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Vitamin A

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Bioactive Compounds and Cancer

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Key Points

1. Retinoids are one of the most effective classes of agents for promoting cell differentiation, and therefore are of strong interest for cancer prevention and cancer therapy. Nevertheless, despite a great deal of testing, their use in cancer chemoprevention has been limited by the side effects associated with most compounds.

2. Vitamin A, also known as retinol, and retinoic acid (RA) are widely recognized as important factors in the maintenance of healthy cells and tissues. RA possesses a fundamental ability to regulate cell growth, generally by slowing the rate of the cell cycle, and to induce immature and transformed cells to differentiate toward a more mature phenotype.

3. Retinol is an essential nutrient that serves as the substrate for the production, within various cells, of retinal required for rhodopsin biosynthesis, and for the production of RA, which functions as a critical regulator of cellular functions in essentially all tissues. RA is now recognized as a potent regulator of gene expression.

4. Metabolism is central to the biological basis of vitamin A’s actions in cancer prevention. Retinoid metabolism is closely regulated through a variety of homeostatic mechanisms including transport proteins, intracellular chaperone proteins, nuclear receptors, and enzymes. The apparent “goal” of the body’s homeostatic mechanisms is to maintain steady levels of plasma retinol and RA, which in turn assure a well-regulated exposure of extrahepatic tissues to these molecules.

5. There is no compelling evidence that changing current recommendations for dietary vitamin A would be helpful in reducing cancer risk. A recent report on the topic of “Multivitamin/Mineral Supplements and Chronic Disease Prevention” concluded that while supplement use has grown and now more than half of the adult population of the USA uses multivitamin/mineral supplements, most of the studies that were reviewed do not provide strong evidence for health-related effects.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    A. Catharine Ross PHD

  2. Huck Institute for the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    A. Catharine Ross PHD

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  1. Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Executive Boulevard 6130, Rockville, 20892, Maryland, USA

    John A. Milner

  2. Nutritional and Cancer Biology, BIO5 Institute and Center for Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721-0038, Arizona, USA

    Donato F. Romagnolo

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Ross, A.C. (2010). Vitamin A. In: Milner, J., Romagnolo, D. (eds) Bioactive Compounds and Cancer. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-627-6_16

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