Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nutritional Management of Hypertension: Cost Versus Benefit

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nutrients, Dietary Supplements, and Nutriceuticals

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

  • 2163 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. World Health Organization. The world health report: primary health care now more than ever. World Health Report 2008, p. 1–148.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo Jr JL, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289:2560–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365:217–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Franco OH, Peeters A, Bonneux L, de Laet C. Blood pressure in adulthood and life expectancy with cardiovascular disease in men and women: life course analysis. Hypertension. 2005;46:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomized trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. Br Med J. 2009;338:1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Elmer PJ, Frank FM. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006;47:296–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pimenta E, Gaddam KK, Oparil S, Aban I, Husain S, Dell’ Italia LJ, et al. Effects of dietary sodium reduction on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension: results from a randomized trial. Hypertension. 2009;54:475–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Franco OH, Bonneux L, de Laet C, Peeters A, Steyerberg EW. The polymeal: a more natural. Safer; and probably tastier (than the Polypill) strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 75%. Br Med J. 2004;329:1147–50.

    Google Scholar 

  9. MacGregor GA, Smith SJ, Markandu ND, Banks RA, Sagnella GA. Moderate potassium supplementation in essential hypertension. Lancet. 1992;2:567–70.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Mattes RD, Donnelly D. Relative contributions of dietary sodium sources. J Am Coll Nutr. 1991;10:383–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Androgue HJ. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1966–78.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cook NR, Obarzanek E, Cutler JA, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, et al. Joint effects of sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease. Arch Int Med. 2009;169(1):32–40.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kapoor R, Kapoor JR. Blood pressure reduction with potassium supplementation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1164.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Meneton P, Jeunemaitre X, de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Links between dietary salt intake, renal salt handling, blood pressure, and cardiovascular diseases. Physiol Rev. 2005;85:679–715.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Law MR, Frost CD, Wald NJ. By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? I – Analysis of observation data among populations. Br Med J. 1991;302:811–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Frost CD, Law MR, Wald NJ. By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? II – Analysis of observation data within populations. Br Med J. 1991;302:815–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004937.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). Br Med J. 2007. doi:10.1136/bmj.39147.604896.55.

  19. Siani A, Iacoviello L, Giorgione N, Iacone R, Strazzullo P. Comparison of variability of urinary sodium, potassium, and calcium free-living men. Hypertension. 1989;13:38–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Dahl LK. Possible role of salt intake in the development of essential hypertension. In: Essential hypertension. Berlin: Springer; 1960. p. 53–65.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gleibermann L. Blood pressure and dietary salt in human populations. Ecol Food Nutr. 1973;2:143–56.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Elliott P, Dyer A, Stamler R. The INTERSALT study: results for 24 hour sodium and potassium, by age and sex. INTERSALT Co-operative Research Group. J Hum Hypertens. 1989;3:323–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Li N, Wu Y, Barzi F, Yu X, Zhao L, Neal B. Salt substitution: a low-cost strategy for blood pressure control among rural Chinese. A randomized, controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2007;25:2011–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Implications for public health. J Hum Hypertens. 2002;16:761–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Strazzullo P, D’Elia L, Kandala N, Cappuccio FP. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br Med J. 2009;339:b4567.

    Google Scholar 

  26. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Beneficial effects of potassium. Br Med J. 2001;323:497–501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Whelton PK. Potassium and blood pressure. In: Izzo Jr JL, Black HR, editors. Hypertension primer. 3rd ed. Dallas: American Heart Association/Council on High Blood Pressure Research; 2003. p. 280–2.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA. Effects of oral potassium on BP. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. J Am Med Assoc. 1997;277:1624–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dickinson HO, Nicolson D, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Mason J. Potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3: Art. No.: CD004641. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004641.pub2.

  30. Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Sacks FM. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement. Hypertension. 2006;47:296–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Rocella EJ, et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Karanja NM, Obarzanek E, Lin PH. DASH Collaborative Research Group. Descriptive characteristics of the dietary patterns used in the dietary approaches to stop hypertension trial. J Am Dietary Assoc. 1999;99 Suppl 8:S19–27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure: DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1117–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Trichopoulou A, Costacou T, Bamia C, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(26):2599–608.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Norat T, et al. Modified Mediterranean diet and survival after myocardial infarction: The EPIC-Elderly Study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22(12):871–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Sánchez-Taínta A, Estruch R, Bulló M, Corella D, Gómez-Gracia E, Fiol M, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet and reduced prevalence of clustered cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of 3,204 high-risk patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(5):589–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Martı’nez-Gonza’lez MA, de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Nunez-Cordoba JM, et al. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of developing diabetes: prospective cohort study. Br Med J. 2008;336(7657):1348–51.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Rumawas ME, Meigs JB, Dwyer JT, McKeown NM, Jacques PF. Mediterranean-style dietary pattern, reduced risk of metabolic syndrome traits, and incidence in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009. PMID: 19828705.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Nunez-Cordoba JM, Valencia-Serrano F, Toledo E, Alfonso A, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169:339–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Psaltopoulou T, Naska A, Orfanos P, Trichopoulos D, Mountokalakis T, Trichopoulou A. Olive oil, the Mediterranean diet, and arterial blood pressure: the Greek European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(4):1012–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Miura K, Greenland P, Stamler J, Liu K, Daviglus ML, Makagawa H. Relation of vegetable, fruit, and meat intake to 7-year blood pressure change in middle-aged men: the Chicago Western Electric Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:572–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fraser GE. Vegetarianism and obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. In: Fraser GE, editor. Diet, life expectancy, and chronic disease: studies of Seventh-day Adventists and other vegetarians. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sacks FM, Donner A, Castelli WP, et al. Effect of ingestion of meat on plasma cholesterol in vegetarians. J Am Med Assoc. 1981;246:640–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Steffen LM, Kroenke CH, Yu X, Pereira MA, Slattery ML, Van Horn L, et al. Associations of plant food, dairy product, and meat intakes with 15-y incidence of elevated blood pressure in young black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study1–3. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:1169–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Fraser GE. Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:532s–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Goldflies MCL, Toohey ML DG. Blood pressure differences in older black and white long-term vegetarians and non-vegetarians. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993;12:262–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Utsugi MT, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Kurimoto A, Sato RI, Suzuki K, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of hypertension determined by self measurement of blood pressure at home: the Ohasama study. Hypertens Res. 2008;31:1435–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Klatsky AL, Gunderson E. Alcohol and hypertension: a review. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2007;2(5):307–17.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Marmot MG, Elliott P, Shipley MJ, Dyer AR, Ueshima H, Beevers DG, et al. Alcohol and blood pressure: the INTERSALT study. BMJ. 1994;308:1263–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Stranges S, Wu T, Dorn JM, Freudenheim JL, Muti P, Farinaro E, et al. Relationship of alcohol drinking pattern to the risk of hypertension: a population-based study. Hypertension. 2004;44:813–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Klatsky AL. Alcohol, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Res. 2007;3:237–47.

    Google Scholar 

  52. DiCastelnuovo A, Castanzo S, Bagnardi V, Donati MB, Iacoviello L, de Gaetano G. Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:2437–45.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Mukamal KJ, Jensen MK, Grønbæk M, et al. Drinking frequency, mediating biomarkers, and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men. Circulation. 2005;112:1406–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kabagambe EK, Baylin A, Ruiz-Narvaez E, Rimm EB, Campos H. Alcohol intake, drinking patterns, and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in Costa Rica. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:1336–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Chen L, Davey Smith G, Harbord R, Lewis SJ. Alcohol and blood pressure: A systematic review implementing a Mendelian randomization approach. PLoS Med. 2008;5(3):e52. doi:10.1371/journal pmed 0050052.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. ÓKeefe JH, Bybee KA, Lavie CJ. Alcohol and cardiovascular health: The razor-sharp double-edged sword. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1009–14.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Armstrong MA. The relationships of alcoholic beverage use and other traits to blood pressure: a new Kaiser Permanente study. Circulation. 1986;73:628–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Parker M, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R. Two-way factorial study of alcohol and salt restriction in treated hypertensive men. Hypertension. 1990;16:398–406.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Xin X, He J, Frontini MG, Ogden LG, Motsamai OI, Whelton PK. Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2001;38:1112–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. McFadden CB, Brensinger CM, Berlin JA, Townsend RR. Systematic review of the effect of daily alcohol intake on blood pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:276–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sesso HD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JA, Gaziano JM J. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension. 2008;51:1080–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Nakanishi N, Yoshida H, Nakamura K, Suzuki K, Tatara K. Alcohol consumption and risk for hypertension in middle-aged Japanese men. J Hypertens. 2001;19:851–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Thadhani R, Camargo Jr CA, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and risk of hypertension in young women. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:569–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Trevisan M, Schisterman E, Mennotti A, Farchi G, Conti S. Drinking pattern and mortality: the Italian Risk Factor and Life Expectancy Pooling project. Ann Epidemiol. 2001;11:312–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Trevisan M, Dorn J, Falkner K, Russell M, Ram M, Muti P, et al. Drinking pattern and risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction: a population-based case-control study. Addiction. 2004;99:313–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Zilkens RR, Burke V, Hodgson JM, Barden A, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB. Red wine and beer elevate blood pressure in normotensive men. Hypertension. 2005;45:874–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Wildman RP, Gu DF, Muntner P, Huang G, Chen J, Duan X, et al. Alcohol intake and hypertension subtypes in Chinese men. J Hypertens. 2005;23:737–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Okamura T, Tanaka T, Yoshita K, Chiba N, Takebayashi T, Kikuchi Y, et al. Specific alcoholic beverage and blood pressure in a middle-aged Japanese population: the High-risk and Population Strategy for Occupational Health Promotion (HIPOP-OHP) Study. J Hum Hypertens. 2004;18:9–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Beilin LG, Puddey IB. Alcohol and hypertension: an update. Hypertension. 2006;47:1035–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Steinberg FM, Bearden MM, Keen CL. Cocoa and chocolate flavonoids: Implications for cardiovascular health. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:215–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Grassi D, Desideri G, Necozione S, Lippi C, Casale R, Properzi G, et al. Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolate. J Nutr. 2008;138:1671–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Corti R, Flammer AJ, Hollenberg NK, Luscher TF. Cocoa and cardiovascular health. Circulation. 2009;149:1433–41.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Fisher ND, Hughes M, Gerhard-Herman M, Hollenberg NK. Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2281–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Keys A, Aravanis C, Blackburn HW, Van Buchem FS, Buzina R, Djordjević BD, et al. Epidemiological studies related to coronary heart disease: characteristics of men aged 40–59 in seven countries. Acta Med Scandanavica Suppl. 1966;460:1–392.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Buijsse B, Feskens EJ, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Cocoa intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular mortality: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:411–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, Croce G, Valeri L, Pasqualetti P, et al. Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives. Hypertension. 2005;46:398–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Taubert D, Berkels R, Roesen R, Klaus W. Chocolate and blood pressure in elderly individuals with isolated systolic hypertension. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;290:1029–30.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Taubert D, Roesen R, Lehmann C, Jung N, Schömig E. Effects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide. J Am Med Assoc. 2007;298:49–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Mangoni AA, Sherwood RA, Swift CG, Jackson SH. Folic acid enhances endothelial function and reduces blood pressure in smokers: a randomized controlled trial. J Intern Med. 2002;2252:497–503.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC. Fructose and vitamin C intake do not influence risk for developing hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(4):863–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Duvall WL. Endothelial dysfunction and antioxidants. Mt Sinai J Med. 2005;72(2):71–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Svetkey LP, Loria CM. Blood pressure effects of vitamin C: What’s the key question? Hypertension. 2002;40:789–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Block G, Jensen CD, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Crawford PB. Vitamin C in plasma is inversely related to blood pressure and change in blood pressure during the previous year in young Black and White women. Nutr J. 2008;7(35):1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Kurl S, Tuomainen TP, Laukkanen JA, Nyyssönen K, Lakka T, Sivenius J, et al. Plasma vitamin C modifies the association between hypertension and risk of stroke. Stroke. 2002;33:1568–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kim MK, Sasaki S, Sasazuki S, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Tsugane S. Lack of long-term effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure. Hypertension. 2002;40:797–803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: The physicians’ health study II randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300(18):2123–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Daly RM, Nowson CA. Long-term effect of calcium-vitamin D3 fortified milk on blood pressure and serum lipid concentrations in healthy older men. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(8):993–1000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieber TR. Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2009;6:621–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Beyer FR, Dickinson HO, Nicolson D, Ford GA, Mason J. Combined calcium, magnesium and potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3: CD004805. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD004805. pub2.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Zemel MB. Regulation of adiposity and obesity risk by dietary calcium: mechanisms and implications. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21:146S–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Zemel MB. Nutritional and endocrine modulation of intracellular calcium: implications in obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998;188:129–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Bostick RM, Kushi LH, Wu Y, Meyer KA, Sellers TA, Folsom AR. Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to ischemic heart disease mortality among postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149:151–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Bucher HC, Cook DJ. The influence of dietary and nondietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure: an updated metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12:84–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Reid IR, Ames R, Mason B, Bolland MJ, Bacon CJ, Reid HE, et al. Effects of calcium supplementation on lipids, blood pressure, and body composition in healthy older men: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(1):131–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Dickinson HO, Nicolson D, Cook JV, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Ford GA, Mason J. Calcium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;2: Art. No.: CD004639. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD004639.pub2.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Wang L, Manson JE, Buring JE, Lee IM, Sesso HD. Dietary intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and the risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women. Hypertension. 2008;51:1073–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Carroli G, Duley L, Belizan JM, Villar J. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;101:753–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Bergel E, Barros AJD. Effect of maternal calcium intake during pregnancy on children’s blood pressure: A systematic review of the literature. BMC Paediatr. 2007;7:15. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-7-15.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Jee SH, Miller 3rd ER, Guallar E, Singh VK, Appel LJ, Klag MJ. The effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:691–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Buemi M, Senatore M, Corica F, Aloisi C, Romeo A, Tramontana D, et al. Diet and arterial hypertension: Is the sodium ion alone important? Med Res Rev. 2002;22(4):419–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Resnick L. The cellular ionic basis of hypertension and allied clinical conditions. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1999;42(1):1–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Dickinson HO, Nicolson D, Campbell F, Cook JV, Beyer FR, Ford GA, Mason J. Magnesium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3: Art. No.: CD004640. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004640.pub2.

  103. Nawrot TS, Staessen JA, Roels HA, et al. Blood pressure and blood selenium: a cross-sectional and longitudinal population study. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:628–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Salonen JT, Salonen R, Seppanen K, et al. Relationship of serum selenium and antioxidants to plasma lipoproteins, platelet aggregability and prevalent ischemic heart disease in Eastern Finnish men. Atherosclerosis. 1998;70:155–60.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Virtamo J, Valkeila E, Alfthan G, Punsar S, Huttunen JK, Karvonen MJ. Serum selenium and the risk of coronary heart-disease and stroke. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;122:276–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Jossa F, Trevisan M, Krogh V, et al. Serum selenium and coronary heart disease risk factors in southern Italian men. Atherosclerosis. 1991;87:129–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Coudray C, Roussel AM, Mainard F, et al. Lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant micronutrient status in a pre-aging population; correlation with chronic disease prevalence in a French epidemiological study. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997;16:584–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Laclaustra M, Navas-Acien A, Stranges S, Ordovas JM, Guallar E. Serum selenium concentrations and hypertension in the US population. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2:369–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1583–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Mark SD, Wang W, Fraumeni Jr JF, et al. Do nutritional supplements lower the risk of stroke or hypertension? Epidemiology. 1998;9:9–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Hawkes WC, Laslett LJ. Selenium supplementation does not improve vascular responsiveness in healthy North American men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;296:H256–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Stranges S, Marshall JR, Trevisan M, Natarajan R, Donahue RP, Combs GF, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation on cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality: secondary analyses in a randomized clinical trial. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:694–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Wang C, Li Y, Zhu K, Dong YM, Sun CH. Effects of supplementation with multivitamin and mineral on blood pressure and C-reactive protein in obese Chinese women with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(1):121–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Grobbee DE, Donders AR, Kok FJ. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2002;20:1493–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Hall JE. The kidney, hypertension, and obesity. Hypertension. 2003;41:625–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Sironi AM, Gastaldelli A, Mari A, Ciociaro D, Postano V, Buzzigoli E, et al. Visceral fat in hypertension: influence on insulin resistance and beta-cell function. Hypertension. 2004;44:127–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association scientific statement on obesity and heart disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2006;113:898–918.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2003;42:878–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Aucott L, Poobalan A, Smith WCS, Avenell A, Jung R, Broom J. Effects of weight loss in overweight/obese individuals and long-term hypertension outcomes: a systematic review. Hypertension. 2005;45:1035–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJL, the Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet. 2002;360(9343):1347–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Fields LE, Burt VL, Cutler JA, Hughes J, Roccella EJ, Sorlie P. The burden of adult hypertension in the United States 1999 to 2000: a rising tide. Hypertension. 2004;44:398–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Murray C, Lauer J, Hutubessy RC, Niessen L, Tomijima N, Rodgers Lawes CMM, et al. Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease: effectiveness and costs of interventions to reduce systolic blood pressure and cholesterol: a global and regional analysis. Lancet. 2003;361:717–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Easter L, Wilson AC, Folmar S, Lacy CR. Effects of reduced sodium intake on hypertension control in older individuals: results from the trial of non-pharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:685–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Chobanian AV, Hill M. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop on sodium and blood pressure: a critical review of current scientific evidence. Hypertension. 2000;35:858–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Geleijnse JM, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Hazebroek AA, Valkenburg HA, Grobbee DE. Long-term effects of neonatal sodium restriction on blood pressure. Hypertension. 1997;29:913–7. Erratum in Hypertension 29: 1211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK

    Angelique Mavrodaris

Authors
  1. Angelique Mavrodaris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Saverio Stranges
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Angelique Mavrodaris .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zucke, 1295 N. Martin, Tucson, 85724-5155, USA

    Joe K Gerald

  2. Arizona Health Science Center, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave. Room 4335, Tucson, 85724-5155, Arizona, USA

    Ronald Ross Watson

  3. Dept. Nutrition & Dietetics, King's College, Stamford St. 150, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mavrodaris, A., Stranges, S. (2011). Nutritional Management of Hypertension: Cost Versus Benefit. In: Gerald, J., Watson, R., Preedy, V. (eds) Nutrients, Dietary Supplements, and Nutriceuticals. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-308-4_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-308-4_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-307-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-308-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation