Abstract
Carcinoma of the rectum is a heterogeneous disease. At one end of the clinical spectrum, a small number of patients present with superficially invasive cancers who are well served by limited procedures, such as local excision or endocavitary irradiation. The great majority of patients with rectal cancer, however, have mobile but more deeply invasive tumors that require low anterior or abdominoperineal resection. At the other and less favorable end of the clinical spectrum, a subset of patients present with locally advanced tumors that are adherent or fixed to adjoining structures such as the sacrum, pelvic sidewalls, prostate, or bladder.
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Arvold, N.D. et al. (2011). Primary Colorectal Cancer. In: Gunderson, L., Willett, C., Calvo, F., Harrison, L. (eds) Intraoperative Irradiation. Current Clinical Oncology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-015-7_15
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