Abstract
Acute heart failure (AHF) is characterized by the presence of signs and symptoms of heart failure requiring urgent intervention (1). More than 70% of patients with AHF have decompensation of chronic heart failure and 30% have heart failure of new onset (2). In the emergency room most patients have signs and symptoms of pulmonary or peripheral congestion (e.g., breathlessness, pulmonary edema, hepatomegaly, peripheral edema, raised venous pressure), and only a minority of patients have symptoms and signs of hypoperfusion (e.g., fatigue, cardiogenic shock). Many patients present with congestion, elevated left ventricular filling pressures, and preserved ejection fraction. In most of these patients blood pressure is elevated (hypertensive AHF). Some patients also have isolated right heart failure or highoutput heart failure secondary to a systemic disease (1).
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Filippatos, G.S., Paraskevaidis, I.A., Kremastinos, D.T. (2008). Portable Echocardiography and Acute Heart Failure Syndromes in the Emergency Room. In: Mebazaa, A., Gheorghiade, M., Zannad, F.M., Parrillo, J.E. (eds) Acute Heart Failure. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-782-4_40
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-782-4_40
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