Abstract
Rapid weight loss is associated with significant positive consequences including resolution of obesity related comorbidities and improvement of overall health and quality of life. However, rapid weight loss may have negative consequences with life threatening repercussions. This chapter summarizes commonly utilized methods of weight loss and both positive and negative consequences of rapid weight loss.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ogden CL, et al. Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS Data Brief. 2012;82:1–8.
Wang Y, et al. Will all Americans become overweight or obese? Estimating the progression and cost of the US obesity epidemic. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(10):2323–30.
Varady KA. Intermittent versus daily calorie restriction: which diet regimen is more effective for weight loss? Obes Rev. 2011;12(7):e593–601.
Kuzmak LI, et al. Surgery for morbid obesity. Using an inflatable gastric band. AORN J. 1990;51(5):1307–24.
Igel LI, et al. Advances in medical therapy for weight loss and the weight-centric management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2012;14(1):60–9.
Piziak VK. Medical management of obesity. Compr Ther. 1991;17(3):54–9.
DiCecco SR. Medical weight loss treatment options in obese solid-organ transplant candidates. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22(5):505–11.
Haas WC, et al. Outcomes from a medical weight loss program: primary care clinics versus weight loss clinics. Am J Med. 2012;125(6):603. e7–11.
Brethauer SA, Chand B, Schauer PR. Risks and benefits of bariatric surgery: current evidence. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73(11):993–1007.
Hutter MM, et al. First report from the American College of Surgeons Bariatric Surgery Center Network: laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has morbidity and effectiveness positioned between the band and the bypass. Ann Surg. 2011;254(3):410–20. discussion 420–2.
Regan JP, et al. Early experience with two-stage laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as an alternative in the super-super obese patient. Obes Surg. 2003;13(6):861–4.
Almogy G, Crookes PF, Anthone GJ. Longitudinal gastrectomy as a treatment for the high-risk super-obese patient. Obes Surg. 2004;14(4):492–7.
Buchwald H, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;292(14):1724–37.
Schroeder R, Garrison Jr JM, Johnson MS. Treatment of adult obesity with bariatric surgery. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(7):805–14.
McBride CL, Kothari V. Evolution of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Surg Clin North Am. 2011;91(6):1239–47. viii–ix.
Boza C, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as a stand-alone procedure for morbid obesity: report of 1,000 cases and 3-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 2012;22(6):866–71.
Ren CJ, Patterson E, Gagner M. Early results of laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: a case series of 40 consecutive patients. Obes Surg. 2000;10(6):514–23. discussion 524.
Despres JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2006;444(7121):881–7.
Matsuzawa Y. The metabolic syndrome and adipocytokines. FEBS Lett. 2006;580(12):2917–21.
Foreyt JP. The role of lifestyle modification in dysmetabolic syndrome management. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Clin Perform Programme. 2006;11:197–205. discussion 205–6.
Ruiz-Tovar J, et al. Midterm impact of sleeve gastrectomy, calibrated with a 50-fr bougie, on weight loss, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and comorbidities in morbidly obese patients. Am Surg. 2012;78(9):969–74.
Samaha FF, et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(21):2074–81.
Rafiq N, Younossi ZM. Effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28(4):427–33.
Xourafas D, et al. Impact of weight-loss surgery and diabetes status on serum ALT levels. Obes Surg. 2012;22(10):1540–7.
Camargo Jr CA, et al. Prospective study of body mass index, weight change, and risk of adult-onset asthma in women. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(21):2582–8.
Belamarich PF, et al. Do obese inner-city children with asthma have more symptoms than nonobese children with asthma? Pediatrics. 2000;106(6):1436–41.
Chen Y, Dales R, Jiang Y. The association between obesity and asthma is stronger in nonallergic than allergic adults. Chest. 2006;130(3):890–5.
Sideleva O, Black K, Dixon AE. Effects of obesity and weight loss on airway physiology and inflammation in asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2013;26(4):455–8.
Resta O, et al. Sleep-related breathing disorders, loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness in obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(5):669–75.
Lopez PP, et al. Prevalence of sleep apnea in morbidly obese patients who presented for weight loss surgery evaluation: more evidence for routine screening for obstructive sleep apnea before weight loss surgery. Am Surg. 2008;74(9):834–8.
Akinnusi ME, et al. Sleep disorders in morbid obesity. Eur J Intern Med. 2012;23(3):219–26.
Schafer H, et al. Body fat distribution, serum leptin, and cardiovascular risk factors in men with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2002;122(3):829–39.
Schwartz AR, et al. Effect of weight loss on upper airway collapsibility in obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144(3 Pt 1):494–8.
Sutherland K, et al. Effect of weight loss on upper airway size and facial fat in men with obstructive sleep apnoea. Thorax. 2011;66(9):797–803.
Sarkhosh K, et al. The impact of sleeve gastrectomy on hypertension: a systematic review. Obes Surg. 2012;22(5):832–7.
Kotchen TA. Obesity-related hypertension: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(11):1170–8.
De Bacquer D, et al. Overweight and obesity in patients with established coronary heart disease: are we meeting the challenge? Eur Heart J. 2004;25(2):121–8.
Kannel WB, et al. Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1987;113(6):1489–94.
Lavie CJ, et al. The obesity paradox, weight loss, and coronary disease. Am J Med. 2009;122(12):1106–14.
Seyfeli E, et al. Effect of weight loss on QTc dispersion in obese subjects. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2006;6(2):126–9.
Vardar SA, et al. Ventricular repolarization in overweight and normal weight healthy young men. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2008;8(1):27–31.
Mukerji R, et al. Effect of weight loss after bariatric surgery on left ventricular mass and ventricular repolarization in normotensive morbidly obese patients. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(3):415–9.
Bakermans AJ, et al. Fasting-induced myocardial lipid accumulation in long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout mice is accompanied by impaired left ventricular function. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(5):558–65.
Hammer S, et al. Prolonged caloric restriction in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus decreases myocardial triglyceride content and improves myocardial function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(12):1006–12.
Utz W, et al. Moderate dietary weight loss reduces myocardial steatosis in obese and overweight women. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167(3):905–9.
Mokdad AH, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA. 2003;289(1):76–9.
Itani SI, et al. Lipid-induced insulin resistance in human muscle is associated with changes in diacylglycerol, protein kinase C, and IkappaB-alpha. Diabetes. 2002;51(7):2005–11.
Knowler WC, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403.
Wadden TA, et al. The Look AHEAD study: a description of the lifestyle intervention and the evidence supporting it. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14(5):737–52.
Pi-Sunyer X, et al. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1374–83.
Schauer PR, et al. Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric bypass on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg. 2003;238(4):467–84. discussion 84–5.
Kashyap SR, et al. Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes: weighing the impact for obese patients. Cleve Clin J Med. 2010;77(7):468–76.
de Heredia FP, Gómez-MartÃnez S, Marcos A. Obesity, inflammation and the immune system. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012;71(2):332–8.
Tziomalos K, et al. Effects of lifestyle measures, antiobesity agents, and bariatric surgery on serological markers of inflammation in obese patients. Mediators Inflamm. 2010;2010:364957.
Tanaka S, et al. T lymphopaenia in relation to body mass index and TNF-alpha in human obesity: adequate weight reduction can be corrective. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001;54(3):347–54.
Moulin CM, et al. Impact of adiposity on immunological parameters. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009;53(2):183–9.
Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(1):31–9.
Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Obesity and reproduction: an educational bulletin. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(5 Suppl):S21–9.
Reis LO, Dias FG. Male fertility, obesity, and bariatric surgery. Reprod Sci. 2012;19(8):778–85.
Esposito K, Giugliano D. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and sexual dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2005;17(5):391–8.
Giugliano D, Giugliano F, Esposito K. Sexual dysfunction and the Mediterranean diet. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(8A):1118–20.
Rogers J, Mitchell GW. The relation of obesity to menstrual disturbances. N Engl J Med. 1952;247(2):53–5.
Mitchell GW, Rogers J. The influence of weight reduction on amenorrhea in obese women. N Engl J Med. 1953;249(21):835–7.
Metwally M, et al. Does high body mass index increase the risk of miscarriage after spontaneous and assisted conception? A meta-analysis of the evidence. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(3):714–26.
Wickelgren I. Obesity: how big a problem? Science. 1998;280(5368):1364–7.
Clark AM, et al. Weight loss results in significant improvement in pregnancy and ovulation rates in anovulatory obese women. Hum Reprod. 1995;10(10):2705–12.
Nelson SM, Fleming R. Obesity and reproduction: impact and interventions. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;19(4):384–9.
Vincent HK, et al. Obesity and weight loss in the treatment and prevention of osteoarthritis. PM R. 2012;4(5 Suppl):S59–67.
Abu-Abeid S, et al. The influence of surgically-induced weight loss on the knee joint. Obes Surg. 2005;15(10):1437–42.
El-Serag HB, et al. Obesity increases oesophageal acid exposure. Gut. 2007;56(6):749–55.
Prachand VN, Ward M, Alverdy JC. Duodenal switch provides superior resolution of metabolic comorbidities independent of weight loss in the super-obese (BMI > or = 50 kg/m2) compared with gastric bypass. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14(2):211–20.
Ayazi S, et al. Obesity and gastroesophageal reflux: quantifying the association between body mass index, esophageal acid exposure, and lower esophageal sphincter status in a large series of patients with reflux symptoms. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13(8):1440–7.
Prachand VN, Alverdy JC. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and severe obesity: fundoplication or bariatric surgery? World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(30):3757–61.
Lew EA, Garfinkel L. Variations in mortality by weight among 750,000 men and women. J Chronic Dis. 1979;32(8):563–76.
Pischon T, Nöthlings U, Boeing H. Obesity and cancer. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008;67(2):128–45.
Birks S, et al. A systematic review of the impact of weight loss on cancer incidence and mortality. Obes Rev. 2012;13(10):868–91.
Calle EE, Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(8):579–91.
Renehan AG, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A. Obesity and cancer risk: the role of the insulin-IGF axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006;17(8):328–36.
Giovannucci E. Nutrition, insulin, insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Horm Metab Res. 2003;35(11–12):694–704.
Garofalo C, Surmacz E. Leptin and cancer. J Cell Physiol. 2006;207(1):12–22.
Grossmann ME, et al. Obesity and breast cancer: status of leptin and adiponectin in pathological processes. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2010;29(4):641–53.
Danforth KN, et al. Risk factors for urinary incontinence among middle-aged women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(2):339–45.
Burgio KL, et al. Changes in urinary and fecal incontinence symptoms with weight loss surgery in morbidly obese women. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(5):1034–40.
Subak LL, Richter HE, Hunskaar S. Obesity and urinary incontinence: epidemiology and clinical research update. J Urol. 2009;182(6 Suppl):S2–7.
Subak LL, et al. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(5):481–90.
Whitcomb EL, et al. Impact of surgically induced weight loss on pelvic floor disorders. Int Urogynecol J. 2012;23(8):1111–6.
Sugerman H, et al. Effects of surgically induced weight loss on urinary bladder pressure, sagittal abdominal diameter and obesity co-morbidity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22(3):230–5.
Mokdad AH, et al. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991–1998. JAMA. 1999;282(16):1519–22.
Chagnac A, et al. The effects of weight loss on renal function in patients with severe obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(6):1480–6.
Navaneethan SD, et al. Weight loss interventions in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(10):1565–74.
Foster GD, Wadden TA. Psychology of obesity, weight loss, and weight gain: clinical and research findings. In: Blackburn GL, Kanders BS, editors. Obesity: pathophysiology, psychology and treatment. New York: Chapman and Hall; 1994. p. 140–66.
Wadden TA, et al. Psychosocial consequences of weight reduction: how much weight loss is enough? Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(3 Suppl):461S–5.
Teufel M, et al. Body image after sleeve gastrectomy: reduced dissatisfaction and increased dynamics. Obes Surg. 2012;22(8):1232–7.
Pi-Sunyer FX. Short-term medical benefits and adverse effects of weight loss. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119(7 Pt 2):722–6.
Iglezias Brandao de Oliveira C, Adami Chaim E, da Silva BB. Impact of rapid weight reduction on risk of cholelithiasis after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2003;13(4):625–8.
Plecka Ostlund M, et al. Population-based study of the need for cholecystectomy after obesity surgery. Br J Surg. 2012;99(6):864–9.
Everhart JE. Contributions of obesity and weight loss to gallstone disease. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119(10):1029–35.
Desbeaux A, et al. Risk of biliary complications in bariatric surgery. J Visc Surg. 2010;147(4):e217–20.
Decker GA, et al. Gastrointestinal and nutritional complications after bariatric surgery. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(11):2571–80. quiz 2581.
Halverson JD. Micronutrient deficiencies after gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Am Surg. 1986;52(11):594–8.
Decker G, et al. Nausea, bloating and abdominal pain in the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patient: more questions than answers. Obes Surg. 2007;17(11):1529–33.
Avinoah E, Ovnat A, Charuzi I. Nutritional status seven years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Surgery. 1992;111(2):137–42.
Van Itallie TB, Yang MU. Cardiac dysfunction in obese dieters: a potentially lethal complication of rapid, massive weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;39(5):695–702.
de Mello VD, et al. Effect of weight loss on cytokine messenger RNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of obese subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2008;57(2):192–9.
Denke MA. Metabolic effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(1):59–61.
Andersen T. Liver and gallbladder disease before and after very-low-calorie diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56(1 Suppl):235S–9.
Asplin JR. Obesity and urolithiasis. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2009;16(1):11–20.
Matlaga BR, et al. Effect of gastric bypass surgery on kidney stone disease. J Urol. 2009;181(6):2573–7.
Penniston KL, et al. Gastric band placement for obesity is not associated with increased urinary risk of urolithiasis compared to bypass. J Urol. 2009;182(5):2340–6.
Ahmed MH, Byrne CD. Bariatric surgery and renal function: a precarious balance between benefit and harm. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(10):3142–7.
Abell TL, Minocha A. Gastrointestinal complications of bariatric surgery: diagnosis and therapy. Am J Med Sci. 2006;331(4):214–8.
Miller KK, et al. Determinants of skeletal loss and recovery in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(8):2931–7.
Scibora LM, et al. Examining the link between bariatric surgery, bone loss, and osteoporosis: a review of bone density studies. Obes Surg. 2012;22(4):654–67.
Vilarrasa N, et al. [Study of the relationship between adiponectin, interleukin-18, ghrelin and bone mineral density in morbidly obese women after gastric bypass]. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009;56(7):355–60.
Sermondade N, et al. Sperm parameters and male fertility after bariatric surgery: three case series. Reprod Biomed Online. 2012;24(2):206–10.
Merrett ND, et al. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: diagnosis and treatment strategies. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13(2):287–92.
Kurbegov A, Grabb B, Bealer J. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a 16-year-old with bilious emesis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2010;22(5):664–7.
Thaisetthawatkul P, et al. A controlled study of peripheral neuropathy after bariatric surgery. Neurology. 2004;63(8):1462–70.
Chang CG, Adams-Huet B, Provost DA. Acute post-gastric reduction surgery (APGARS) neuropathy. Obes Surg. 2004;14(2):182–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhang, N., Lo, I., Kaul, A. (2014). Consequences of Rapid Weight Loss. In: Fantuzzi, G., Braunschweig, C. (eds) Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in Health and Disease. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-770-9_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-770-9_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-769-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-770-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)