Skip to main content

PKC and the Control of Apoptosis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Protein Kinase C in Cancer Signaling and Therapy

Part of the book series: Current Cancer Research ((CUCR))

Abstract

Cells respond to a wide range of cellular toxins by inducing a suicide pathway known as apoptosis. Apoptosis plays a critical role in development, tissue remodeling, and in the removal of damaged and genetically altered cells. Activation of cell death pathways must be tightly regulated as too much or too little apoptosis can have drastic consequences for tissue homeostasis and for disease initiation and progression. While the mechanism of how apoptosis is executed has been extensively studied, little is known about how other signaling pathways influence the decision to die. In this regard, members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine protein kinases are emerging as important modulators of the apoptotic response. Here we will discuss the role of specific PKC isoforms in regulating cell death, and address how alterations in the expression or activity of some of these kinases contribute to human diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abeliovich, A., Chen, C., Goda, Y., Silva, A. J., Stevens, C. F., & Tonegawa, S. (1993a). Modified hippocampal long-term potentiation in PKC-gamma-mutant mice. Cell, 7, 1253–1262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abeliovich, A., Paylor, R., Chen, C., Kim, J. J., Wehner, J. M., & Tonegawa, S. (1993b). PKC-gamma mutant mice exhibit mild deficits in spatial and contextual learning. Cell, 75, 1263–1271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abrams, S. T., Lakum, T., Lin, K., Jones, G. M., Treweeke, A. T., Farahani, M., et al. (2007). B-cell receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells is regulated by overexpressed active protein kinase C beta. Blood, 109, 1193–1201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abukhdeir, A. M., & Park, B. H. (2008). P21 and p27: Roles in carcinogenesis and drug resistance. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, 10, e19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Acs, P., Beheshti, M., Szallasi, Z., Li, L., Yuspa, S. H., & Blumberg, P. M. (2000). Effect of a tyrosine 155 to phenylalanine mutation of protein kinase C delta on the proliferative and tumorigenic properties of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Carcinogenesis, 21, 887–891.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J. M. (2003). Ways of dying: Multiple pathways to apoptosis. Genes and Development, 17, 2481–2495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, P. D., Winstanley, J. H., Pearson, J. M., Bishop, H. M., & Garrod, D. R. (2004). Protein kinase C alpha expression in normal breast, ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma. European Journal of Cancer, 40, 2269–2273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akimoto, K., Mizuno, K., Osada, S., Hirai, S., Tanuma, S., Suzuki, K., et al. (1994). A new member of the third class in the protein kinase C family, PKC lambda, expressed dominantly in an undifferentiated mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line and also in many tissues and cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 12677–12683.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvaro, V., Levy, L., Dubray, C., Roche, A., Peillon, F., Querat, B., et al. (1993). Invasive human pituitary tumors express a point-mutated alpha-protein kinase-C. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 77, 1125–1129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assender, J. W., Gee, J. M., Lewis, I., Ellis, I. O., Robertson, J. F., & Nicholson, R. I. (2007). Protein kinase C isoform expression as a predictor of disease outcome on endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 60, 1216–1221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aziz, M. H., Manoharan, H. T., Church, D. R., Dreckschmidt, N. E., Zhong, W., Oberley, T. D., et al. (2007). Protein kinase C epsilon interacts with signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (stat3), phosphorylates stat3ser727, and regulates its constitutive activation in prostate cancer. Cancer Research, 67, 8828–8838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, L. F., Campbell, S. E., & Baylin, S. B. (1997). Protein kinase C-beta 2 inhibits cycling and decreases c-myc-induced apoptosis in small cell lung cancer cells. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 8, 381–392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basu, A., Lu, D., Sun, B., Moor, A. N., Akkaraju, G. R., & Huang, J. (2002). Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C-epsilon by caspase-mediated processing and transduction of antiapoptotic signals. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 41850–41856.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basu, A., & Sivaprasad, U. (2007). Protein kinase C epsilon makes the life and death decision. Cellular Signalling, 19, 1633–1642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berra, E., Diaz-Meco, M. T., Dominguez, I., Municio, M. M., Sanz, L., Lozano, J., et al. (1993). Protein kinase C zeta isoform is critical for mitogenic signal transduction. Cell, 74, 555–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berra, E., Municio, M. M., Sanz, L., Frutos, S., Diaz-Meco, M. T., & Moscat, J. (1997). Positioning atypical protein kinase C isoforms in the uv-induced apoptotic signaling cascade. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 17, 4346–4354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Besson, A., & Yong, V. W. (2000). Involvement of p21(waf1/cip1) in protein kinase C alpha-induced cell cycle progression. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 20, 4580–4590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bharti, A., Kraeft, S.-K., Gounder, M., Pandey, P., Jin, S., Yuan, Z.-M., et al. (1998). Inactivation of DNA-dependent protein kinase by protein kinase C delta: Implications for apoptosis. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 18, 6719–6728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. D. (2000). Protein kinase C-mediated regulation of the cell cycle. Frontiers in Bioscience, 5, D406–D423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blagosklonny, M. V. (2002). Are p27 and p21 cytoplasmic oncoproteins? Cell Cycle, 1, 391–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blass, M., Kronfeld, I., Kazimirsky, G., Blumberg, P., & Brodie, C. (2002). Tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase C delta is essential for its apoptotic effect in response to etoposide. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 22, 182–195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cacace, A. M., Ueffing, M., Han, E. K.-H., Marmè, D., & Weinstein, I. (1998). Overexpression of PKC epsilon in R6 fibroblasts causes increased production of active TGFbeta. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 175, 314–322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cacace, A. M., Ueffing, M., Philipp, A., Han, E. K.-H., Kolch, W., & Weinstein, I. B. (1996). PKC epsilon functions as an oncogene by enhancing activation of the raf kinase. Oncogene, 13, 2517–2626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, A. J., Procyk, K. J., Leitges, M., & Parker, P. J. (2008). PKC alpha protein but not kinase activity is critical for glioma cell proliferation and survival. International Journal of Cancer, 123, 769–779.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartron, P.-F., Juin, P., Oliver, L., Martin, S., Meflah, K., & Vallette, F. M. (2003). Nonre‑dundant role of bax and bak in bid-mediated apoptosis. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 23, 4701–4712.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cataldi, A., Di Pietro, R., Centurione, L., Rapino, M., Santavenere, E., Garaci, F., et al. (2003). Engagement of PI-3-kinase mediated protein kinase C zeta activation in protecting friend cells from ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis. International Journal of Oncology, 22, 129–135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catley, M. C., Cambridge, L. M., Nasuhara, Y., Ito, K., Chivers, J. E., Beaton, A., et al. (2004). Inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) prevent activated transcription: Role of events downstream of NF-κB DNA binding. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 18457–18466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charruyer, A., Jean, C., Colomba, A., Jaffrazou, J.-P., Quillet-Mary, A., Laurent, G., et al. (2007). PKC iota protects against uv-c-induced apoptosis by inhibiting acid sphingomyelinase-dependent ceramide production. Biochemical Journal, 405, 77–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Child, E. S., & Mann, D. J. (2006). The intricacies of p21 phosphorylation: Protein/protein interactions, subcellular localization and stability. Cell Cycle, 5, 1313–1319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chipuk, J., & Green, D. R. (2006). Dissecting p53-dependent apoptosis. Cell Death and Differentiation, 13, 994–1002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, E., Budas, G., Vallentin, A., Koyanagi, T., & Mochly-Rosen, D. (2008). PKC isozymes in chronic cardiac disease: Possible therapeutic targets? Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 48, 569–599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cimmino, A., Calin, G. A., Fabbri, M., Iorio, M. V., Ferracin, M., Shimizu, M., et al. (2005). Mir-15 and mir-16 induce apoptosis by targeting bcl2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 102, 13944–13949.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. A., Black, A. R., Leontieva, O. V., Frey, M. R., Pysz, M. A., Kunneva, L., et al. (2004). Involvement of the ERK signaling cascade in protein kinase C-mediated cell cycle arrest in intestinal epithelial cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 9233–9247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coqueret, O. (2003). New roles for p21 and p27 cell-cycle inhibitors: A function for each cell compartment? Trends in Cell Biology, 13, 65–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornford, P., Evans, J., Dodson, A., Parsons, K., Woolfenden, A., Neoptolemos, J., et al. (1999). Protein kinase C isoenzyme patterns characteristically modulated in early prostate cancer. American Journal of Pathology, 154, 137–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cory, S., Huang, D. C., & Adams, J. M. (2003). The bcl-2 family: Roles in cell survival and oncogenesis. Oncogene, 22, 8590–8607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, A. M., Kerr, J. F., & Currie, A. R. (1972). The relationship of acute mesodermal cell death to the teratogenic effects of 7-OHM-12-MBA in the foetal rat. British Journal of Cancer, 26, 498–503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Costa, A. M., & Denning, M. F. (2005). A caspase-resistant mutant of PKC-delta protects keratinocytes from uv-induced apoptosis. Cell Death and Differentiation, 12, 224–232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Costa, A., Robinson, J., Maududi, T., Chaturvedi, V., Nickoloff, B. J., & Denning, M. F. (2006). The proapoptotic tumor suppressor protein kinase C-delta is lost in human squamous cell carcinomas. Oncogene, 25, 375–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Datta, K., Nambudripad, R., Pal, S., Zhou, M., Cohen, H. T., & Mukhopadhyay, D. (2000). Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1-mediated cell signaling by the von hippel-lindau gene product in renal cancer. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 20700–20706.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Thonel, A., Bettaieb, A., Jean, C., Laurent, G., & Quillet-Mary, A. (2001). Role of protein kinase C zeta isoform in Fas resistance of immature myeloid KG1a leukemic cells. Blood, 98, 3770–3777.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debatin, K. M., Poncet, D., & Kroemer, G. (2002). Chemotherapy: Targeting the mitochondrial cell death pathway. Oncogene, 21, 8786–8803.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey, E. C., Newton, A. C., Mochly-Rosen, D., Fields, A. P., Reyland, M. E., Insel, P. A., et al. (2000). Protein kinase C isozymes and the regulation of diverse cell responses. American Journal of Physiology, 279, L429–L438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deng, X., Ito, T., Carr, B., Mumby, M., & May, W. S., Jr. (1998). Reversible phosphorylation of bcl2 following interleukin 3 or bryostatin 1 is mediated by direct interaction with protein phosphatase 2a. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 34157–34163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Detjen, K., Brembeck, F., Welzel, M., Kaiser, A., Haller, H., Wiedenmann, B., et al. (2000). Activation of protein kinase C alpha inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer cells via p21(cip)-mediated G(1) arrest. Journal of Cell Science, 113, 3025–3035.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeVries, T. A., Neville, M. C., & Reyland, M. E. (2002). Nuclear import of PKC delta is required for apoptosis: Identification of a novel nuclear import sequence. EMBO Journal, 21, 6050–6060.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeVries-Seimon, T. A., Ohm, A. M., Humphries, M. J., & Reyland, M. E. (2007). Induction of apoptosis is driven by nuclear retention of protein kinase C delta. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 22307–22314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhanasekaran, D., & Reddy, E. (2008). JNK signaling in apoptosis. Oncogene, 27, 6245–6251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Meco, M., Berra, E., Municio, M., Sanz, L., Lozano, J., Dominguez, I., et al. (1993). A dominant negative protein kinase Cζ subspecies blocks NF-κB activation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 13, 4770–4775.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Meco, M. T., Lallena, M. J., Monjas, A., Frutos, S., & Moscat, J. (1999). Inactivation of the inhibitory κB protein kinase/nuclear factor κB pathway by par-4 expression potentiates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 19606–19612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Meco, M. T., & Moscat, J. (2008). AKT regulation and lung cancer: A novel role and mechanism of action for the tumor suppressor par-4. Cell Cycle, 7, 2817–2820.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Meco, M., Municio, M., Frutos, S., Sanchez, P., Lazano, J., Sanz, L., et al. (1996). The product of par-4, a gene induced during apoptosis, interacts selectively with the atypical isoforms of protein kinase C. Cell, 86, 777–786.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, L., Wang, H., Lang, W., & Xiao, L. (2002). Protein kinase C-epsilon promotes survival of lung cancer cells by suppressing apoptosis through dysregulation of the mitochondrial caspase pathway. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 35305–35313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dooley, N. P., Baltuch, G. H., Groome, N., Villemure, J. G., & Yong, V. W. (1998). Apoptosis is induced in glioma cells by antisense oligonucleotides to protein kinase C alpha and is enhanced by cycloheximide. Neuroreport, 9, 1727–1733.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doornbos, R. P., Theelen, M., van der Hoeven, P. C., van Blitterswijk, W. J., Verkleij, A. J., & van Bergen en Henegouwen, P. M. (1999). Protein kinase C zeta is a negative regulator of protein kinase B activity. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 8589–8596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi, K. (2001). Apoptosis in autoimmune diseases. Internal Medicine, 40, 275–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekshyyan, O., & Aw, T. Y. (2004). Apoptosis: A key in neurodegenerative disorders. Current Neurovascular Research, 1, 355–371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, H., & Horvitz, H. R. (1986). Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode c. Elegans. Cell, 44, 817–829.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Rayes, B. F., Ali, S., Philip, P. A., & Sarkar, F. H. (2008). Protein kinase C: A target for therapy in pancreatic cancer. Pancreas, 36, 346–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emoto, Y., Kisaki, H., Manome, Y., Kharbanda, S., & Kufe, D. (1996). Activation of protein kinase C delta in human myeloid leukemia cells treated with 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Blood, 87, 1990–1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engers, R., Mrzyk, S., Springer, E., Fabbro, D., Weissgerber, G., Gernharz, C. D., et al. (2000). Protein kinase C in human renal cell carcinomas: Role in invasion and differential isoenzyme expression. British Journal of Cancer, 82, 1063–1069.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erster, S., Mihara, M., Kim, R. H., Petrenko, O., & Moll, U. M. (2004). In vivo mitochondrial p53 translocation triggers a rapid first wave of cell death in response to DNA damage that can precede p53 target gene activation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 24, 6728–6741.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa, I., Briones, J., Bordes, R., Brunet, S., Martino, R., Sureda, A., et al. (2006). Membrane PKC-beta 2 protein expression predicts for poor response to chemotherapy and survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Annals of Hematology, 85, 597–603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evan, G., & Vousden, K. (2001). Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer. Nature, 411, 342–348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, C., Katsuyama, M., & Yabe-Nishimura, C. (2005). Protein kinase C delta mediates up-regulation of nox1, a catalytic subunit of nadph oxidase, via transactivation of the EGF receptor: Possible involvement of PKC delta in vascular hypertrophy. Biochemical Journal, 390, 761–767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, A. P., Frederick, L. A., & Regala, R. P. (2007). Targeting the oncogenic protein kinase C iota signaling pathway for the treatment of cancer. Biochemical Society Transactions, 35, 996–1000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, A. P., & Regala, R. P. (2007). Protein kinase C iota: Human oncogene, prognostic marker and therapeutic target. Pharmacological Research, 55, 487–497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Filomenko, R., Poirson-Bichat, F., Billerey, C., Belon, J. P., Garrido, C., Solary, E., et al. (2002). Atypical protein kinase C zeta as a target for chemosensitization of tumor cells. Cancer Research, 62, 1815–1821.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier, D. B., Chisamore, M., Lurain, J. R., Rademaker, A. W., Jordan, V. C., & Tonetti, D. A. (2001). Protein kinase C alpha expression is inversely related to ER status in endometrial carcinoma: Possible role in AP-1-mediated proliferation of ER-negative endometrial cancer. Gynecologic Oncology, 81, 366–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franke, T. (2007). PI3K/AKT:Getting it right matters. Oncogene, 27, 6473–6488.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franz, M. G., Norman, J. G., Fabri, P. J., & Gower, W. R., Jr. (1996). Differentiation of pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells associated with selective expression of protein kinase C isoforms. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 3, 564–569.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, M. R., Clark, J. A., Leontieva, O., Uronis, J. M., Black, A. R., & Black, J. D. (2000). Protein kinase C signaling mediates a program of cell cycle withdrawal in the intestinal epithelium. Journal of Cell Biology, 151, 763–778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, M. R., Saxon, M. L., Zhao, X., Rollins, A., Evans, S. S., & Black, J. D. (1997). Protein kinase C isozyme-mediated cell cycle arrest involves induction of p21(waf1/cip1) and p27(kip1) and hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein in intestinal epithelial cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 9424–9435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, M. R., Clark, J. A., Bateman, N. W., Kazanietz, M. G., Black, A. R., & Black, J. D. (2004). Cell cycle- and protein kinase C-specific effects of resiniferatoxin and resiniferonol 9,13,14-ortho-phenylacetate in intestinal epithelial cells. Biochemical Pharmacology, 67, 1873–1886.