Skip to main content

Fat-Modified Dairy Products and Blood Lipids in Humans

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1408 Accesses

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Key Points

• Fat-modified dairy products provide beneficial effects on human health in comparison to regular milk products.

• Consumption of fat-modified dairy products lowers the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome, playing a central role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

• Ruminant milk lipids have beneficial as well as unfavourable properties so that nutritional intervention with fat-modified dairy products for patients at high risk for metabolic disorders or cardiovascular events is recommended.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Wang L, Manson JE, Buring JE, Lee IM, Sesso HD. Dietary intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and the risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women. Hypertension 2008; 51: 1073–1079.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Alonso A, Beunza JJ, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Martinez JA, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Low-fat dairy consumption and reduced risk of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 972–979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Seidel C, Deufel T, Jahreis G. Effects of fat-modified dairy products on blood lipids in humans in comparison with other fats. Ann Nutr Metab 2005; 49: 42–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Zemel MB. Role of calcium and dairy products in energy partitioning and weight management. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 907S–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Marques-Vidal P, Goncalves A, Dias CM. Milk intake is inversely related to obesity in men and in young women: data from the Portuguese Health Interview Survey 1998–1999. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2005; 30: 88–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Choi HK, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Hu FB. Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men: A prospective study. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 997–1003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, Balkau B, Borch-Johnsen K, Pyorala K. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 1066–1076.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. McNeill AM, Katz R, Girman CJ, Rosamond WD, Wagenknecht LE, Barziley JI, Tracy RP, Savage PJ, Jackson SA. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in older people: the cardiovascular health study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 1317–1324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Shah NP. Effects of milk-derived bioactives: an overview. Br J Nutr 2007; 84: 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hegsted DM, Ausman LM, Johnson JA, Dallal GE. Dietary fat and serum lipids: an evaluation of the experimental data [published erratum appears in Am J Clin Nutr 1993 Aug;58(2):245]. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 875–883.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Temme EH, Mensink RP, Hornstra G. Comparison of the effects of diets enriched in lauric, palmitic, or oleic acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women and men. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 897–903.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE et al. Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1491–1499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Noakes M, Nestel PJ, Clifton PM. Modifying the fatty acid profile of dairy products through feedlot technology lowers plasma cholesterol of humans consuming the products. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 42–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Artaud-Wild SM, Connor SL, Sexton G, Connor WE. Differences in coronary mortality can be explained by differences in cholesterol and saturated fat intakes in 40 countries but not in France and Finland. A paradox. Circulation 1993; 88: 2771–2779.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Berner LA. Roundtable discussion on milk fat, dairy foods, and coronary heart disease risk. J Nutr 1993; 123: 1173–1184.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kushi LH, Lenart EB, Willett WC. Health implications of Mediterranean diets in light of contemporary knowledge. 1. Plant foods and dairy products. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 1407S–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Mata P, Garrido JA, Ordovas JM et al. Effect of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56: 77–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Pala V, Krogh V, Muti P, Chajes V, Riboli E, Micheli A, Saadatian M, Sieri S, Berrino F. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and subsequent breast cancer: a prospective Italian study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 1088–1095.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Djousse L, Pankow JS, Eckfeldt JH et al. Relation between dietary linolenic acid and coronary artery disease in the National heart, lung, and blood institute family heart study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 612–619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Jaudszus A, Krokowski M, Mockel P et al. Cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid inhibits allergic sensitization and airway inflammation via a PPAR{gamma}-related mechanism in mice. J Nutr 2008; 138: 1336–1342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. O‘Shea M, Bassaganya-Riera J, Mohede ICM. Immunomodulatory properties of conjugated linoleic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 1199S–206.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ip C, Banni S, Angioni E et al. Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats. J Nutr 1999; 129: 2135–2142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kelley NS, Hubbard NE, Erickson KL. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cancer. J Nutr 2007; 137: 2599–2607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Valeille K, Ferezou J, Parquet M et al. The natural concentration of the conjugated linoleic acid, cis-9,trans-11, in milk fat has antiatherogenic effects in hyperlipidemic hamsters. J Nutr 2006; 136: 1305–1310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Moloney F, Toomey S, Noone E et al. Antidiabetic effects of cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid may be mediated via anti-inflammatory effects in white adipose tissue. Diabetes 2007; 56: 574–582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kuhnt K, Kraft J, Moeckel P, Jahreis G. Trans-11-18:1 is effectively delta9-desaturated compared with trans-12-18: 1 in humans. Br J Nutr 2006; 95: 752–761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Weggemans RM, Rudrum M, Trautwein EA. Intake of ruminant versus industrial trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease—what is the evidence? Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2004; 106: 390–397.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Parodi PW. Milk fat in human nutrition. Aust J Dairy Technol 2004; 59: 3–59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kiessling G, Schneider J, Jahreis G. Long-term consumption of fermented dairy products over 6 months increases HDL cholesterol. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56: 843–849.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Poppitt SD, Keogh GF, Mulvey TB, McArdle BH, MacGibbon AK, Cooper GJ. Lipid-lowering effects of a modified butter-fat: a controlled intervention trial in healthy men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56: 64–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kratz M, Cullen P, Wahrburg U. The impact of dietary mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids on risk factors for atherosclerosis in humans. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2002; 104: 300–311.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Smedman AE, Gustafsson IB, Berglund LG, Vessby BO. Pentadecanoic acid in serum as a marker for intake of milk fat: relations between intake of milk fat and metabolic risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 22–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Samuelson G, Bratteby LE, Mohsen R, Vessby B. Dietary fat intake in healthy adolescents: inverse relationships between the estimated intake of saturated fatty acids and serum cholesterol. Br J Nutr 2001; 85: 333–341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mekki N, Charbonnier M, Borel P et al. Butter differs from olive oil and sunflower oil in its effects on postprandial lipemia and triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins after single mixed meals in healthy young men. J Nutr 2002; 132: 3642–3649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Mattes RD. Oral exposure to butter, but not fat replacers elevates postprandial triacylglycerol concentration in humans. J Nutr 2001; 131: 1491–1496.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Jacques H, Gascon A, Arul J, Boudreau A, Lavigne C, Bergeron J. Modified milk fat reduces plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in normolipidemic men compared with regular milk fat and nonhydrogenated margarine. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 983–991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Mascioli EA, McLennan CE, Schaefer EJ et al. Lipidemic effects of an interesterified mixture of butter, medium-chain triacylglycerol and safflower oils. Lipids 1999; 34: 889–894.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Judd JT, Baer DJ, Clevidence BA et al. Effects of margarine compared with those of butter on blood lipid profiles related to cardiovascular disease risk factors in normolipemic adults fed controlled diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 768–777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. VERA-Schriftenreihe. Lebensmittel- und Nährstoffaufnahme in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Vol 12. Niederkleen: Wissenschaftlicher Fachverlag Dr. Fleck, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kraft J, Collomb M, Mockel P, Sieber R, Jahreis G. Differences in CLA isomer distribution of cow’s milk lipids. Lipids 2003; 38: 657–664.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Miller M, Kwiterovich PO Jr. Isolated low HDL cholesterol as an important risk factor for coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J 1990; 11(Suppl H): 9–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gotto AM Jr. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a risk factor in coronary heart disease: a working group report. Circulation 2001; 103: 2213–2218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R. Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease. Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circulation 2000; 102: 1082–1085.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Dieplinger H, Kronenberg F. Genetics and metabolism of lipoprotein(a) and clinical implications (Part 2). Wien Klin Wochenschr 1999; 111: 46–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Peng DQ, Zhao SP, Wang JL. Lipoprotein (a) and apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 as independent risk factors for ischemic stroke. J Cardiovasc Risk 1999; 6: 1–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Cantin B, Despres JP, Lamarche B et al. Association of fibrinogen and lipoprotein(a) as a coronary heart disease risk factor in men (The Quebec Cardiovascular Study). Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 662–666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Williams CM, Francis-Knapper JA, Webb D et al. Cholesterol reduction using manufactured foods high in monounsaturated fatty acids: a randomized crossover study. Br J Nutr 1999; 81: 439–446.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 911–919.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dietschy JM. Dietary fatty acids and the regulation of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. J Nutr 1998; 128: 444S–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Phan CT, Mortimer BC, Martins IJ, Redgrave TG. Plasma clearance of chylomicrons from butterfat is not dependent on saturation: studies with butterfat fractions and other fats containing triacylglycerols with low or high melting points. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 1151–1161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hodge J, Li D, Redgrave TG, Sinclair AJ. The metabolism of native and randomized butterfat chylomicrons in the rat is similar. Lipids 1999; 34: 579–582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Tricon S, Burdge GC, Kew S et al. Opposing effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on blood lipids in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 614–620.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pereira MA, Jacobs DR Jr., Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Kartashov AI, Ludwig DS. Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the CARDIA study. JAMA 2002; 287: 2081–2089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi F. Dairy consumption and body mass index: an inverse relationship. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 29: 115–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Barba G, Troiano E, Russo P, Venezia A, Siani A. Inverse association between body mass and frequency of milk consumption in children. Br J Nutr 2005; 93: 15–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Marques-Vidal P, Goncalves A, Dias CM. Milk intake is inversely related to obesity in men and in young women: data from the Portuguese health interview survey 1998–1999. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2005; 30: 88–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Snijder MB, van der Heijden AAWA, van Dam RM et al. Is higher dairy consumption associated with lower body weight and fewer metabolic disturbances? The Hoorn study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 989–995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Barba G, Russo P. Dairy foods, dietary calcium and obesity: a short review of the evidence. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2006; 16: 445–451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Krachler B, Norberg M, Eriksson JW et al. Fatty acid profile of the erythrocyte membrane preceding development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18: 503–510.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Wolk A, Furuheim M, Vessby B. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and serum lipids are valid biological markers of dairy fat intake in men. J Nutr 2001; 131: 828–833.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ness AR, Smith GD, Hart C. Milk, coronary heart disease and mortality. J Epidemiol Commun Health 2001; 55: 379–382.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Warensjo E, Jansson JH, Berglund L et al. Estimated intake of milk fat is negatively associated with cardiovascular risk factors and does not increase the risk of a first acute myocardial infarction. A prospective case–control study. Br J Nutr 2004; 91: 635–642.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Elwood PC, Pickering JE, Fehily AM, Hughes J, Ness AR. Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke I. Evidence from the Caerphilly cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58: 711–717.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Elwood PC, Pickering JE, Hughes J, Fehily AM, Ness AR. Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke II. Evidence from cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58: 718–724.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Menotti A, Kromhout D, Blackburn H, Fidanza F, Buzina R, Nissinen A. Food intake patterns and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: cross-cultural correlations in the seven countries study. The Seven Countries Study Research Group. Eur J Epidemiol 1999; 15: 507–515.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Zemel MB, Shi H, Greer B, Dirienzo D, Zemel PC. Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. FASEB J 2000; 14: 1132–1138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Carruth BR, Skinner JD. The role of dietary calcium and other nutrients in moderating body fat in preschool children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 559–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Iso H, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE et al. Prospective study of calcium, potassium, and magnesium intake and risk of stroke in women. Stroke 1999; 30: 1772–1779.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Assmann G, Schulte H. Relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides to incidence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (the PROCAM experience). Prospective Cardiovascular Munster study. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 733–737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Austin MA. Epidemiology of hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 13F–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Criqui MH. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease. A focus on clinical trials. Eur Heart J 1998; 19(Suppl A): A36–A39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Tholstrup T, Marckmann P, Hermansen J, Holmer G, Sandstrom B. Effect of modified dairy fat on fasting and postprandial haemostatic variables in healthy young men. Br J Nutr 1999; 82: 105–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hilbig, A., Heuer, T., Krems, C., Straßburg, A., Eisinger-Watzl, M., Heyer, A., Tschida, A., Götz, A., Pfau, C. What does Germany eat?—Evaluation of the Second National Diet Study (NSV II). Ernahrungs-Umschau 2009; 56, 16–23.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christin Hengst .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jahreis, G., Hengst, C. (2010). Fat-Modified Dairy Products and Blood Lipids in Humans. In: De Meester, F., Zibadi, S., Watson, R. (eds) Modern Dietary Fat Intakes in Disease Promotion. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-571-2_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-571-2_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-570-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-571-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics