Skip to main content

Introduction to Neuroimmunology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Neuroimmunology

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Neurology ((CCNEU))

  • 1774 Accesses

Abstract

Neuroimmunology is the neuroscience specialty that focuses on interactions between the nervous system and immune system. It encompasses both basic science fields, as well as clinical disciplines which deal with a special set of central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders (Table 1.1) [1–3]. These disorders result from immune-mediated damage, and require diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that recognize and address this fact.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Pender MP. An introduction to neuroimmunology. In: Pender MP, McCombe PA, editors. Autoimmune neurological disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995. p. 14–25.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Bhat R, Steinman L. Innate and adaptive autoimmunity directed to the central nervous system. Neuron. 2009;64:123–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Diamond B, Huerta PT, Mina-Osorio P, et al. Losing your nerves? Maybe it’s the antibodies. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:449–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ransohoff RM, Kivisakk P, Kidd G. Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3:569–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Regeniter A, Kuhle J, Mehling M, et al. A modern approach to CSF analysis: pathophysiology, clinical application, proof of concept and laboratory reporting. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2009;111:313–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Maurer MH. Proteomics of brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Mass Spectrom Rev. 2010;29:17–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Svenningsson A et al. Adhesion molecule expression on cerebrospinal fluid T lymphocytes: evidence for common recruitment mechanisms in multiple sclerosis, aseptic meningitis, and normal controls. Ann Neurol. 1993;34:155–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Engehardt B, Sorokin L. The blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: function and dysfunction. Semin Immunopathol. 2009;31:497–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Palmer AM. The role of the blood-CNS barrier in CNS disorders and their treatment. Neurobiol Dis. 2010;37:3–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Nair A, Frederick TJ, Miller SD. Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis: a product of their environment. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008;65:2702–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dhuria SV, Hanson LR, Frey II WH. Intranasal delivery to the central nervous system: mechanisms and experimental considerations. J Pharm Sci. 2010;99(4):1654–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Johnston M, Zakharov A, Papaiconomou G, et al. Evidence of connections between cerebrospinal fluid and nasal lymphatic vessels in humans, non-human primates and other mammalian species. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2004;1:2–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Weller RO, Kida S, Zhang ET. Pathways of fluid drainage from the brain: morphological aspects and immunological significance in rat and man. Brain Pathol. 1992;2:277–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cserr HF, Knopf PM. Cervical lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier and the immunoreactivity of the brain: a new view. Immunol Today. 1992;13:507–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Widner H, Moller G, Johansson BB. Immune response in deep cervical lymph nodes and spleen in the mouse after antigen deposition in different intracerebral sites. Scand J Immunol. 1988;28:563–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tian L, Rauvala H, Gahmberg CG. Neuronal regulation of immune responses in the central nervous system. Trends Immunol. 2009;30:91–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Goverman J, Autoimmune T. cell responses in the central nervous system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:393–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bulloch K, Miller MM, Gal-Toth J, et al. CD11c/EYFP transgene illuminated a discrete network of dendritic cells within the embryonic, neonatal, adult, and injured mouse brain. J Comp Neurol. 2008;508:687–710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Felger JC, Abe T, Kaunzner UW, et al. Brain dendritic cells in ischemic stroke: time course, activation state, and origin. Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24(5):724–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hatterer E, Touret M, Belin MF, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid dendritic cells infiltrate the brain parenchyma and target the cervical lymph nodes under neuroinflammatory conditions. PLoS One. 2008;3:1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Gottfried-Blackmore A, Kaunzner UW, Idoyaga J, et al. Acute in vivo exposure to interferon-γ enables resident brain dendritic cells to become effective antigen presenting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(49):20918–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Stevenson PG, Austyn JM, Hawke S. Uncoupling of virus-induced inflammation and anti-viral immunity in the brain parenchyma. J Gen Virol. 2002;83:1735–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kivisakk P, Mahad DJ, Callahan MK, et al. Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: evidence by trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:8389–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Lassman H, Schmied M, Vass K, et al. Bone marrow derived elements and resident microglia in brain inflammation. Glia. 1993;7:19–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hickey WF. Leukocyte traffic in the central nervous system: the participants and their roles. Semin Immunol. 1999;11:125–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lee BPL, Imhof BA. Lymphocyte transmigration in the brain: a new way of ­thinking. Nat Immunol. 2008;9:117–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Vajkoczy P, Laschinger M, Engelhardt B. α4-integrin-VCAM-1 binding mediates G protein-independent capture of encephalitogenic T cell blasts to CNS white matter microvessels. J Clin Invest. 2001;108:557–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Yang I, Kremen TJ, Giovannone AJ, et al. Modulation of major histocompatibility complex Class I molecules and major histocompatibility complex-bound immunogenic peptides induced by interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma treatment of human glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg. 2004;100:310–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Stoll M, Capper D, Dietz K, et al. Differential microglial regulation in the human spinal cord under normal and pathological conditions. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2006;32:650–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ling EA, Wong WC. The origin and nature of ramified and amoeboid microglia: a historical review and current concepts. Glia. 1993;7:9–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. van Rossum D, Hanisch UK. Microglia. Metab Brain Dis. 2004;19:393–411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Block ML, Hong JS. Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: multiple triggers with a common mechanism. Prog Neurobiol. 2005;76:77–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Barres BA. The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease. Neuron. 2008;60:430–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rivest S. Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:429–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yang I, Han SJ, Kaur G, et al. The role of microglia in central nervous system immunity and glioma immunology. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17:6–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science. 2005;308:1314–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bsibsi M, Ravid R, Gveric D, et al. Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002;61:1013–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. De Simone R, Giampaolo A, Giometto B, et al. The costimulatory molecule B7 is expressed on human microglia in culture and in multiple sclerosis acute lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1995;54:175–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kreutzberg GW. Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci. 1996;19:312–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Wang J, Tsirka SE. Contribution of extracellular proteolysis and microglia to intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2005;3:77–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. He F, Sun YE. Glial cells more than support cells? Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39:661–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Voskuhl RR, Peterson RS, Song B, et al. Reactive astrocytes form scar-like perivascular barriers to leukocytes during adaptive immune inflammation of the CNS. J Neurosci. 2009;37:11511–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Bradl M, Lassmann H. Oligodendrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119:37–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. McTigue DM, Tripathi RB. The life, death, and replacement of oligodendrocytes in the adult CNS. J Neurochem. 2008;107:1–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Jurewicz A, Matysiak M, Tybor K, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-induced death of adult human oligodendrocytes is mediated by apoptosis inducing factor. Brain. 2005;128:2675–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Shatz CJ. MHC Class I: an unexpected role in neuronal plasticity. Neuron. 2009;64:40–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Krueger M, Bechmann I. CNS pericytes: concepts, misconceptions, and a way out. Glia. 2010;58:1–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Abbott NJ, Patagbendige AAK, Dolman DEM, et al. Structure and function of the blood-brain-barrier. Neurobiol Dis. 2010;37:13–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Fukata M, Vamadevan AS, Abreu MT. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) in inflammatory disorders. Semin Immunol. 2009;21:242–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Van Noort JM, Bsibsi M. Toll-like receptors in the CNS: implications for ­neurodegeneration and repair. Prog Brain Res. 2009;175:139–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Chesnokova V, Melmed S. Minireview: neuro-immuno-endocrine modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by gp130 signaling molecules. Endocrinology. 2002;14:1571–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Tracey KJ. Reflex control of immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:418–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pavlov VA et al. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity controls systemic cytokine levels through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun. 2009;23:41–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Goddard CA, Butts DA, Shatz CJ. Regulation of CNS synapses by neuronal MHC class I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:6828–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Morale C, Brouwer J, Testa N, et al. Stress, glucocorticoids and the susceptibility to develop autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Neurol Sci. 2001;2:159–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Coyle, P.K. (2011). Introduction to Neuroimmunology. In: Rizvi, S., Coyle, P. (eds) Clinical Neuroimmunology. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-860-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-860-7_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-859-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-860-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics