independent downregulation of NF-kap-paB activity by glucocorticoid receptor. EMBO J 1997;16:4698–707.
Rosen J, Miner JN. The search for safer glucocorti-coid receptor ligands. Endocr Rev 2005;26:452–64.
Barnes PJ. Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocor-ticoids: molecular mechanisms. Clin Sci 1998;94: 557–72.
Markham A, Bryson HM. Deflazacort. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1995;50:317–33.
Deeg HJ, Henslee-Downey PJ. Management of acute graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 1990;6:1–8.
Dams ET, Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, et al. 99mTc-PEG liposomes for the scintigraphic detection of infection and inflammation: clinical evaluation. J Nucl Med 2000;41:622–30.
Perretti M, Paul-Clark MJ, Mancini L, et al. Generation of innovative anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic glucocorticoid derivatives that release NO: the nitro-steroids. Dig Liver Dis 2003;35:S41–8.
Paul-Clark MJ, Roviezzo F, Flower RJ, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor nitration leads to enhanced anti-inflammatory effects of novel steroid ligands. J Immunol 2003;171:3245–52.
Heuck C, Heickendorff L, Wolthers OD. A randomised controlled trial of short term growth and collagen turnover in asthmatics treated with inhaled formoterol and budesonide. Arch Dis Child 2000;83:334–9.
Heuck C, Wolthers OD, Hansen M, et al. Short-term growth and collagen turnover in asthmatic adolescents treated with the inhaled glucocorticoid budesonide. Steroids 1997;62:659–64.
Frey BM, Frey FJ. The effect of altered prednisolone kinetics in patients with the nephrotic syndrome and in women taking oral contraceptive steroids on human mixed lymphocyte cultures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:361–9.
Bergrem H. The influence of uremia on pharma-cokinetics and protein binding of prednisolone. Acta Med Scand 1983;213:333–7.
Ralston SH. The genetics of osteoporosis. Bone 1999;25:85–6.
Lane NE, Lukert B. The science and therapy of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1998;27:465–83.
Iqbal MM. Osteoporosis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. South Med J 2000;93:2–18.
Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: 2001 update. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:1496–503.
Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ, et al. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glu-cocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339: 292–9.
Lester RS. Corticosteroids. Clin Dermatol 1989;7: 80–97.
Fisher DA. Long-term administration of therapeutic corticosteroids without risk of inducing aseptic necrosis. Int J Dermatol 1998;37:15–7.
Leonard MB, Feldman HI, Shults J, et al. Long-term, high-dose glucocorticoids and bone mineral content in childhood glucocorticoid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2004;351:868–75.
Allen DB, Julius JR, Breen TJ, et al. Treatment of glucocorticoid-induced growth suppression with growth hormone. National Cooperative Growth Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2824–9.
Magiakou MA. Growth in disorders of adrenal hyper-function. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2004;1:S484–9.
Lacomis D, Samuels MA. Adverse neurologic effects of glucocorticosteroids. J Gen Intern Med 1991;6:367–77.
Limaye SR, Pillai S, Tina LU. Relationship of steroid dose to degree of posterior subcapsular cataracts in nephrotic syndrome. Ann Ophthalmol 1988;20:225–7.
Renfro L, Snow JS. Ocular effects of topical and systemic steroids. Dermatol Clin 1992;10:505–12.
Ariza-Andraca C, Barile-Fabris LA, Frati-Munari AC, et al. Risk factors for steroid diabetes in rheumatic patients. Arch Med Res 1998;29:259–62.
McMahon M, Gerich J, Rizza R. Effects of glucocor-ticoids on carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988;4:17–30.
Tappy L, Randin D, Vollenweider P, et al. Mechanisms of dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in healthy humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1063–9.
Braithwaite SS, Barr WG, Rahman A, et al. Managing diabetes during glucocorticoid therapy. How to avoid metabolic emergencies. Postgrad Med 1998;104:163–76.
Brem AS. Insights into glucocorticoid-associated hypertension. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;37:1–10.
Roland BL, Li KX, Funder JW. Hybridization his-tochemical localization of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in rat brain. Endocrinology 1995;136:4697–700.
Krakoff LR. Glucocorticoid excess syndromes causing hypertension. Cardiol Clin 1988;6:537–45.
Dale DC, Fauci AS, Wolff SM. Alternate-day pred-nisone. Leukocyte kinetics and susceptibility to infections. N Engl J Med 1974;291:1154–8.
Truhan AP, Ahmed AR. Corticosteroids: a review with emphasis on complications of prolonged systemic therapy. Ann Allergy 1989;62:375–91.
Anstead GM. Steroids, retinoids, and wound healing. Adv Wound Care 1998;11:277–85.
Autio P, Oikarinen A, Melkko J, et al. Systemic glucocorticoids decrease the synthesis of type I and type III collagen in human skin in vivo, whereas isotretinoin treatment has little effect. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:660–3.
Esplin MS, Branch DW. Immunosuppressive drugs and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1997;24:601–16.
Lacaze-Masmonteil T, Audibert F. Multiple courses of antenatal glucocorticoid treatment and fetal outcome. J Perinat Med 2000;28:185–93.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 1994;93:137–50.
Edwards LJ, Coulter CL, Symonds ME, et al. Prenatal undernutrition, glucocorticoids and the programming of adult hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2001;28:938–41.
Rennick GJ. Use of systemic glucocorticosteroids in pregnancy: be alert but not alarmed. Australas J Dermatol 2006;47:34–6.
Piper JM, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, et al. Corticosteroid use and peptic ulcer disease: role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Intern Med 1991;114: 735–40.
Dixon RB, Christy NP. On the various forms of corticosteroid withdrawal syndrome. Am J Med 1980;68:224–30.
Ayres PJ, Hooper G. Assessment of the skin penetration properties of different carrier vehicles for topically applied cortisol. Br J Dermatol 1978;99:307–17.
Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI. Regional variation in percutaneous penetration of 14C cortisol in man. J Invest Dermatol 1967;48:181–3.
Hill CJH, Rostenberg A. Adverse effects from topical steroids. Cutis 1978;21:624–8.
Lubach D, Bensmann A, Bonemann U. Steroid-induced dermal atrophy: investigations on discontinuous application. Dermatologica 1989;179:67–72.
Yohn JJ, Weston WL. Topical glucocorticosteroids. Curr Probl Dermatol 1990;2:31–63.
Stoughton RB. Vasoconstrictor assay—specific applications. In: Maibach HI, Surber C, eds. Basel: Karger, 1992:42–53.
McKenzie AW, Stoughton RW. Methods for comparing percutaneous absorption of steroids. Arch Dermatol 1962;86:608–10.
Kornell RC, Stoughton RB. Correlation of vasoconstrictor assay in clinical activity of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:63–7.
Niedner R. Human models. In: Maibach HI, Surber C, eds. Basel: Karger, Basel, 1992:17–25.
Sukanto H, Nater JP, Bleumink E. Suppression of ultraviolet erythema by topical corticosteroids. Dermatologica 1980;161:84–8.
Frosch PJ, Behrenbeck EM, Frosch K, et al. The Duhring chamber assay for corticosteroid atrophy. Br J Dermatol 1981;104:57–65.
Robertson DB, Maibach HI. Topical corticosteroids. Int J Dermatol 1982;21:59–67.
Lagos BR, Maibach HI. Frequency of application of topical corticosteroids: an overview. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:763–6.
Kirby JD, Munro DD. Steroid-induced atrophy in animal and human models, Br J Dermatol 1976;94: 111–9.
Kligman LH, Schwartz E, Lesnik RH, et al. Topical tretinoin prevents corticosteroid-induced atrophy without lessening the anti-inflammatory effect. Curr Probl Dermatol 1993;21:79–88.
Epstein NM, Epstein WL, Epstein JH. Atrophic striae in patients with inguinal intertrigo. Arch Dermatol 1963;87:450.
Ponec M, De Haas C, Bachra BN, et al. Effects of glucocorticosteroids on cultured human skin fibrob-lasts. III. Transient inhibition of cell proliferation in the early growth stages and reduced susceptibility in later growth stages. Arch Dermatol Res 1979;265:219–27.
Lavker RM, Schechter NM., Lazarus GS. Effects of TCS on human dermis. Br J Dermatol 1986;115: 101–7.
Hettmannsperger U, Tenorio S, Orfanos CE, et al. Corticosteroids induce proliferation but do not influence TNF- or IL-1 beta-induced ICAM-1 expression of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Arch Dermatol Res 1993;285:347–51.
Ammar NM, Rao B, Schwartz RA, et al. Cutaneous striae. Cutis 2000;65:69–70.
Rapaport MJ, Rapaport V. Eyelid dermatitis to red face syndrome to cure: clinical experience in 100 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:435–42.
Fulton JE, Kligman AM. Aggravation of acne vul-garis by topical application of corticosteroids under occlusion. Cutis 1968;4:1106.
Plewig G, Kligman AM. Induction of acne by topical steroids. Arch Dermatol Forsch 1973;247:29–52.
Litt JZ. Steroid-induced rosacea. Am Fam Physician 1993;48:67–71.
Mehan R, Ayers S Jr. Perioral dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1964;89:803.
du Vivier A. Tachyphylaxis to topically applied steroids. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:1245–8.
Takeda K, Arase S, Takahashi S. Side effects of TCS and their prevention. Drugs 1988;5:15–23.
Colomb D. Stellate spontaneous pseudoscars. Senile and presenile forms: especially those forms caused by prolonged corticoid therapy. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:551–4.
Aucott JN. Glucocorticoids and infection. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1994;23:655–70.
Schwartz RA. Superficial fungal infections. Lancet 2004;364:1173–82.
Ive FA, Marks R. Tinea incognito. Br Med J 1968;3:149–52.
Hamada T. Granuloma intertriginosum infantum (granuloma glutaeale infantum). Arch Dermatol 1975;111:1072–3.
Dooms-Goossens A, Morren M. Results of routine patch testing with corticosteroid series in 2073 patients. Contact Dermatitis 1992;26:182–91.
Bircher AJ, Thurlimann W, Hunziker T, et al. Contact hypersensitivity to corticosteroids in routine patch test patients. A multi-centre study of the Swiss Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Dermatology 1995;191:109–14.
Lutz ME, el-Azhary RA. Allergic contact dermatitis due to topical application of corticosteroids: review and clinical implications. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:1141–4.
Isaksson M, Andersen KE, Brandao FM, et al. Patch testing with corticosteroid mixes in Europe. A mul-ticentre study of the EECDRG. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:27–35.
Thomson KF, Wilkinson SM, Powell S, et al. The prevalence of corticosteroid allergy in two U.K. centres: prescribing implications. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:863–6.
Cubey RB. Glaucoma following application of corticosteroid to the skin of the eyelids. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:207–8.
Zugerman C, Sauders D, Levit F. Glaucoma from topically applied steroids. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:1326.
Koda-Kimble MA, Young LL. Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs, 5th ed. Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics, 1992.
Aalto-Korte K, Turpeinen M. Pharmacokinetics of topical hydrocortisone at plasma level after applications once or twice daily in patients with widespread dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:259–63.
Scoggins RB, Kliman B. Percutaneous absorption of corticosteroids: systemic effects. N Engl J Med 1965;273:831–40.
Patel L, Clayton PE, Addison GM, et al. Adrenal function following topical steroid treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:950–5.
Goodyear HM, Spowart K, Harper JI. “Wet-wrap” dressings for the treatment of atopic eczema in children. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:604.
Ellison JA, Patel L, Ray DW, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and glucocorticoid sensitivity in atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics 2000;105: 794–9.
Olsen EA, Cornell RC. Topical clobetasol-17-pro-pionate: review of its clinical efficacy and safety. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:246–55.
Ohman EM, Rogers S, Meenan FO, McKenna TJ. Adrenal suppression following low-dose topical clobetasol propionate. J R Soc Med 1987;80: 422–4.
Schlessinger J, Miller B, Gilbert RD, et al. An open-label adrenal suppression study of 0.1% fluocinonide cream in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:1568–72.
Munro DD. The effect of percutaneously absorbed steroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function after intensive use in in-patients. Br J Dermatol 1976; 12:67–76.
Weston WL, Sams WM Jr, Morris HG, et al. Morning plasma cortisol levels in infants treated with topical fluorinated glucocorticosteroids Pediatrics 1980;65:103–6.
Gilbertson EO, Spellman MC, Piacquadio DJ, et al. Super potent topical corticosteroid use associated with adrenal suppression: clinical considerations. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:318–21.
Keipert JA, Kelly R. Temporary Cushing's syndrome from percutaneous absorption of betametha-sone 17-valerate. Med J Aust 1971;1:542–4.
Himathongkam T, Dasanabhairochana P, Pitchayayothin N, et al. Florid Cushing's syndrome and hirsutism induced by desoximetasone. JAMA 1978;239:430–1.
Robertson DB, Maibach HI. Adverse systemic effects of TCS. In: Maibach Hi, Surber C, eds. Basel: Karger, 1992:163–9.
Miller JA, Munro DD. TCS: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs 1980;19:119–34.
Fusaro RM, Kingsley DN. Topical Glucocorticoids: How they are used and misused. Postgrad Med 1986;79:283–91.
von den Harst LC, de Jonge H, Pot F, et al. Comparison of two application schedules for clobetasol 17 propi-onate. Acta Derm Venereol 1982;62:270–3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hengge, U.R. (2008). Topical Corticosteroids. In: Gaspari, A.A., Tyring, S.K. (eds) Clinical and Basic Immunodermatology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-165-7_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-165-7_32
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84800-164-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-84800-165-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)