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Reactive Oxygen Species in Cell Fate Decisions

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Essentials of Apoptosis

Abstract

Redox homeostasis is a function of the balance between the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the cellular antioxidant defense systems. Therefore, the degree of oxidative stress is a direct outcome of the rate at which the cells’ metabolic processes fuel ROS production and the efficiency with which the antioxidant machinery is able to deal with the impending accumulation. Invariably, the rate of ROS production outweighs the rate of detoxification, thereby leading to excessive accumulation of ROS, manifested as oxidative stress. Although the cellular processes involved in ROS generation, the antioxidant defense mechanisms, and the chemistry of the various redox reactions have all been well described for years, the last couple of decades have seen an enormous increase in activity around the biological relevance of ROS during physiological as well as pathological settings. These studies have highlighted the direct involvement of ROS generated from intracellular sources, such as the NADPH oxidase and/or mitochondrial electron transport chain, in a variety of models of cell death signaling. Many novel targets of ROS have been identified, and their biological relevance is beginning to be unraveled. Whiles a large body of evidence has corroborated the association between elevated ROS and cell death signaling, there is also an emerging notion that at relatively low levels, ROS function as signaling molecules to promote cellular proliferation and growth. This chapter aims to review the current state of our understanding of the cellular sources of ROS as well as the involvement of ROS in cell fate signaling.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are supported by research grants from the National Medical Research Council, Singapore, Biomedical Research Council, Singapore, Ministry of Education Research Funds, and Singapore Cancer Syndicate.

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  1. Department of Community Occupational and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore, Singapore

    Han-Ming Shen

  2. ROS and Cancer Biology Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; Singapore-MIT Alliance, 117597, Singapore, Singapore

    Shazib Pervaiz

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  1. Han-Ming Shen
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Correspondence to Han-Ming Shen .

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    Shen, HM., Pervaiz, S. (2009). Reactive Oxygen Species in Cell Fate Decisions. In: Dong, Z., Yin, XM. (eds) Essentials of Apoptosis. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-381-7_8

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