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii, T., Garcia-Bermejo, M. L., Bernabo, J. L., Caamano, J., Ohba, M., Kuroki, T., et al. (2000). Involvement of protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta ) in phorbol ester-induced apoptosis in lncap prostate cancer cells. Lack of proteolytic cleavage of PKC delta. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 7574–7582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuster, J. J., Sanz-Gonzalez, S. M., Moll, U. M., & Andres, V. (2007). Classic and novel roles of p53: Prospects for anticancer therapy. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 13, 192–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galvez, A. S., Duran, A., Linares, J. F., Pathrose, P., Castilla, E. A., Abu-Baker, S., et al. (2009). Protein kinase C zeta represses the interleukin-6 promoter and impairs tumorigenesis in vivo. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 29, 104–115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garin, G., Abe, J., Mohan, A., Lu, W., Yan, C., Newby, A. C., et al. (2007). Flow antagonizes TNF-alpha signaling in endothelial cells by inhibiting caspase-dependent PKC zeta processing. Circulation Research, 101, 97–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gartsbein, M., Alt, A., Hashimoto, K., Nakajima, K., Kuroki, T., & Tennenbaum, T. (2006). The role of protein kinase C delta activation and STAT3 ser727 phosphorylation in insulin-induced keratinocyte proliferation. Journal of Cell Science, 119, 470–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gavrielides, M. V., Frijhoff, A. F., Conti, C. J., & Kazanietz, M. G. (2004). Protein kinase C and prostate carcinogenesis: Targeting the cell cycle and apoptotic mechanisms. Current Drug Targets, 5, 431–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelinas, C., & White, E. (2005). BH3-only proteins in control: Specificity regulates mcl-1 and bak-mediated apoptosis. Genes and Development, 19, 1263–1268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghayur, T., Hugunin, M., Talanian, R. V., Ratnofsky, S., Quinlan, C., Emoto, Y., et al. (1996). Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C delta by an ice/ced 3-like protease induces characteristics of apoptosis. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 184, 2399–2404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilhooly, E. M., Morse-Gaudio, M., Bianchi, L., Reinhart, L., Rose, D. P., Connolly, J. M., et al. (2001). Loss of expression of protein kinase C beta is a common phenomenon in human malignant melanoma: A result of transformation or differentiation? Melanoma Research, 11, 355–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gokmen-Polar, Y., Murray, N. R., Velasco, M. A., Gatalica, Z., & Fields, A. P. (2001). Elevated protein kinase C beta II is an early promotive event in colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Research, 61, 1375–1381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Angelats, M., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2001). Protein kinase C regulates Fadd recruitment and death-inducing signaling complex formation in Fas/cd95-induced apoptosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 44944–44952.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gozuacik, D., & Kimchi, A. (2007). Autophagy and cell death. Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 78, 217–245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griner, E. M., & Kazanietz, M. G. (2007). Protein kinase C and other diacylglycerol effectors in cancer. Nature Reviews. Cancer, 7, 281–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossoni, V., Falbo, K., Kazanietz, M., de Kier Joffé, E., & Urtreger, A. (2007). Protein kinase C delta enhances proliferation and survival of murine mammary cells. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 46, 381–390.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guan, L., Song, K., Pysz, M. A., Curry, K. J., Hizli, A. A., Danielpour, D., et al. (2007). Protein kinase C-mediated down-regulation of cyclin D1 involves activation of the translational repressor 4e-BP1 via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT-independent, protein phosphatase 2a-dependent mechanism in intestinal epithelial cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 14213–14225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, K., Li, Y., Kang, X., Sun, L., Cui, J., Gao, D., et al. (2009). Role of PKC beta in hepatocellular carcinoma cells migration and invasion in vitro: A potential therapeutic target. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 26, 189–195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutcher, I., Webb, P. R., & Anderson, N. G. (2003). The isoform-specific regulation of apoptosis by protein kinase C. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 60, 1061–1070.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haimovitz-Friedman, A., Balaban, N., McLoughlin, M., Ehleiter, D., Michaeli, J., Vlodavsky, I., et al. (1994). Protein kinase C mediates basic fibroblast growth factor protection of endothelial cells against radiation-induced apoptosis. Cancer Research, 54, 2591–2597.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell, 100, 57–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, N., Hughes, M. A., Farrow, S. N., Cohen, G. M., & MacFarlane, M. (2003). Protein kinase C modulates tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing aigand-induced apoptosis by targeting the apical events of death receptor signaling. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 44338–44347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haughian, J. M., Jackson, T. A., Koterwas, D. M., & Bradford, A. P. (2006). Endometrial cancer cell survival and apoptosis is regulated by protein kinase C alpha and delta. Endocrine Related Cancer, 13, 1251–1267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, T., & Faustman, D. L. (2003). Role of defective apoptosis in type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 58, 131–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helton, S., & Chen, X. (2007). P53 modulation of the DNA damage response. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 100, 883–896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrant, M., Liuciano, F., Loubat, A., & Auberger, P. (2002). The protective effect of phorbol esters on Fas-mediated apoptosis in T cells. Transcriptional and postranscriptional regulation. Oncogene, 21, 4957–4968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hizli, A. A., Black, A. R., Pysz, M. A., & Black, J. D. (2006). Protein kinase C alpha signaling inhibits cyclin D1 translation in intestinal epithelial cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 14596–14603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horvitz, H. R. (2003). Nobel lecture. Worms, life and death. Bioscience Reports, 23, 239–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, D. C., & Strasser, A. (2000). BH3-only proteins-essential initiators of apoptotic cell death. Cell, 103, 839–842.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphries, M. J., Limesand, K. H., Schneider, J. C., Nakayama, K. I., Anderson, S. M., & Reyland, M. E. (2006). Suppression of apoptosis in the protein kinase C delta null mouse in vivo. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 9728–9737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphries, M. J., Ohm, A. M., Schaack, J., Adwan, T. S., & Reyland, M. E. (2008). Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates nuclear translocation of PKC delta. Oncogene, 27, 3045–3053.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ionov, Y., Yamamoto, H., Krajewski, S., Reed, J. C. & Perucho, M. (2000). Mutational inactivation of the proapoptotic gene bax confers selective advantage during tumor clonal evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 97, 10872–10877.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ito, Y., Mishra, N., Yoshida, K., Kharbanda, S., Saxena, S., & Kufe, D. (2001). Mitochondrial targeting of JNK/SAPK in the phorbol ester response of myeloid leukemia cells. Oncogene, 8, 794–800.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, D. N., & Foster, D. A. (2004). The enigmatic protein kinase C delta: Complex roles in cell proliferation and survival. FASEB Journal, 18, 627–636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, L., Carpenter, L., Biden, T. J., & Fields, A. P. (1999). Protein kinase C iota activity is necessary for bcr-abl-mediated resistance to drug-induced apoptosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 3927–3930.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, A. P., Verwiebe, E. G., Dreckschmidt, N. E., Wheeler, D. L., Oberley, T. D., & Verma, A. K. (2001). Protein kinase C-epsilon transgenic mice: A unique model for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Research, 61, 808–812.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, X. H., Tu, S. P., Cui, J. T., Lin, M. C., Xia, H. H., Wong, W. M., et al. (2004). Antisense targeting protein kinase C alpha and beta1 inhibits gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Research, 64, 5787–5794.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiffar, T., Kurinna, S., Suck, G., Carlson-Bremer, D., Ricciardi, M. R., Konopleva, M., et al. (2004). PKC alpha mediates chemoresistance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia through effects on bcl2 phosphorylation. Leukemia, 18, 505–512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C. L., Lu, D., Huang, J., & Basu, A. (2002). Regulation of p53 stabilization by DNA damage and protein kinase C. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 1, 861–867.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone, R., Ruefli, A., & Lowe, S. (2002). Apoptosis: A link between cancer genetics and chemotherapy. Cell, 108, 135–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, K., Skrede, M., Cruciani, V., Mikalsen, S. O., Slipicevic, A., & Florenes, V. A. (2005). Phorbol ester phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate promotes anchorage-independent growth and survival of melanomas through MEK-independent activation of ERK1/2. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 329, 266–274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, J., Fernandez-Marcos, P. J., Galvez, A., Amanchy, R., Linares, J. F., Duran, A., et al. (2008). Par-4 inhibits AKT and suppresses ras-induced lung tumorigenesis. EMBO Journal, 27, 2181–2193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahl-Rainer, P., Karner-Hanusch, J., Weiss, W., & Marian, B. (1994). Five of six protein kinase C isoenzymes present in normal mucosa show reduced protein levels during tumor development in the human colon. Carcinogenesis, 15, 779–782.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamimura, K., Hojo, H., & Abe, M. (2004). Characterization of expression of protein kinase C isozymes in human b-cell lymphoma: Relationship between its expression and prognosis. Pathology International, 54, 224–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerfoot, C., Huang, W., & Rotenberg, S. A. (2004). Immunohistochemical analysis of advanced human breast carcinomas reveals downregulation of protein kinase C alpha. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 52, 419–422.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, J. F. R. (1971). Shrinkage necrosis: A distinct mode of cellular death. Journal Pathology, 105, 13–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, J. F. R. (2002). History of the events leading to the formulation of the apoptosis concept. Toxicology, 181, 471–474.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, J. F. R., & Searle, J. (1972). Digestion of cellular fragments within the phagolysosoes in carcinoma cells. Journal of Pathology, 108, 55–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, J. F. R., Wyllie, A. H., & Currie, A. R. (1972) Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. British Journal of Cancer, 26, 239–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keshamouni, V. G., Mattingly, R. R., & Reddy, K. B. (2002). Mechanism of 17-beta-estradiol-induced ERK1/2 activation in breast cancer cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 22558–22565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kharbanda, S., Pandey, P., Jin, S., Inoue, S., Bharti, A., Yuan, Z.-M., et al. (1997). Functional interaction between DNA-PK and c-abl in response to DNA damage. Nature, 386, 732–735.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiley, S. C., Clark, K. J., Duddy, S., Welch, D., & Jaken, S. (1999). Increased protein kinase C delta in mammary tumor cells: Relationship to transformation and metastatic progression. Oncogene, 18, 6748–6757.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiley, S. C., Clark, K. J., Goodnough, M., Welch, D. R., & Jaken, S. (1999). Protein kinase C delta involvement in mammary tumor cell metastasis. Cancer Research, 59, 3230–3238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilpatrick, L. E., Lee, J. Y., Haines, K. M., Campbell, D. E., Sullivan, K. E., & Korchak, H. M. (2002). A role for PKC-delta and PI 3-kinase in TNF-alpha-mediated antiapoptotic signaling in the human neutrophil. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology, 283, C48–C57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, G.-Y., Mercer, S. E., Ewton, D. Z., Yan, Z., Jin, K., & Friedman, E. (2002). The stress-activated protein kinases p38alpha and JNK1 stabilize p21cip1 by phosphorylation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 29792–29802.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knauf, J. A., Elisei, R., Mochly-Rosen, D., Liron, T., Chen, X.-N., Gonsky, R., et al. (1999). Involvement of protein kinase C epsilon in thyroid cell death. A truncated chimeric PKC epsilon cloned from a thyroid cancer cell line protects thyroid cells from apoptosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 23414–23425.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koivunen, J., Aaltonen, V., Koskela, S., Lehenkari, P., Laato, M., & Peltonen, J. (2004). Protein kinase C alpha/beta inhibitor GO6976 promotes formation of cell junctions and inhibits invasion of urinary bladder carcinoma cells. Cancer Research, 64, 5693–5701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koivunen, J., Aaltonen, V., & Peltonen, J. (2006). Protein kinase C (PKC) family in cancer progression. Cancer Letters, 235, 1–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolch, W., Heidecker, G., Kochs, G., Hummel, R., Vahidi, H., Mischak, H., et al. (1993). Protein kinase C alpha activates raf-1 by direct phosphorylation. Nature, 364, 249–252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konishi, H., Tanaka, M., Takemura, Y., Hiderori, H., Ono, Y., Kikkawa, U., et al. (1997). Activation of protein kinase C by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to H2O2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 94, 11233–11237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinidou, A., Korkolopoulou, P., & Patsouris, E. (2002). Apoptotic markers for tumor recurrence:A minireview. Apoptosis, 7, 461–470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koren, R., Ben Meir, D., Langzam, L., Dekel, Y., Konichezky, M., Baniel, J., et al. (2004). Expression of protein kinase C isoenzymes in benign hyperplasia and carcinoma of prostate. Oncology Reports, 11, 321–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koren, R., Langzam, L., Paz, A., Livne, P. M., Gal, R., & Sampson, S. R. (2000). Protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes immunohistochemistry in lymph node revealing solution-fixed, paraffin-embedded bladder tumors. Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology, 8, 166–171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koriyama, H., Kouchi, Z., Umeda, T., Saido, T. C., Momoi, T., Ishiura, S., et al. (1999). Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C delta and epsilon by caspase-3 in U937 cells during chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis. Cellular Signalling, 11, 831–838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krasagakis, K., Lindschau, C., Fimmel, S., Eberle, J., Quass, P., Haller, H., et al. (2004). Proliferation of human melanoma cells is under tight control of protein kinase C alpha. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 199, 381–387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroemer, G. (1997). The proto-oncogene bcl-2 and its role in regulating apoptosis. Nature Medicine, 3, 614–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuwana, T., & Newmeyer, D. D. (2003). Bcl-2-family proteins and the role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 15, 691–699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahn, M., Kohler, G., Sundell, K., Su, C., Li, S., Paterson, B. M., et al, (2004). Protein kinase C alpha expression in breast and ovarian cancer. Oncology, 67, 1–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langzam, L., Koren, R., Gal, R., Kugel, V., Paz, A., Farkas, A., et al. (2001). Patterns of protein kinase C isoenzyme expression in transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. Relation to degree of malignancy. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 116, 377–385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laudanna, C., Sorio, C., Tecchio, C., Butcher, E. C., Bonora, A., Bassi, C., et al. (2003). Motility analysis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells reveals a role for the atypical zeta isoform of protein kinase C in cancer cell movement. Laboratory Investigation, 83, 1155–1163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le, X. F., Marcelli, M., McWatters, A., Nan, B., Mills, G. B., O’Brian, C. A., et al. (2001). Heregulin-induced apoptosis is mediated by down-regulation of bcl-2 and activation of caspase-7 and is potentiated by impairment of protein kinase C alpha activity. Oncogene, 20, 8258–8269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S., & Pervaiz, S. (2007). Apoptosis in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 39, 497–504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leitges, M., Gimborn, K., Elis, W., Kalesnikoff, J., Hughes, M. R., Krystal, G., et al. (2002). Protein kinase C-delta is a negative regulator of antigen-induced mast cell degranulation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 22, 3970–3980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leitges, M., Mayr, M., Braun, U., Mayr, U., Li, C., Pfister, G., et al. (2001). Exacerbated vein graft arteriosclerosis in protein kinase C delta-null mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 108, 1505–1512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leitges, M., Sanz, L., Martin, P., Duran, A., Braun, U., Garcia, J. F., et al. (2001). Targeted disruption of the zeta PKC gene results in the impairment of the NF-κB pathway. Molecular Cell, 8, 771–780.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leroy, I., de Thonel, A., Laurent, G., & Quillet-Mary, A. (2005). Protein kinase C zeta associates with death inducing signaling complex and regulates fas ligand-induced apoptosis. Cellular Signalling, 17, 1149–1157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, B., Sinha, S., & Kroemer, G. (2008). Bcl-2 family members: Dual regulators of apoptosis and autophagy. Autophagy, 4, 600–606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W., Jiang, Y.-X., Zhang, J., Soon, L., Flechner, L., Kapoor, V., et al. (1998). Protein kinase C-delta is an important signaling molecule in insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor-mediated cell transformation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 18, 5888–5898.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., Sampat, K., Hu, N., Zakari, J., & Yuspa, S. H. (2006). Protein kinase C negatively regulates AKT activity and modifies uvc-induced apoptosis in mouse keratinocytes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 3237–3243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., & Weinstein, I. B. (2006). Protein kinase C beta enhances growth and expression of cyclin D1 in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Research, 66, 11399–11408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., & Yuan, J. (2008). Caspases in apoptosis and beyond. Oncogene, 27, 6194–6206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W., Jiang, Y.-X., Zhang, J., Soon, L., Flechner, L., Kapoor, V., et al. (1998). Protein kinase C-delta is an important signaling molecule in insulin-like growth factor receptor-mediated cell transformation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 18, 5888–5898.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liadis, N., Murakami, K., Eweida, M., Elford, A. R., Sheu, L., Gaisano, H. Y., et al. (2005). Caspase-3-dependent beta-cell apoptosis in the initiation of autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 25, 3620–3629.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao, L., Ramsay, K., & Jaken, S. (1994). Protein kinase C isozymes in progressively transformed rat embryo fibroblasts. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 5, 1185–1194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, D., & Takemoto, D., J. (2005). Oxidative activation of protein kianse C gamma through the c1 domain. Effects on gap junctions. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 13682–13693.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, D., Shanks, D., Prakash, O., & Takemoto, D. J. (2007). Protein kinase C gamma mutations in the c1b domain cause caspase-3-linked apoptosis in lens epithelial cells through gap junctions. Experimental Eye Research, 85, 113–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Zhang, H. Y., Zhu, X., Shao, Z., & Yao, Z. (2002). Preconditioning blocks cardiocyte apoptosis: Role of K(ATP) channels and PKC-epsilon. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 282, H1380–H1386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Lu, Z.-G., Miki, Y. & Yoshida, K. (2007). Protein kinase C delta induces transcription of the tp53 tumor suppressor gene by controlling death-promoting factor btf in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 27, 8480–8491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., Su, W., Thompson, E. A., Leitges, M., Murray, N. R., & Fields, A. P. (2004). Protein kinase C betaII regulates its own expression in rat intestinal epithelial cells and the colonic epithelium in vivo. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 45556–45563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., Wang, B., Wang, J., Wan, W., Sun, R., & Zhao, Y., et al. (2009). Down-regulation of pkczeta expression inhibits chemotaxis signal transduction in human lung cancer cells. Lung Cancer, 63, 210–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lomonaco, S. L., Kahana, S., Blass, M., Brody, Y., Okhrimenko, H., Xiang, C., et al. (2008). Phosphorylation of protein kinase c{delta} on distinct tyrosine residues induces sustained activation of erk1/2 via down-regulation of mkp-1: Role in the apoptotic effect of etoposide. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283, 17731–17739.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Z., Hornia, A., Jiang, Y.-W., Zang, Q., Ohno, S. & Foster, D. (1997). Tumor promotion by depleting cells of protein kinase C delta. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 17, 3418–3428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, S., & Rosen, S. T. (2007). Enzastaurin. Current Opinion in Oncology, 19, 590–595.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane, D., & Manzel, L. (1994). Activation of beta-isozyme of protein kinase C (pkc beta) is necessary and sufficient for phorbol ester-induced differentiation of hl-60 promyelocytes. Studies with pkc beta-defective pet mutant. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 4327–23484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, H. J., & Twelves, C. J. (2003). Protein kinase C: A target for anticancer drugs? Endocrine-Related Cancer, 10, 389–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majewski, M., Nieborowska-Skorska, M., Salomoni, P., Slupianek, A., Reiss, K., Trotta, R., et al. (1999). Activation of mitochondrial raf-1 is involved in the antiapoptotic effects of AKT. Cancer Research, 59, 2815–2819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majumder, P., Mishra, N., Sun, X., Bharti, A., Kharbanda, S., Saxena, S., et al. (2001). Targeting of protein kinase C delta to mitochondria in the oxidative stress response. Cell Death and Differentiation, 12, 465–470.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majumder, P. K., Pandey, P., Sun, X., Cheng, K., Datta, R., Saxena, S., et al. (2000). Mitochondrial translocation of protein kinase C delta in phorbol ester-induced cytochrome c release and apoptosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 21793–21796.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandil, R., Ashkenazi, E., Blass, M., Kronfeld, I., Kazimirsky, G., Rosenthal, G., et al. (2001). Protein kinase C alpha and protein kinase C delta play opposite roles in the proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells. Cancer Research, 61, 4612–4619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mao, M., Fang, X., Lu, Y., Lapushin, R., Bast, R. C., Jr., & Mills, G. B. (2000). Inhibition of growth-factor-induced phosphorylation and activation of protein kinase b/akt by atypical protein kinase C in breast cancer cells. The Biochemistry Journal, 352 (Pt 2), 475–482.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martiny-Baron, G., & Fabbro, D. (2007). Classical PKC isoforms in cancer. Pharmacological Research, 55, 477–486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masur, K., Lang, K., Niggemann, B., Zanker, K. S., & Entschladen, F. (2001). High pkc alpha and low e-cadherin expression contribute to high migratory activity of colon carcinoma cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 12, 1973–1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matassa, A., Carpenter, L., Biden, T., Humphries, M. & Reyland, M. (2001). PKC delta is required for mitochondrial dependent apoptosis in salivary epithelial cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 29719–29728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matassa, A. A., Kalkofen, R. L., Carpenter, L., Biden, T. J., & Reyland, M. E. (2003). Inhibition of pkcalpha induces a pkcdelta-dependent apoptotic program in salivary epithelial cells. Cell Death and Differentiation, 10, 269–277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayne, G. C. & Murray, A. W. (1998). Evidence that protein kinase cepsilon mediates phorbol ester inhibition of calphostin c- and tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis in u937 histiocytic lymphoma cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 24115–24121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzoni, E., Adam, A., Bal de Kier Joffe, E., & Aguirre-Ghiso, J. A. (2003). Immortalized mammary epithelial cells overexpressing protein kinase C gamma acquire a malignant phenotype and become tumorigenic in vivo. Molecular Cancer Research, 1, 776–787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McJilton M. A., Wescott, G.G., Wu, D., Foreman, T. L., Gregory, C. W., Weidner, D. A., et al. (2003). Protein kinase C epsilon interacts with bax and promotes survival of human prostate cancer cells. Oncogene, 22, 7958–7968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKiernan, E., O’Brien, K., Grebenchtchikov, N., Geurts-Moespot, A., Sieuwerts, A., Martens, J., et al. (2008). Protein kinase C expression in breast cancer as measured by real-time PCR, western blotting and ELISA. British Journal of Cancer, 99, 1644–1650.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mecklenbrauker, I., Kalled, S. L., Leitges, M., Mackay, F., & Tarakhovsky, A. (2004). Regulation of B-cell survival by baff-dependent PKC delta-mediated nuclear signaling. Nature, 431, 456–461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metzstein, M., Stanfield, G., & Horvitz, H. (1998). Genetics of programmed cell death in c. Elegans: Past, present and future. Trends in Genetics, 14, 410–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mingo-Sion, A. M., Ferguson, H. A., Koller, E., Reyland, M. E., & Van Den Berg, C. L. (2005). PKC delta and mTOR interact to regulate stress and IGF-1 induced IRS-1 ser312 phosphorylation in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 91, 259–269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mischak, H., Goodnight, J. A., Kolch, W., Martiny-Baron, G., Schaechtle, C., Kazanietz, M. G., et al. (1993). Overexpression of protein kinase C-delta and -epsilon in NIH 3T3 cells induces opposite effects on growth, morphology, anchorage dependence, and tumorigenicity. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 6090–6096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, A., Nakayama, K., Imaki, H., Hirose, S., Jiang, Y., Abe, M., et al. (2002). Increased proliferation of B cells and auto-immunity in mice lacking protein kinase C delta. Nature, 416, 865–869.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morse-Gaudio, M., Connolly, J. M., & Rose, D. P. (1998). Protein kinase C and its isoforms in human breast cancer cells: Relationship to the invasive phenotype. International Journal of Oncology, 12, 1349–1354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moscat, J., & Diaz-Meco, M. T. (2000). The atypical protein kinase C’s. Functional specificity mediated by specific protein adapters. EMBO Reports, 1, 399–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, N. R., Davidson, L. A., Chapkin, R. S., Clay Gustafson, W., Schattenberg, D. G., & Fields, A. P. (1999). Overexpression of protein kinase C betaII induces colonic hyperproliferation and increased sensitivity to colon carcinogenesis. The Journal of Cell Biology, 145, 699–711.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, N. R., & Fields, A. P. (1997). Atypical protein kinase C iota protects human leukemia cells against drug-induced apoptosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 27521–27524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murriel, C. L., Churchill, E., Inagaki, K., Szweda, L. I., & Mochly-Rosen, D. (2004). Protein kinase C delta activation induces apoptosis in response to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion damage: A mechanism involving bad and the mitochondria. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 47985–47991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mustafi, R., Cerda, S., Chumsangsri, A., Fichera, A., & Bissonnette, M. (2006). Protein kinase-zeta inhibits collagen i-dependent and anchorage-independent growth and enhances apoptosis of human Caco-2 cells. Molecular Cancer Research, 4, 683–694.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata, S. (2006). Apoptosis and autoimmune diseases. IUBMB Life, 58, 358–362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neill, G. W., Ghali, L. R., Green, J. L., Ikram, M. S., Philpott, M. P., & Quinn, A. G. (2003). Loss of protein kinase C alpha expression may enhance the tumorigenic potential of gli1 in basal cell carcinoma. Cancer Research, 63, 4692–4697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, T., Shima, D., Squire, A., Bastiaens, P. I., Gschmeissner, S., Humphries, M. J., et al. (1999). Pkcalpha regulates beta1 integrin-dependent cell motility through association and control of integrin traffic. EMBO Journal, 18, 3909–3923.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, G. (2002). Protein kinase c-alpha and erk1/2 mediate mitochondrial dysfunction, decreases in active na+ transport, and cisplatin-induced apoptosis in renal cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 43377–43388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okhrimenko, H., Lu, W., Xiang, C., Hamburger, N., Kazimirsky, G., & Brodie, C. (2005a). Protein kinase c-epsilon regulates the apoptosis and survival of glioma cells. Cancer Research, 65, 7301–7309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okhrimenko, H., Lu, W., Xiang, C., Ju, D., Blumberg, P. M., Gomel, R., et al. (2005b). Roles of tyrosine phosphorylation and cleavage of protein kinase c{delta} in its protective effect against tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand-induced apoptosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 23643–23652.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliva, J. L., Caino, M. C., Senderowicz, A. M., & Kazanietz, M. G. (2008). S-phase-specific activation of pkcalpha induces senescence in non-small cell lung cancer cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283, 5466–5476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oster, H., & Leitges, M. (2006). Protein kinase C alpha but not PKC zeta suppresses intestinal tumor formation in ApcMin/+ mice. Cancer Research, 66, 6955–6963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, M., & Adams, J. C. (2008). Rac regulates the interaction of fascin with protein kinase C in cell migration. Journal of Cell Science, 121, 2805–2813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, M., Keppler, M. D., Kline, A., Messent, A., Humphries, M. J., Gilchrist, R., et al. (2002). Site-directed perturbation of protein kinase c-integrin interaction blocks carcinoma cell chemotaxis. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 22, 5897–5911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Partovian, C., & Simons, M. (2004). Regulation of protein kinase B/AKT activity and ser473 phosphorylation by protein kinase C alpha in endothelial cells. Cellular Signalling, 16, 951–957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, R., Win, H., Desai, S., Patel, K., Matthews, J. A., & Acevedo-Duncan, M. (2008). Involvement of PKC-iota in glioma proliferation. Cell Proliferation, 41, 122–135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peluso, J. J., Pappalardo, A., & Fernandez, G. (2001). Basic fibroblast growth factor maintains calcium homeostasis and granulosa cell viability by stimulating calcium efflux via a PKCdelta-dependent pathway. Endocrinology, 142, 4203–4211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perletti, G. P., Concari, P., Brusaferri, S., Marras, E., Piccinini, F., & Tashjian, A. H. (1998). Protein kinase C epsilon is oncogenic in colon epithelial cells by interaction with the ras signal transduction pathway. Oncogene, 16, 3345–3348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pietsch, E., Sykes, S., McMahon, S., & Murphy, M. (2008). The p53 family and programmed cell death. Oncogene, 27, 6507–6521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piiper, A., Elez, R., You, S.-J., Kronenberger, B., Loitsch, S., & Roche, S., et al. (2003). Cholecystokinin stimulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase through activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, yes, and protein kinase c. Signal amplification at the level of raf by activation of protein kinase C epsilon. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 7065–7072.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plo, I., Hernandez, H., Kohlhagen, G., Lautier, D., Pommier, Y., & Laurent, G. (2002). Overexpression of the atypical protein kinase C zeta reduces topoisomerase II catalytic activity, cleavable complexes formation, and drug-induced cytotoxicity in monocytic u937 leukemia cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 31407–31415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podar, K., Tai, Y. T., Lin, B. K., Narsimhan, R. P., Sattler, M., Kijima, T., et al. (2002). Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced migration of multiple myeloma cells is associated with beta 1 integrin- and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent PKC alpha activation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 7875–7881.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, C. T., Brittis, N. J., Stec, D., Hug, H., Heston, W. D., & Fair, W. R. (1996). Persistent membrane translocation of protein kinase C alpha during 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced apoptosis of lncap human prostate cancer cells. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 7, 419–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prevostel, C., Martin, A., Alvaro, V., Jaffiol, C., & Joubert, D. (1997). Protein kinase C alpha and tumorigenesis of the endocrine gland. Hormone Research, 47, 140–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rampino, N., Yamamoto, H., Ionov, Y., Li, Y., Sawai, H., Reed, J. C., et al. (1997). Somatic frameshift mutations in the bax gene in colon cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Science, 275, 967–969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranger, A. M., Malynn, B. A., & Korsmeyer, S. J. (2001). Mouse models of cell death. Nature Genetics, 28, 113–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regala, R. P., Thompson, E. A., & Fields, A. P. (2008). Atypical protein kinase C iota expression and aurothiomalate sensitivity in human lung cancer cells. Cancer Research, 68, 5888–5895.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regala, R. P., Weems, C., Jamieson, L., Khoor, A., Edell, E. S., Lohse, C. M., et al. (2005). Atypical protein kinase C iota is an oncogene in human non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Research, 65, 8905–8911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reno, E. M., Haughian, J. M., Dimitrova, I. K., Jackson, T. A., Shroyer, K. R., & Bradford, A. P. (2008). Analysis of protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) expression in endometrial tumors. Human Pathology, 39, 21–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reyland, M. E. (2007). In R. Srivastava (Ed.), PKC and apoptosis. Apoptosis, cell signaling, and human disease: Molecular mechanisms. (Vol, 2: 31–55). Totowa, NJ: Humana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyland, M. E., Anderson, S. M., Matassa, A. A., Barzen, K. A., & Quissell, D. O. (1999b). Protein kinase C delta is essential for etoposide-induced apoptosis in salivary gland acinar cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 19115–19123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reyland, M., Barzen, K., Anderson, S., Quissell, D., & Matassa, A. (2000). Activation of pkc is sufficient to induce an apoptotic program in salivary gland acinar cells. Cell Death and Differentiation, 7, 1200–1209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riedl, S. J., & Shi, Y. (2004). Molecular mechanisms of caspase regulation during apoptosis. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 9, 897–907.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, T., Sontag, E., Chen, P., & Levine, A. (2008). Transcriptional control of human p53-regulated genes. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 9, 402–412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riobo, N. A., Haines, G. M., & Emerson, C. P., Jr. (2006). Protein kinase C-{delta} and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 control gli activation in hedgehog signaling. Cancer Research, 66, 839–845.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C., Loveday, R., Drew, P., & Greenman, J. (2002). Molecular prognostic indicators in breast cancer. European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 28, 467–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruvolo, P. P., Deng, X., Carr, B. K., & May, W. S. (1998). A functional role for mitochondrial protein kinase calpha in bcl2 phosphorylation and suppression of apoptosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 25436–25442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryer, E. J., Sakakibara, K., Wang, C., Sarkar, D., Fisher, P. B., Faries, P. L., et al. (2005). Protein kinase C delta induces apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells through induction of the tumor suppressor p53 by both p38-dependent and p38-independent mechanisms. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 35310–35317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santiago-Walker, A. E., Fikaris, A. J., Kao, G. D., Brown, E. J., Kazanietz, M. G. & Meinkoth, J. L. (2005). Protein kinase C delta stimulates apoptosis by initiating G1 phase cell cycle progression and S phase arrest. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 32107–32114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarker, M., Ruiz-Ruiz, C., & López-Rivas, A. (2001). Activation of protein kinase C inhibits trail-induced caspases activation, mitochondrial events and apoptosis in a human leukemic t cell line. Cell Death and Differentiation, 2, 172–181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauma, S., Yan, Z., Ohno, S., & Friedman, E. (1996). Protein kinase C beta 1 and protein kinase C beta 2 activate p57 mitogen-activated protein kinase and block differentiation in colon carcinoma cells. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 7, 587–594.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, G. K., Jiang, J., Kelsen, D., & Albino, A. P. (1993). Protein kinase C: A novel target for inhibiting gastric cancer cell invasion. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 85, 402–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shankar, E., Sivaprasad, U., & Basu, A. (2008). Protein kinase C epsilon confers resistance of mcf-7 cells to trail by akt-dependent activation of hdm2 and downregulation of p53. Oncogene, 27, 3957–3966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shanmugam, M., Krett, N. L., Maizels, E. T., Murad, F. M., Rosen, S. T., & Hunzicker-Dunn, M. (2001). A role for protein kinase C delta in the differential sensitivity of MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cells to phorbol ester-induced growth arrest and p21waf1/cip1 induction. Cancer Letters, 172, 43–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharif, T., & Sharif, M. (1999). Overexpression of protein kinase C epsilon in astroglial brain tumor derived cell lines and primary tumor samples. International Journal of Oncology, 15, 237–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, C., & Martin, S. (2008). Commitment in apoptosis: Slightly dead but mostly alive. Trends in Cell Biology, 18, 353–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, M.-A., Liu, M.-L., Knudson, M. C., Shibata, E., Yoshidome, K., Bandey, T., et al. (1999). Haploid loss of bax leads to accelerated mammary tumor development in Cc3(1)/SV40-TAg transgenic mice: Reduction in protective apoptotic response at the preneoplastic stage. EMBO Journal, 18, 2692–2701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sitailo, L. A., Tibudan, S. S., & Denning, M. F. (2004). Bax activation and induction of apoptosis in human keratinocytes by the protein kinase C delta catalytic domain. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 123, 434–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sitailo, L. A., Tibudan, S. S., & Denning, M. F. (2006). The protein kinase C delta catalytic fragment targets mcl-1 for degradation to trigger apoptosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 29703–29710.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sivaprasad, U., Shankar, E., & Basu, A. (2006). Downregulation of Bid is associated with PKC epsilon-mediated trail resistance. Cell Death and Differentiation, 14, 851–860.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, D., English, D., Lyons, D., & Lloyd, F.P. Jr. (2002). Protein kinase C induces motility of breast cancers by upregulating secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator through activation of AP-1 and NF-kappaB. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 11, 552–557.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slosberg, E. D., Klein, M. G., Yao, Y., Han, E. K., Schieren, I., & Weinstein, I. B. (1999). The alpha isoform of protein kinase c mediates phorbol ester-induced growth inhibition and p21cip1 induction in HC11 mammary epithelial cells. Oncogene 18, 6658–6666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L., Chen, L., Reyland, M. E., DeVries, T. A., Talanian, R. V., Omura, S., et al. (2000). Activation of atypical protein kinase C zeta by caspase processing and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 40620–40627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L., Wang, Z., & Smith, J. B. (2003). Caspase processing activates atypical protein kinase C zeta by relieving autoinhibition and destabilizes the protein. Biochemical Journal, 375, 663–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soh, J. W., & Weinstein, I. B. (2003). Roles of specific isoforms of protein kinase C in the transcriptional control of cyclin d1 and related genes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 34709–34716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, R., Harari, O. A., Lidington, E. A., Boyle, J. J., Nohadani, M., Samarel, A. M., et al. (2007). A protein kinase C epsilon-anti-apoptotic kinase signaling complex protects human vascular endothelial cells against apoptosis through induction of bcl-2. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 32288–32297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephanou, A., Scarabelli, T. M., Townsend, P. A., Bell, R., Yellon, D., Knight, R. A., et al. (2002). The carboxy-terminal activation domain of the stat-1 transcription enhances ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. FASEB Journal, 16, 1841–1843.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su, T. T., Guo, B., Kawakami, Y., Sommer, K., Chae, K., Humphries, L. A., et al. (2002). PKC-beta controls I kappa B kinase lipid raft recruitment and activation in response to bcr signaling. Nature Immunology, 3, 780–786.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sulston, J. E., & Horvitz, H. R. (1977). Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode, caenorhabditis elegans. Developmental Biology, 56, 110–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, R., Gao, P., Chen, L., Ma, D., Wang, J., Oppenheim, J. J., et al. (2005). Protein kinase C zeta is required for epidermal growth factor-induced chemotaxis of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Research, 65, 1433–1441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X., Wu, F., Datta, R., Kharbanda, S., & Kufe, D. (2000). Interaction between protein kinase C delta and the c-abl tyrosine kinase in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 7470–7473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svensson, K., Zeidman, R., Troller, U., Schultz, A., & Larsson, C. (2000). Protein kinase C beta1 is implicated in the regulation of neuroblastoma cell growth and proliferation. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 11, 641–648.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tachado, S., Mayhew, M., Wescott, G., Foreman, T., Goodwin, C., McJilton, M., et al. (2002). Regulation of tumor invasion and metastasis in protein kinase C epsilon-transformed NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 85, 785–797.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, M., Li, P., Sun, M., Yin, G., & Yu, D. (2006). Upregulation and activation of pkc by erbb2 through src promotes breast cancer cell invasion that can be blocked by combined treatment with pkc and src inhibitors. Oncogene, 25, 3286–3295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teicher, B. A. (2006). Protein kinase C as a therapeutic target. Clinical Cancer Research, 12, 5336–5345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teicher, B. A., Menon, K., Alvarez, E., Galbreath, E., Shih, C., & Faul, M. (2001). Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of a protein kinase C beta inhibitor in human T98G glioblastoma multiforme xenografts. Clin Cancer Res, 7: 634–640.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teicher, B. A., Menon, K., Alvarez, E., Galbreath, E., Shih, C., Faul, M. M. (2001). Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of a protein kinase C beta inhibitor in murine lewis lung carcinoma and human calu-6 non-small-cell lung carcinoma xenografts. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 48, 473–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teicher, B. A., Menon, K., Alvarez, E., Shih, C., & Faul, M. M. (2002). Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of a protein kinase C beta inhibitor in human breast cancer and ovarian cancer xenografts. Investigational New Drugs, 20, 241–251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorburn, A. (2004) Death receptor-induced cell killing. Cellular Signalling, 16, 139–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tonetti, D. A., Chisamore, M. J., Grdina, W., Schurz, H., & Jordan, V. C. (2000). Stable transfection of protein kinase C alpha cDNA in hormone-dependent breast cancer cell lines. British Journal of Cancer, 83, 782–791.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toyoda, M., Gotoh, N., Handa, H., & Shibuya, M. (1998). Involvement of map kinase-independent protein kinase C signaling pathway in the EGF-induced p21(waf1/cip1) expression and growth inhibition of A431 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 250, 430–435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, J. H., Hsieh, Y. S., Kuo, S. J., Chen, S. T., Yu, S. Y., Huang, C. Y., et al. (2000). Alteration in the expression of protein kinase C isoforms in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Letters, 161, 171–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsujimoto, Y., Cossman, J., Jaffe, E., & Croce, C. M. (1985). Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science, 228, 1440–1443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ueda, Y., Hirai, S.-I., Osada, S.-I., Suzuki, A., Mizuno, K., & Ohno, S. (1996). Protein kinase C delta activates the MEK-ERK pathway in a manner independent of ras and dependent on raf. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 23512–23519.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Utz, P. J., & Anderson, P. (2000). Life and death decisions: Regulation of apoptosis by proteolysis of signaling molecules. Cell Death and Differentiation, 7, 589–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varfolomeev, E. E., Schuchmann, M., Luria, V., Chiannikulchai, N., Beckmann, J. S., Mett, I. L., et al. (1998). Targeted disruption of the mouse caspase 8 gene ablates cell death induction by the tnf receptors, fas/apo1, and dr3 and is lethal prenatally. Immunity, 9, 267–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varga, A., Czifra, G., Tallai, B., (2004). European Urology, 46, 462–465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verma, A. K., Wheeler, D. L., Aziz, M. H., & Manoharan, H. (2006). Protein kinase C epsilon and development of squamous cell carcinoma, the nonmelanoma human skin cancer. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 45, 381–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voss, O. H., Kim, S., Wewers, M. D., & Doseff, A. I. (2005). Regulation of monocyte apoptosis by the protein kinase C delta-dependent phosphorylation of caspase-3. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 17371–17379.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakino, S., Kintscher, U., Liu, Z., Kim, S., Yin, F., Ohba, M., et al. (2001). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands inhibit mitogenic induction of p21cip1 by modulating the protein kinase C delta pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 47650–47657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S., & Baker, J. (2007) The role of apoptosis in thyroid autoimmunity. Thyroid, 17, 975–979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S., & El-Deiry, W. (2003). Trail and apoptosis induction by tnf-family death receptors. Oncogene. 22, 8628–8633.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G., Silva, J., Krishnamurthy, K., Tran, E., Condie, B. G., & Bieberich, E. (2005). Direct binding to ceramide activates protein kinase C zeta before the formation of a pro-apoptotic complex with par-4 in differentiating stem cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 26415–26424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, T., Ono, Y., Taniyama, Y., Hazama, K., Igarashi, K., Ogita, K., et al. (1992). Cell division arrest induced by phorbol ester in cho cells overexpressing protein kinase C-delta subspecies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89, 10159–10163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ways, D. K., Kukoly, C. A., deVente, J., Hooker, J. L., Bryant, W. O., Posekany, K. J., et al. (1995). MCF-7 breast cancer cells transfected with protein kinase C-alpha exhibit altered expression of other protein kinase C isoforms and display a more aggressive neoplastic phenotype. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 95, 1906–1915.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weichert, W., Gekeler, V., Denkert, C., Dietel, M., & Hauptmann, S. (2003). Protein kinase C isoform expression in ovarian carcinoma correlates with indicators of poor prognosis. International Journal of Oncology, 23, 633–639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wert, M., & Palfrey, C. (2000). Divergence in the anti-apoptotic signalling pathways used by nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in PC12 cells: Rescue by bFGF involves protein kinase C delta. Biochemical Journal, 352, 175–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetsel, W. C., Khan, W. A., Merchenthaler, I., Rivera, H., Halpern, A. E., Phung, H. M., et al. (1992). Tissue and cellular distribution of the extended family of protein kinase C isoenzymes. The Journal of Cell Biology, 117, 121–133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, D. L., Martin, K. E., Ness, K. J., Li, Y., Dreckschmidt, N. E., Wartman, M., et al. (2004). Protein kinase C epsilon is an endogenous photosensitizer that enhances ultraviolet radiation-induced cutaneous damage and development of squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Research, 64, 7756–7765.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, D. L., Ness, K. J., Oberley, T. D., & Verma, A. K. (2003). Protein kinase C epsilon is linked to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha ectodomain shedding and the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in protein kinase Cepsilon transgenic mice. Cancer Research, 63, 6547–6555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whelan, R. D., & Parker, P. J. (1998). Loss of protein kinase C function induces an apoptotic response. Oncogene, 16, 1939–1944.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitman, S. P., Civoli, F., & Daniel, L. W. (1997). Protein kinase C beta II activation by 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine is antagonistic to stimulation of apoptosis and bcl-2alpha down-regulation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 23481–23484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Win, H. Y., & Acevedo-Duncan, M. (2008). Atypical protein kinase C phosphorylates IKKalphabeta in transformed non-malignant and malignant prostate cell survival. Cancer Letters, 270(2), 302–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, B., & Green, D. (1999). Suicidal tendencies: Apoptotic cell death by caspase family proteinases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 20049–20052.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, S., Erster, S., Palacios, G., & Moll, U. M. (2008). P53’s mitochondrial translocation and MOMP action is independent of puma and bax and severely disrupts mitochondrial membrane integrity. Cell Research, 18, 733–744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, D., Foreman, T. L., Gregory, C. W., McJilton, M. A., Wescott, G. G., Ford, O. H., et al. (2002). Protein kinase C epsilon has the potential to advance the recurrence of human prostate cancer. Cancer Research, 62, 2423–2429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, T., Hsieh, Y.-H., Hsieh, Y.-S., & Liu, J. (2008). Reduction of PKC alpha decreases cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of human malignant hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 103, 9–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyllie, A. H., Kerr, J. F., & Currie, A. R. (1972). Cellular events in the adrenal cortex following ACTH deprivation. Journal of Pathology, 106, Pix.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyllie, A. H., Kerr, J. F., & Currie, A. R. (1973). Cell death in the normal neonatal rat adrenal cortex. Journal of Pathology, 111, 255–261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xia, P., Aiello, L. P., Ishii, H., Jiang, Z. Y., Park, D. J., Robinson, G. S., et al. (1996). Characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor’s effect on the activation of protein kinase C, its isoforms, and endothelial cell growth. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 98, 2018–2026.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, L., Caino, M. C., von Burstin, V. A., Oliva, J. L., & Kazanietz, M. G. (2008). Phorbol ester-induced apoptosis and senescence in cancer cell models. Methods in Enzymology, 446, 123–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xin, M., Gao, F., May, W. S., Flagg, T., & Deng, X. (2007). Protein kinase czeta abrogates the proapoptotic function of bax through phosphorylation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 21268–21277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi, T., Miki, Y., & Yoshida, K. (2007). Protein kinase C delta activates IkappaB-kinase alpha to induce the p53 tumor suppressor in response to oxidative stress. Cellular Signalling, 19, 2088–2097.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, L., Bennani-Baiti, N., & Powell, C. T. (2005). Phorbol ester-induced apoptosis of C4–2 cells requires both a unique and a redundant protein kinase C signaling pathway. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 280, 5533–5541.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, J. Q., Gao, J., Shao, R., Tian, W. N., Wang, J., & Wan, Y. (2003). SiRNA agents inhibit oncogene expression and attenuate human tumor cell growth. Journal of Experimental Therapeutics & Oncology, 3, 194–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yip, K., & Reed, J. (2008). Bcl-2 family proteins and cancer. Oncogene, 27, 6398–6406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yonekawa, H., & Akita, Y. (2008). Protein kinase C epsilon: The mitochondria-mediated signaling pathway. FEBS Journal, 275, 4005–4013.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, K. (2007). PKC delta signaling: Mechanisms of DNA damage response and apoptosis. Cellular Signalling, 19, 892–901.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, K., Liu, H., & Miki, Y. (2006). Protein kinase C delta regulates ser46 phosphorylation of p53 tumor suppressor in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 5734–5740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, K., Miki, Y., & Kufe, D. (2002). Activation of SAPK/JNK signaling by protein kinase C delta in response to DNA damage. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 48372–48378.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, K., Wang, H., Miki, Y. & Kufe, D. (2003). Protein kinase C delta is responsible for constitutive and DNA damage induced phosphorylation of rad9. EMBO Journal, 22, 1431–1441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshiji, H., Kuriyama, S., Ways, D. K., Yoshii, J., Miyamoto, Y., Kawata, M., et al. (1999). Protein kinase C lies on the signaling pathway for vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated tumor development and angiogenesis. Cancer Research, 59, 4413–4418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youle, R. J., & Strasser, A. (2008). The bcl-2 protein family: Opposing activities that mediate cell death. Nature Review. Molecular Cell Biology, 9, 47–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, Z.-M., Utsugisawa, T., Ishiko, T., Nakada, S., Huang, Y., Kharbanda, S., et al. (1998). Activation of protein kinase C delta by the c-abl tyrosine kinase in response to ionizing radiation. Oncogene, 16, 1643–1648.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zang, Q., Lu, Z., Curto, M., Barile, N., Shalloway, D., & Foster, D. A. (1997). Association between v-src and protein kinase C delta in v-src-transformed fibroblasts. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 13275–13280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Anastasiadis, P. Z., Liu, Y., Thompson, E. A., & Fields, A. P. (2004). Protein kinase C (PKC) betaII induces cell invasion through a ras/MEK-, PKC iota/rac 1-dependent signaling pathway. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 22118–22123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, T. S., & Flavell, R. A. (2000). Divinations and suprises: Genetic analysis of caspase function in mice. Experimental Cell Research, 256, 67–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Y., Dong, Q., Tan, B. J., Lim, W. G., Zhou, S., & Duan, W. (2005). The PKC alpha-D294G mutant found in pituitary and thyroid tumors fails to transduce extracellular signals. Cancer Research, 65, 4520–4524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang S., Demirs, J. T., & Kochevar, I. E. (2001). Protein kinase C inhibits singlet oxygen-induced apoptosis by decreasing caspase-8 activation. Oncogene, 20, 6764–6776.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mary E. Reyland .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reyland, M.E., Bradford, A.P. (2010). PKC and the Control of Apoptosis. In: Kazanietz, M. (eds) Protein Kinase C in Cancer Signaling and Therapy. Current Cancer Research. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-543-9_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-543-9_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-542-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-543-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics