Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Fetal and Neonatal Pathology pp 719–746Cite as

Acquired Diseases of the Nervous System

  • Chapter

Acquired disorders of the nervous system are responsible for considerable perinatal mortality and for a devastating chronic handicap in children. Identification of acquired lesions and their distinction from malformations can be difficult because damage to the brain in the early weeks of pregnancy disrupts the orderly and complex sequence of development and leads to structural abnormality. It is important to recognize that brain development is a continuum that begins at conception and continues into the third decade, and that damage can occur at any time in this period.

This chapter describes the more common acquired conditions likely to be encountered in routine postmortem examination of infants and fetuses. Some knowledge of the normal development of the brain is important in understanding these conditions, and excellent accounts are available in the work of Larroche (1977a) and in an anatomical atlas, Development of the Human Fetal Brain (Feess-Higgins and Larroche 1987).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   419.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agamanolis DP, Potter JL, Herric MK, Sternberger NH (1982) The neuropathology of glycine encephalopa-thy: a report of five cases with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations. Neurology 32:975– 985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony DC, Bolton SJ, Fearn S, Perry VH (1996) Age-related effects of interleukin-1beta on poly-morphonuclear neutrophil-dependent increases in blood-brain barrier permeability in rats. Brain 119:101–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong DL, Sauls CD, Goddard-Finegold J (1987) Neuropathologic findings in short-term survivors of intraventricular haemorrhage. Am J Dis Child 141:617–621.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banker BQ, Larroche J-C (1962) Periventricular leuco-malacia of infancy: a form of neonatal anoxic enceph-alopathy. Arch Neurol 7:386–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barth PG (1987) Disorders of neuronal migration. Can J Neurol Sci 14:1–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becher JC, Bell JE, Keeling JW, Liston WA, McIntosh N, Wyatt B (2006) The Scottish Perinatal Neuro-pathology Study—clinicopathological correlation in stillbirths. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 113:310– 317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becher J-C, Bell JE, Keeling JW, McIntosh N, Wyatt B (2004) The Scottish perinatal neuropathology study: clinicopathological correlations in early neonatal deaths. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 89:399– 407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bejar K, Wozniak P, Allard M et al. (1988) Antenatal origin of neurologic damage in newborn infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:357–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell JE, Becher JC, Wyatt B, Keeling JW, McIntosh N (2005) Brain damage and axonal injury in a Scottish cohort of neonatal deaths. Brain 128:1070– 1081.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger R, Bender S, Sefkow S, Klingmuller V, Kunzel W, Jensen A (1997) Peri/intraventricular haemorrhage: a cranial ultrasound study on 5286 neo-nates. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 75:191– 203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair E (1996) Obstetric antecedents of cerebral palsy. Fetal Matern Med Rev 8:199–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanche S, Rouziouz C et al. (1989) A prospective study of infants born to women seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus Type 1. N Engl J Med 320:1643–1648.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal I (2004) Periventricular leucomalacia: a review. Eur J Pediatr 163:435–442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borch K, Greisen G (1998) Blood flow distribution in the normal human preterm brain. Pediatr Res 43:28–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown GK, Squier M (1996) Neuropathology and patho-genesis of mitochondrial diseases. J Inherit Metabol Dis 19:553–572.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clancy RR, Sladky JT, Rorke LB (1989) Hypoxic– ischemic spinal cord injury following perinatal asphyxia. Ann Neurol 25:185–189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen M, Roessman U (1994) In utero brain damage: relationship of gestational age to pathological consequences. Dev Med and Child Neurol 36:263– 270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dambska M, Laure-Kamionowska M, Liebhart M (1987) Brainstem lesions in the course of chronic fetal asphyxia. Clin Neuropathol 6:110–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dammann O, Leviton A (1997) Maternal intrauterine infection, cytokines and brain damage in the newborn. Pediatr Res 42:1–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darrow VC, Alvord EC, Mack LA, Hodson WA (1988) Histologic evolution of the reactions to haemorrhage in the premature human infant's brain. Am J Pathol 130:44–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Reuck JL (1984) Cerebral angioarchitecture and perinatal brain lesions in premature and full-term infants. Acta Neurol Scand 70:392–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries LS, Connell JA, Dubowitz LMS, Oozeer RC, Dubowitz V, Pennock JM (1987) Neurological, elec-trophysiological and MRI abnormalities in infants with extensive cystic leukomalacia. Neuropediatrics 18:61–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries LS, Dubowitz LMS, Dubowitz V, et al. (1985) Predictive value of cranial ultrasound in the newborn baby: a reappraisal. Lancet 2:137–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries LS, Dubowitz LMS, Pennock JM, Bydder GM (1989) Extensive cystic leucomalacia: correlation of cranial ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings in sequential studies. Clin Radiol 40:158–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Bigio MR, Becker LE (1994) Microglial aggre-gation in the dentate gyrus: a marker of mild hypoxid-ischaemic brain insult in human infants. Neuro-pathol Appl Neurobiol 20:144–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elder GA, Major EO (1988) Early appearance of type II astrocytes in developing human fetal brain. Dev Brain Res 42:146–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WG, Goetzman BW, Lindenbert JA (1988) Neuro-pathologic documentation of prenatal brain damage. Am J Dis Child 142:858–866.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus C, Blackwood W, Wilson J (1982) Infantile multicystic encephalomalacia after maternal bee sting anaphylaxis during pregnancy. Arch Dis Child 57:785–787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • European Collaborative Study (1992) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 339:1007– 1012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feess-Higgins A, Larroche J-C (1987) Development of the Human Fetal Brain: An Anatomical Atlas. Masson, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filloux F, Townsend JJ, Leonard C (1986) Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: neuropathologic changes acquired in utero. J Pediatr 108:942–945.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flodmark O, Becker LE, Harwood-Nash DC, Fitzhardinge PM, Fitz CR, Chuang SH (1980) Correlation between computed tomography and autopsy in premature and full-term neonates that have suffered perinatal asphyxia. Radiology 137:93– 103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkerth RD (2006) Periventricular Leukomalacia: overview and recent findings. Pediatr Dev Pathol 9:3–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friede RL (1989a) Developmental Neuropathology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 86–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friede RL (1989b) Developmental Neuropathology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 115–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friede RL (1989c) Developmental Neuropathology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 183–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friede RL (1989d) Developmental Neuropathology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 161–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friede RL (1989e) Developmental Neuropathology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 169–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelbard HA, Epstein LG (1995) HIV-1 encephalopathy in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 7:655–662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilles FH, Leviton A, Dooling EC (1983) The Developing Human Brain, Growth and Epidemiologic Neu-ropathology. John Wright, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilles FH, Price RA, et al. (1971) Fibrinolytic activity in the ganglionic eminence of the premature human brain. Biol Neonate 18:426–432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golden JA, Gilles FH, Rudelli R, Leviton A (1997) Frequency of neuropathological abnormalities in very low birth weight infants. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56:472–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg RL, Thompson C (2003) The infectious origin of stillbirth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:861–873.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gould SJ, Howard S, Hope PL, Reynolds OR (1987) Peri-ventricular intraparenchymal cerebral haemorrhage in preterm infants: the role of venous infarction. J Pathol 151:197–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grafe M (1994) The correlation of prenatal brain damage with placental pathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 53:407–415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gressens P, Langston C, Martin JR (1994) In situ PCR localization of herpes simplex virus DNA sequences in disseminated neonatal herpes encephalitis. J Neu-ropathol Exp Neurol 53:469–482.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grode ML, Saunders M, Carton CA (1978) Subarach-noid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured aneurysms in infants. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 49:898– 902.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn TR, Mok PM, Becroft DMO (1985) Subdural haemorrhage in utero. Pediatrics 76:605–610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hambleton G, Wigglesworth JS (1976) Origin of intra-ventricular haemorrhage in the preterm infant. Arch Dis Child 51:651–659.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen A, Leviton A, Paneth N et al. (1998) The correlation between placental pathology and intraventricu-lar hemorrhage in the preterm infant. Pediatr Res 43:15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heibel M, Herber R, Bechinger D, Icornhuber H (1993) Early diagnosis of perinatal cerebral lesions in apparently normal full-term newborns by ultrasound of the brain. Neuroradiology 35:85–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horoupian DS, Yoon JJ (1988) Neuropathic arthrogry-posis multiplex congenita and intrauterine ischaemia of anterior horn cells: a hypothesis. Clin Neuropathol 7:285–293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janzer RC, Friede RL (1980) Hypotensive brain stem necrosis or cardiac arrest encephalopathy. Acta Neu-ropathol (Berl) 50:53–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MA, Pennock JM, Bydder GM, Dubowitz LMS, Thomas DJ, Young IR (1987) Serial MR imaging in neonatal cerebral injury. Am J Neuroradiol 8:83–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp AM (2002) Investigating subdural haemorrhage in infants. Arch Dis Child 86:98–102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolodny EH (1989) Agenesis of the corpus callosum: a marker for inherited metabolic disease? Neurology 39:847–848.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuban KCK, Gilles FH (1985) Human telancephalic angiogenesis. Ann Neurol 17:539–548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larroche JC (1977a) Developmental Pathology of the Neonate. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 319–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larroche JC (1977b) Developmental Pathology of the Neonate. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 408–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larroche JC (1977c) Developmental Pathology of the Neonate. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 421–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larroche JC (1986) Fetal encephalopathies of circulatory origin. Biol Neonate 50:61–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leviton A, Paneth N (1990) White matter damage in preterm newborns—an epidemiologic perspective. Early Hum Dev 24:1–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lou H (1989) Discussion. In: Evrard P, Minkowski A (eds) Developmental Neurobiology. Nestle Nutrition Workshop, Series 12. Raven Press, New York, p. 239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lou HC, Lassen NA, Friis-Hansen B (1979) Impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the distressed newborn infant. J Pediatr 94:118–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luerssen TG (1991) Head injuries in children. Neuro-surg Clin North Am 2:399–410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malouf DH, Oates RK (1995) Herpes simplex virus infections in the neonate. J Paediatr Child Health 31:332–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marin-Padilla M (1995) Review of perinatal brain damage, repair and neurological sequelae in the premature born infant. Int Paediatr Suppl 1:26–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marques Dias MJ, Harmant van Rijckevorsel G, Landrieu P, Lyon G (1984) Prenatal cytomegalovirus disease and cerebral microgyria: evidence for per-fusion failure, not disturbance of histogenesis, as the major cause of micropolygyria in CMV fetal encephalopathies of circulatory origin. Biol Neonate 50:61–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marret S, Lardennois C, et al. (2001) Fetal and neonatal cerebral infarcts. Biol Neonate 79:236–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin J-J, Schlote W (1972) Central nervous system lesions in disorders of amino-acid metabolism. J Neurol Sci 15:49–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin R, Roessmann U, Fanaroff A (1976) Massive intracerebellar hemorrhage in low-birth-weight infants. J Pediatr 89:290–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ment LR, Stewart WB, Duncan CC (1985) Beagle puppy model of ontraventricular haemorrhage: effect of superoxide dismutase on cerebral blood flow and prostaglandins. J Neurosurg 62:563–569.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milligan DWA (1980) Failure of autoregulation and intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants. Lancet 1:896–898.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moser HW (1998) Neurometabolic disease. Curr Opin Neurol 11:91–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulliez N, Roume J, et al. (1989) Etude de 62 fetus de mere HIV(+) aspects fetopathologiques. In: Azoulay M, et al. (eds) SIDA: 1989; Transmission materno-fetale. Les editions INSERM 200:105–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman MG (1978) Perinatal brain damage. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 4:41–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oldendorf WH, Cornford ME, Brown WJ (1977) The large apparent work capability of the blood-brain barrier: a study of the mitochon-drial content of capillary endothelial cells in brain and other tissues of the rat. Ann Neurol 1:409–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paneth N, Rudelli R, Kazam E, Monte W (1994) Brain damage in the preterm infant. In: Germinal Matrix and Intraventricular Bleeding: Location, Extent, Ultrasound Imaging. Clinics in Developmental Medicine, No. 131. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papile LA, Burstein J, Burstein R, Koffler H (1978) Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm. J Pediatr 92:529–534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasternak JF (1993) Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the term infant. Pediatr Clin North Am 4:1061– 1072.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perlman JM, Risser RC, Gee JB (1997) Pregnancy-induced hypertension and reduced intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. Pediatr Neurol 17:29–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pharoah POD, Connolly KJ (1995) Iodine and brain development. Dev Med Child Neurol 38:464–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pryds O, Edwards AD (1996) Cerebral blood flow in the newborn infant. Arch Dis Child 74:F63– F69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roessmann U, Gambetti P (1986) Pathological reaction of astrocytes in perinatal brain injury. Acta Neuro-pathol (Berl) 70:302–307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roland EH, Norman MG, Hill A (1987) Antenatal peri-ventricular white matter infarction. Ann Neurol 22:423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rorke LB (1982a) Pathology of Perinatal Brain Injury. Raven Press, New York, p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rorke LB (1982b) Pathology of Perinatal Brain Injury. Raven Press, New York, pp. 93–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rorke LB (1982c) Pathology of Perinatal Brain Injury. Raven Press, New York, pp. 81–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell NJ (1999) Cytokines—killers in the brain. J Physiol 514:3–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford M, Pennock J, Schwieso J, Cowan F, Dubow-itz L (1996) Hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy: early and late magnetic resonance imaging findings in relation to outcome. Arch Dis Child Health 75: F145–F151.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samson JF, Barth PG, de Vries JIP, et al. (1994) Familial mitochondrial encephalopathy with fetal ultrasonographic ventriculomegaly and intracerebral calcifications. Eur J Pediatr 153:510–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharer LR, Epstein LG, Cho ES, Joslin VV, et al. (1986) Pathologic features of AIDS encephalopathy in children: evidence for LAV/HTLVIII infection of brain. Hum Pathol 17:271–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwood A, Hopp A, Smith JF (1978) Cellular reactions to subependymal plate haemorrhage in the human neonate. Neuropath Appl Neurobiol 4:245– 261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sims ME, Turkel SB, Halterman G, Paul RH (1985) Brain injury and intrauterine death. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151:721–723.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skullerud K, Westre B (1986) Frequency and prognostic significance of germinal matrix haemorrhage, peri-ventricular leucomalacia and pontosubicular necrosis in preterm neonates. Acta Neuropath (Berl) 70:257–261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soothill PW, Nicolaides KH, Campbell S (1987) Prenatal asphyxia, hyperlacticaemia, hypoglycaemia, and erythroblastosis in growth retarded fetuses. Br Med J 291:1051–1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Squier MV, Chamberlain P, Zaiwalla Z, et al. (2000) Five cases of brain injury following amniocentesis in mid-term pregnancy. Dev Med Child Neurol 42:554– 560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Squier MV, Keeling JW (1991) The incidence of prenatal brain injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 17:29–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoddard RA, Clark SL, Minton SD (1988) In utero ischemic injury: sonographic diagnosis and medico-legal implications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:23– 25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takashima S, Tanaka K (1978) Development of cerebrovascular architecture and its relationship to periventricular leukomalacia. Arch Neurol 35:11–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tenoris GM, Nazui M, Bickers GH, Hubbird RH (1988) Intrauterine stroke and maternal polydrug abuse. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 27:565–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Bor M, Guit GL, Schreuder AM, Wondergem J, Vielvoye GJ (1989) Early detection of delayed myelination in preterm infants. Pediatrics 84:407–411.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volpe JJ (1989) Intraventricular haemorrhage in the premature infant—current concepts part 1. Ann Neurol 25:3–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volpe JJ (2001a) Neurology of the Newborn, 4th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 435–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volpe JJ (2001b) Neurology of the Newborn, 4th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 447–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volpe JJ (2001c) Neurology of the Newborn, 4th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 331–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volpe JJ (2001d) Neurology of the Newborn, 4th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 298–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volpe JJ (2001e) Neurology of the Newborn, 4th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 303–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volpe JJ (2001f ) Neurology of the Newborn, 4th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 733–737.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volpe JJ (2001g) Neurology of the Newborn, 4th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 751–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volpe JJ (2001h) Neurology of the Newborn, 4th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 521–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitby EH, Griffiths PD, Rutter S, et al. (2004) Frequency and natural history of subdural haemorrhages in babies and relation to obstetric factors. Lancet 363:846–851.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wigglesworth JS (1989) Current problems in brain pathology in the perinatal period. In: Pape KG, Wig-glesworth JS (eds) Perinatal Brain Lesions (Contemporary Issues in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, vol 5). Blackwell, Boston, pp. 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams RS, Ferrante RJ, Caviness VS (1976) The cellular pathology of microgyria. Acta Neuropatholog-ica (Berl) 36:269–283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu YW, Colford JM (2000) Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy. A meta-analysis. JAMA 284:1417–1424.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon BH, Jun JK, Romero R, et al. (1997) Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:19–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zellweger H (1987) The cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellwe-ger) syndrome and other peroxisomal disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 29:821–829.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

    Colin Smith MD, MRCPath

  2. Department of Neuropathology, Radcliffe Infi rmary, Oxford, UK

    Marian V. Squier MRCP, FRCPath

Authors
  1. Colin Smith MD, MRCPath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marian V. Squier MRCP, FRCPath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Formerly Consultant Paediatric Pathologist Royal Hospital for Sick Children and Royal Infi rmary Edinburgh and Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, UK

    Jean W. Keeling FRCPath, FRCPEdin, FRCPCH

  2. Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide and Clinical Professor, University of Adelaide, Australia

    T. Yee Khong MD, FRCPath, FRCPA (Consultant Pathologist) (Consultant Pathologist)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smith, C., Squier, M.V. (2007). Acquired Diseases of the Nervous System. In: Keeling, J.W., Khong, T.Y. (eds) Fetal and Neonatal Pathology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-743-5_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-743-5_27

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-524-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-743-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation