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Dietary Energy Balance, Calorie Restriction, and Cancer Prevention

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Bioactive Compounds and Cancer

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

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Key Points

1. The prevalence of obesity, an established epidemiologic risk factor for many cancers, has risen steadily in the past several decades in the United States. Particularly alarming are the increasing rates of obesity among children, indicative of further increases in obesity-related cancers for many years to come unless new prevention strategies can be developed.

2. Estimates from an American Cancer Society (ACS) study, the largest prospective analysis to date of the weight/cancer relationship, suggest 14% of all cancer deaths in men and 20% of all cancer deaths in women from a range of cancer types are attributable to overweight and obesity.

3. Calorie restriction (CR), long known to be the most effective and reproducible intervention for increasing life span in a variety of animal species, is also the most potent, broadly acting cancer prevention regimen in experimental carcinogenesis models.

4. The typical CR dietary regimen provides essential nutrients and vitamins but limits the total energy intake of the animal. CR is often incorrectly equated with starvation; however, adequate nutriture is designed into CR regimens to avoid the confounding effects of malnutrition. Modest calorie decreases of 15–30% relative to an ad libitum (AL) diet can be equated to a normal, healthy level of intake. In fact, CR animals are almost always healthier, sleeker, and more active than their AL counterparts, which are invariably overweight and tend to develop obesity in mid-life.

5. Several hormones and growth factors serve as intermediate and long-term communicators of nutritional state and have been implicated in both energy balance and carcinogenesis. These hormones include IGF-1, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin, as well as several factors associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA

    Stephen D. Hursting PHD, MPH, Sarah M. Smith PHD, Leticia Nogueira BS, Rebecca DeAngel MPH, Laura Lashinger PHD & Susan N. Perkins PHD

  2. Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA

    Stephen D. Hursting PHD, MPH, Sarah M. Smith PHD & Laura Lashinger PHD

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  3. Leticia Nogueira BS
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  1. Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Executive Boulevard 6130, Rockville, 20892, Maryland, USA

    John A. Milner

  2. Nutritional and Cancer Biology, BIO5 Institute and Center for Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721-0038, Arizona, USA

    Donato F. Romagnolo

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Hursting, S.D., Smith, S.M., Nogueira, L., DeAngel, R., Lashinger, L., Perkins, S.N. (2010). Dietary Energy Balance, Calorie Restriction, and Cancer Prevention. In: Milner, J., Romagnolo, D. (eds) Bioactive Compounds and Cancer. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-627-6_7

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