Skip to main content

Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome

  • Chapter
Book cover Genitourinary Pain And Inflammation

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

  • 1291 Accesses

Summary

The past 5 years have seen exponential growth in etiologic research and evidence-based therapies for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). The focus of this chapter is on symptomatic men without urinary tract infection (UTI), those classified as CPPS or NIH category III. The authors cover etiologies, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatments, including antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory agents, alpha blockers, hormonal manipulations, prostate massage and ejaculation, surgery and minimally invasive therapy, and alternative medicine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

references

  1. Drach GW, Fair WR, Meares EM, Stamey TA. Classification of benign diseases associated with prostatic pain: prostatitis or prostatodynia? J Urol 1978 Aug;120(2):266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Meares EM, Stamey TA. Bacteriologic localization patterns in bacterial prostatitis and urethritis. Invest Urol 1968 Mar;5(5):492–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. McNaughton CM, Fowler FJ, Jr., Elliott DB, Albertsen PC, Barry MJ. Diagnosing and treating chronic prostatitis: do urologists use the four-glass test? Urology 2000 Mar;55(3):403–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kiyota H, Onodera S, Ohishi Y, Tsukamoto T, Matsumoto T. Questionnaire survey of Japanese urologists concerning the diagnosis and treatment of chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Int J Urol 2003 Dec;10(12):636–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Weidner W, Ebner H. Cytological analysis of urine after prostatic massage (VB3): a new technique for discriminating diagnosis of prostatitis. In: Brunner H., Krause W., Rothaug C.F., Weidner E, editors. Chronic Prostatitis. Stuttgart: Schattauer; 1985. pp. 141–51.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Nickel JC. Practical approach to the management of prostatitis. Tech Urol 1995;1(3):162–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Krieger JN, Nyberg L, Nickel JC. NIH consensus, definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 1999;282(3):236–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Nickel JC, Nyberg LM, Hennenfent M. Research guidelines for chronic prostatitis: consensus report from the first National Institutes of Health International Prostatitis Collaborative Network. Urology 1999 Aug;54(2):229–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Schaeffer AJ, Landis JR, Knauss JS, Propert KJ, Alexander RB, Litwin MS, et al. Demographic and clinical characteristics of men with chronic prostatitis: the national institutes of health chronic prostatitis cohort study. J Urol 2002 Aug;168(2):593–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Nickel JC, Downey J, Hunter D, Clark J. Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a population based study using the National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index. J Urol 2001 Mar;165(3):842–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Schaeffer AJ, Landis JR, Knauss JS, Propert KJ, Alexander RB, Litwin MS, et al. Demographic and clinical characteristics of men with chronic prostatitis: the national institutes of health chronic prostatitis cohort study. J Urol 2002 Aug;168(2):593–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Roberts RO, Jacobson DJ, Girman CJ, Rhodes T, Lieber MM, Jacobsen SJ. Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a community based cohort of older men. J Urol 2002 Dec;168(6):2467–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Collins MM, Stafford RS, O’Leary MP, Barry MJ. How common is prostatitis? A national survey of physician visits. J Urol 1998 Apr;159(4):1224–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Collins MM, Meigs JB, Barry MJ, Walker CE, Giovannucci E, Kawachi I. Prevalence and correlates of prostatitis in the health professionals follow-up study cohort. J Urol 2002 Mar;167(3):1363–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Moon TD, Hagen L, Heisey DM. Urinary symptomatology in younger men. Urology 1997 Nov;50(5):700–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Turner JA, Ciol MA, Von Korff M, Rothman I, Berger RE. Healthcare use and costs of primary and secondary care patients with prostatitis. Urology 2004 Jun;63(6):1031–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Collins MM, Stafford RS, O’Leary MP, Barry MJ. How common is prostatitis? A national survey of physician visits. J Urol 1998 Apr;159(4):1224–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Collins MM, Stafford RS, O’Leary MP, Barry MJ. Distinguishing chronic prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms: results of a national survey of physician visits. Urology 1999 May;53(5):921–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Roberts RO, Lieber MM, Bostwick DG, Jacobsen SJ. A review of clinical and pathological prostatitis syndromes. Urology 1997 Jun;49(6):809–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Calhoun EA, McNaughton CM, Pontari MA, O’Leary M, Leiby BE, Landis RJ, et al. The economic impact of chronic prostatitis. Arch Intern Med 2004 Jun 14;164(11):1231–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ku JH, Kim ME, Lee NK, Park YH. The prevalence of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms in young men: a community-based survey. Urol Res 2001 Apr;29(2):108–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ku JH, Paick JS, Kim SW. Chronic prostatitis in Korea: a nationwide postal survey of practicing urologists in 2004. Asian J Androl 2005 Dec;7(4):427–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cheah PY, Liong ML, Yuen KH, Lee S, Yang JR, Teh CL, et al. Reliability and validity of the National Institutes of Health: chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index in a Malaysian population. World J Urol 2006 Feb 8;1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Cheah PY, Liong ML, Yuen KH, Teh CL, Khor T, Yang JR, et al. Chronic prostatitis: symptom survey with follow-up clinical evaluation. Urology 2003 Jan;61(1):60–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kunishima Y, Matsukawa M, Takahashi S, Itoh N, Hirose T, Furuya S, et al. National institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index for Japanese men. Urology 2002 Jul;60(1):74–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Tan JK, Png DJ, Liew LC, Li MK, Wong ML. Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in Singapore: a population-based study. Singapore Med J 2002 Apr;43(4):189–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mehik A, Hellstrom P, Lukkarinen O, Sarpola A, Jarvelin M. Epidemiology of prostatitis in Finnish men: a population-based cross-sectional study. BJU Int 2000 Sep;86(4):443–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Giubilei G, Mondaini N, Crisci A, Raugei A, Lombardi G, Travaglini F, et al. The Italian version of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Eur Urol 2005 Jun;47(6):805–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rizzo M, Marchetti F, Travaglini F, Trinchieri A, Nickel JC. Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis in Italy: a prospective urology outpatient practice study. BJU Int 2003 Dec;92(9):955–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rizzo M, Marchetti F, Travaglini F, Trinchieri A, Nickel JC. Clinical characterization of the prostatitis patient in Italy: a prospective urology outpatient study. World J Urol 2005 Feb;23(1):61–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Krieger JN, Egan KJ, Ross SO, Jacobs R, Berger RE. Chronic pelvic pains represent the most prominent urogenital symptoms of “chronic prostatitis”. Urology 1996 Nov;48(5):715–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Alexander RB, Trissel D. Chronic prostatitis: results of an Internet survey. Urology 1996 Oct;48(4):568–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Shoskes DA, Landis JR, Wang Y, Nickel JC, Zeitlin SI, Nadler R. Impact of post-ejaculatory pain in men with category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 2004 Aug;172(2):542–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Mehik A, Hellstrom P, Sarpola A, Lukkarinen O, Jarvelin MR. Fears, sexual disturbances and personality features in men with prostatitis: a population-based cross-sectional study in Finland. BJU Int 2001 Jul;88(1):35–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Liang CZ, Zhang XJ, Hao ZY, Shi HQ, Wang KX. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in Chinese men with chronic prostatitis. BJU Int 2004 Mar;93(4):568–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Screponi E, Carosa E, Di Stasi SM, Pepe M, Carruba G, Jannini EA. Prevalence of chronic prostatitis in men with premature ejaculation. Urology 2001 Aug;58(2):198–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Liang CZ, Zhang XJ, Hao ZY, Yang S, Wang DB, Shi HQ, et al. An epidemiological study of patients with chronic prostatitis. BJU Int 2004 Sep;94(4):568–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ghobish A. Voiding dysfunction associated with “chronic bacterial prostatitis”. Eur Urol 2002 Aug;42(2):159–62.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Turner JA, Ciol MA, Von Korff M, Berger R. Prognosis of patients with new prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome episodes. J Urol 2004 Aug;172(2):538–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ku JH, Kwak C, Oh SJ, Lee E, Lee SE, Paick JS. Influence of pain and urinary symptoms on quality of life in young men with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms. Int J Urol 2004 Jul;11(7):489–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Turner JA, Hauge S, Von Korff M, Saunders K, Lowe M, Berger R. Primary care and urology patients with the male pelvic pain syndrome: symptoms and quality of life [see comment]. J Urol 2002 Apr;167(4):1768–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. McNaughton CM, Pontari MA, O’Leary MP, Calhoun EA, Santanna J, Landis JR, et al. Quality of life is impaired in men with chronic prostatitis: the Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network [see comment]. J Gen Intern Med 2001 Oct;16(10):656–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Nickel JC. Recommendations for the evaluation of patients with prostatitis. World J Urol 2003 Jun;21(2):75–81.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Nickel JC. Clinical evaluation of the man with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 2002 Dec;60(Suppl 6):20–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Nickel JC. Clinical evaluation of the patient presenting with prostatitis. Eur Urol 2003;68(Supp):1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Nickel JC. Special report on prostatitis: state of the art. Rev Urol 2001 Spring;3:94–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Schaeffer AJ, Knauss JS, Landis JR, Propert KJ, Alexander RB, Litwin MS, et al. Leukocyte and bacterial counts do not correlate with severity of symptoms in men with chronic prostatitis: the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort Study. J Urol 2002 Sep;168(3):1048–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Strohmaier WL, Bichler KH. Comparison of symptoms, morphological, microbiological and urodynamic findings in patients with chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome. Is it possible to differentiate separate categories? Urol Int 2000;65(2):112–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Nickel JC, Downey J, Johnston B, Clark J, Group TC. Predictors of patient response to antibiotic therapy for the chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. J Urol 2001 May;165(5):1539–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Nickel JC, Ardern D, Downey J. Cytologic evaluation of urine is important in evaluation of chronic prostatitis. Urology 2002 Aug;60(2):225–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Liao LM, Shi BY, Liang CQ. Ambulatory urodynamic monitoring of external urethral sphincter behavior in chronic prostatitis patients. Asian J Androl 1999 Dec;1(4):215–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Mayo ME, Ross SO, Krieger JN. Few patients with “chronic prostatitis” have significant bladder outlet obstruction. Urology 1998 Sep;52(3):417–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kaplan SA, Santarosa RP, D’Alisera PM, Fay BJ, Ikeguchi EF, Hendricks J, et al. Pseudodyssynergia (contraction of the external sphincter during voiding) misdiagnosed as chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and the role of biofeedback as a therapeutic option. J Urol 1997 Jun;157(6):2234–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kaplan SA, Te AE, Jacobs BZ. Urodynamic evidence of vesical neck obstruction in men with misdiagnosed chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and the therapeutic role of endoscopic incision of the bladder neck. J Urol 1994 Dec;152(6 Pt 1):2063–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Atilla MK, Sargin H, Odabas O, Yilmaz Y, Aydin S. Evaluation of 42 patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis: are there any underlying correctable pathologies? Int Urol Nephrol 1998;30(4):463–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Shukla-Dave A, Hricak H, Eberhardt SC, Olgac S, Muruganandham M, Scardino PT, et al. Chronic prostatitis: MR imaging and 1H MR spectroscopic imaging findings–initial observations. Radiology 2004 Jun;231(3):717–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Fowler JE, Jr., Peters JJ, Hamrick-Turner J. Mullerian duct cyst masquerading as chronic prostatitis: diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging using a phased array surface coil. Urology 1995 Apr;45(4):676–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. de la Rosette JJ, Karthaus HF, Debruyne FM. Ultrasonographic findings in patients with nonbacterial prostatitis. Urol Int 1992;48(3):323–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Thin RN. Diagnosis of chronic prostatitis: overview and update. Int J STD AIDS 1997 Aug;8(8):475–81.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Yamamoto M, Hibi H, Miyake K. Prostate-specific antigen levels in acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis. Hinyokika Kiyo 1993 May;39(5):445–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Bozeman CB, Carver BS, Eastham JA, Venable DD. Treatment of chronic prostatitis lowers serum prostate specific antigen. J Urol 2002 Apr;167(4):1723–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Schaeffer AJ, Wu SC, Tennenberg AM, Kahn JB. Treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis with levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin lowers serum prostate specific antigen. J Urol 2005 Jul;174(1):161–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Nickel JC. Prostatitis: myths and realities. Urology 1998 Mar;51(3):362–6.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Hua VN, Williams DH, Schaeffer AJ. Role of bacteria in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Curr Urol Rep 2005 Jul;6(4):300–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Krieger JN, McGonagle LA. Diagnostic considerations and interpretation of microbiological findings for evaluation of chronic prostatitis. J Clin Microbiol 1989 Oct;27(10):2240–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Bergman B, Wedren H, Holm SE. Long-term antibiotic treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Effect on bacterial flora. Br J Urol 1989 May;63(5):503–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Weidner W, Schiefer HG, Krauss H, Jantos C, Friedrich HJ, Altmannsberger M. Chronic prostatitis: a thorough search for etiologically involved microorganisms in 1,461 patients. Infection 1991;19(Suppl 3):119–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Meares EM, Jr. Acute and chronic prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1987 Dec;1(4):855–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Jantos C, Altmannsberger M, Weidner W, Schiefer HG. Acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis due to E. coli. Description of an animal model. Urol Res 1990;18(3):207–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Riley DE, Berger RE, Miner DC, Krieger JN. Diverse and related 16S rRNA-encoding DNA sequences in prostate tissues of men with chronic prostatitis. J Clin Microbiol 1998 Jun;36(6):1646–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Krieger JN, Riley DE, Roberts MC, Berger RE. Prokaryotic DNA sequences in patients with chronic idiopathic prostatitis. J Clin Microbiol 1996 Dec;34(12):3120–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Krieger JN, Riley DE, Vesella RL, Miner DC, Ross SO, Lange PH. Bacterial DNA sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer and chronic prostatitis. J Urol 2000 Oct;164(4):1221–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hochreiter WW, Duncan JL, Schaeffer AJ. Evaluation of the bacterial flora of the prostate using a 16S rRNA gene based polymerase chain reaction. J Urol 2000 Jan;163(1):127–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Keay S, Zhang CO, Baldwin BR, Alexander RB. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of bacterial 16s rRNA genes in prostate biopsies from men without chronic prostatitis. Urology 1999 Mar;53(3):487–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Keay S, Zhang CO, Baldwin BR, Alexander RB, Warren JW. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA genes from cold-cup biopsy forceps. J Urol 1998 Dec;160(6 Pt 1):2229–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Krieger JN, Riley DE. Bacteria in the chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome: molecular approaches to critical research questions. J Urol 2002 Jun;167(6):2574–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Raetz CR, Whitfield C. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. Annu Rev Biochem 2002;71:635–700.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Li LJ, Shen ZJ, Lu YL, Fu SZ. The value of endotoxin concentrations in expressed prostatic secretions for the diagnosis and classification of chronic prostatitis. BJU Int 2001 Oct;88(6):536–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dai YP, Sun XZ, Zheng KL. Endotoxins in the prostatic secretions of chronic prostatitis patients. Asian J Androl 2005 Mar;7(1):45–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Stamey TA. Prostatitis. J R Soc Med 1981 Jan;74(1):22–40.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Fowler JE, Jr., Mariano M. Difficulties in quantitating the contribution of urethral bacteria to prostatic fluid and seminal fluid cultures. J Urol 1984 Sep;132(3):471–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Krieger JN, Ross SO, Limaye AP, Riley DE. Inconsistent localization of gram-positive bacteria to prostate-specific specimens from patients with chronic prostatitis. Urology 2005 Oct;66(4):721–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Taylor SE, Paterson DL, Yu VL. Treatment options for chronic prostatitis due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998 Nov;17(11):798–800.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Nickel JC, Costerton JW. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus in chronic prostatitis. J Urol 1992 Feb;147(2):398–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Wedren H. On chronic prostatitis with special studies of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1989;123:1–36.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Bergman B, Wedren H, Holm SE. Staphylococcus saprophyticus in males with symptoms of chronic prostatitis. Urology 1989 Nov;34(5):241–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Wedren H, Holm SE, Bergman B. Can decreased phagocytosis and killing of autologous gram-positive bacteria explain the finding of gram-positive bacteria in “non-bacterial prostatitis”? Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [B] 1987 Feb;95(1):75–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Tanner MA, Shoskes D, Shahed A, Pace NR. Prevalence of corynebacterial 16S rRNA sequences in patients with bacterial and “nonbacterial” prostatitis. J Clin Microbiol 1999 Jun;37(6):1863–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Markovinovic L, Beus A, Kuzmanovic NS, et al. Aetiology of chronic prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002 Jun;19(6):471–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Magri V, Cariani L, Bonamore R, Restelli A, Garlaschi MC, Trinchieri A. Microscopic and microbiological findings for evaluation of chronic prostatitis. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2005 Jun;77(2):135–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Gumus B, Sengil AZ, Solak M, Fistik T, Alibey E, Cakmak EA, et al. Evaluation of non-invasive clinical samples in chronic chlamydial prostatitis by using in situ hybridization. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1997 Oct;31(5):449–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Banaszak A, Begovac J, Strugar J, et al. Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003 May;21(5):457–62.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Badalyan RR, Fanarjyan SV, Aghajanyan IG. Chlamydial and ureaplasmal infections in patients with nonbacterial chronic prostatitis. Andrologia 2003 Oct;35(5):263–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Abdelatif OM, Chandler FW, McGuire BS, Jr. Chlamydia trachomatis in chronic abacterial prostatitis: demonstration by colorimetric in situ hybridization. Hum Pathol 1991 Jan;22(1):41–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Doble A, Thomas BJ, Walker MM, Harris JR, Witherow RO, Taylor-Robinson D. The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in chronic abacterial prostatitis: a study using ultrasound guided biopsy. J Urol 1989 Feb;141(2):332–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Berger RE, Krieger JN, Kessler D, Ireton RC, Close C, Holmes KK, et al. Case-control study of men with suspected chronic idiopathic prostatitis. J Urol 1989 Feb;141(2):328–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Szoke I, Torok L, Dosa E, Nagy E, Scultety S. The possible role of anaerobic bacteria in chronic prostatitis. Int J Androl 1998 Jun;21(3):163–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Ohkawa M, Yamaguchi K, Tokunaga S, Nakashima T, Fujita S. Ureaplasma urealyticum in the urogenital tract of patients with chronic prostatitis or related symptomatology. Br J Urol 1993 Dec;72(6):918–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Ohkawa M, Yamaguchi K, Tokunaga S, Nakashima T, Shoda R. Antimicrobial treatment for chronic prostatitis as a means of defining the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Urol Int 1993;51(3):129–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Peeters MF, Polak-Vogelzang AA, Debruyne FM, Van der Veen J. Role of mycoplasmas in chronic prostatitis. Yale J Biol Med 1983 Sep;56(5–6):551–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Brunner H, Weidner W, Schiefer HG. Quantitative studies on the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in non-gonococcal urethritis and chronic prostatitis. Yale J Biol Med 1983 Sep;56(5–6):545–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Weidner W, Brunner H, Krause W. Quantitative culture of ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with chronic prostatitis or prostatosis. J Urol 1980 Nov;124(5):622–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Blenk H, Blenk B, Deimann E. Erythromycin treatment of acute and chronic urethritis, prostatitis and colpitis caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis. J Int Med Res 1980;8(Suppl 2):59–63.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Skerk V, Schonwald S, Granic J, Krhen I, Barsic B, Marekovic I, et al. Chronic prostatitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis–diagnosis and treatment. J Chemother 2002 Oct;14(5):537–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Ohkawa M, Yamaguchi K, Tokunaga S, Nakashima T, Fujita S. The incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis in chronic prostatitis patients determined by culture using a newly modified liquid medium. J Infect Dis 1992 Nov;166(5):1205–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Demar M, Ferroni A, Dupont B, Eliaszewicz M, Bouree P. Suppurative epididymo-orchitis and chronic prostatitis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei: a case report and review [Review] [47 refs]. J Travel Med 2005 Mar;12(2):108–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Shoskes DA, Thomas KD, Gomez E. Anti-nanobacterial therapy for men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and prostatic stones: preliminary experience. J Urol 2005 Feb;173(2):474–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Kajander EO, Ciftcioglu N, Miller-Hjelle MA, Hjelle JT. Nanobacteria: controversial pathogens in nephrolithiasis and polycystic kidney disease [Review] [81 refs]. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2001 May;10(3):445–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Shortliffe LM, Wehner N. The characterization of bacterial and nonbacterial prostatitis by prostatic immunoglobulins. Medicine (Baltimore) 1986 Nov;65(6):399–414.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Shortliffe LM, Wehner N, Stamey TA. The detection of a local prostatic immunologic response to bacterial prostatitis. J Urol 1981 Apr;125(4):509–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Kastner C, Jakse G. Measurement of immunoglobulins in seminal fluid with modified nephelometry–an alternative diagnostic tool for chronic prostatitis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2003;6(1):86–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Doble A, Walker MM, Harris JR, Taylor-Robinson D, Witherow RO. Intraprostatic antibody deposition in chronic abacterial prostatitis. Br J Urol 1990 Jun;65(6):598–605.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Shortliffe LM, Elliott K, Sellers RG. Measurement of urinary antibodies to crude bacterial antigen in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis. J Urol 1989 Mar;141(3):632–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Girgis SM, Ekladios E, Iskandar RM, El Haggar S, Moemen N, El Kassem SM. C-reactive protein in semen and serum of men with chronic prostatitis. Andrologia 1983 Mar;15(2):151–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Ludwig M, Vidal A, Huwe P, Diemer T, Pabst W, Weidner W. Significance of inflammation on standard semen analysis in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Andrologia 2003 Jun;35(3):152–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Ludwig M, Vidal A, Huwe P, Diemer T, Pabst W, Weidner W. Significance of inflammation on standard semen analysis in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Andrologia 2003 Jun;35(3):152–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Pasqualotto FF, Sharma RK, Potts JM, Nelson DR, Thomas AJ, Agarwal A. Seminal oxidative stress in patients with chronic prostatitis. Urology 2000 Jun;55(6):881–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Shahed AR, Shoskes DA. Correlation of beta-endorphin and prostaglandin E2 levels in prostatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis with diagnosis and treatment response. J Urol 2001 Nov;166(5):1738–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Paulis G, Conti E, Voliani S, Bertozzi MA, Sarteschi ML, Fabris FM. Evaluation of the cytokines in genital secretions of patients with chronic prostatitis [see comment]. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2003 Dec;75(4):179–86.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Alexander RB, Ponniah S, Hasday J, Hebel JR. Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the semen of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 1998 Nov;52(5):744–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Nadler RB, Koch AE, Calhoun EA, Campbell PL, Pruden DL, Bennett CL, et al. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in prostatic secretions are indicators in the evaluation of men with chronic prostatitis. J Urology 2000 Jul;164(1):214–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Miller LJ, Fischer KA, Goralnick SJ, Litt M, Burleson JA, Albertsen P, et al. Interleukin-10 levels in seminal plasma: implications for chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 2002 Feb;167(2 Pt 1):753–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Shoskes DA, Albakri Q, Thomas K, Cook D. Cytokine polymorphisms in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: association with diagnosis and treatment response. J Urol 2002 Jul;168(1):331–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Motrich RD, Maccioni M, Molina R, Tissera A, Olmedo J, Riera CM, et al. Presence of INFgamma-secreting lymphocytes specific to prostate antigens in a group of chronic prostatitis patients. Clin Immunol 2005 Aug;116(2):149–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Ponniah S, Arah I, Alexander RB. PSA is a candidate self-antigen in autoimmune chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Prostate 2000 Jun 15;44(1):49–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Dunphy EJ, Eickhoff JC, Muller CH, Berger RE, McNeel DG. Identification of antigen-specific IgG in sera from patients with chronic prostatitis. J Clin Immunol 2004 Sep;24(5):492–502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Alexander RB, Brady F, Ponniah S. Autoimmune prostatitis: evidence of T cell reactivity with normal prostatic proteins. Urology 1997 Dec;50(6):893–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Batstone GR, Doble A, Gaston JS. Autoimmune T cell responses to seminal plasma in chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). Clin Exp Immunol 2002 May;128(2):302–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Barbalias GA, Meares EM, Jr., Sant GR. Prostatodynia: clinical and urodynamic characteristics. J Urol 1983 Sep;130(3):514–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Murnaghan GF, Millard RJ. Urodynamic evaluation of bladder neck obstruction in chronic prostatitis. Br J Urol 1984 Dec;56(6):713–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Kaplan SA, Te AE, Jacobs BZ. Urodynamic evidence of vesical neck obstruction in men with misdiagnosed chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and the therapeutic role of endoscopic incision of the bladder neck. J Urol 1994 Dec;152(6 Pt 1):2063–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Mayo ME, Ross SO, Krieger JN. Few patients with “chronic prostatitis” have significant bladder outlet obstruction. Urology 1998 Sep;52(3):417–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Liao LM, Shi BY, Liang CQ. Ambulatory urodynamic monitoring of external urethral sphincter behavior in chronic prostatitis patients. Asian J Androl 1999 Dec;1(4):215–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Di Trapani D, Pavone C, Serretta V, Cavallo N, Costa G, Pavone-Macaluso M. Chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia: ultrasonographic alterations of the prostate, bladder neck, seminal vesicles and periprostatic venous plexus. Eur Urol 1988;15(3–4):230–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Ghobish A. Voiding dysfunction associated with “chronic bacterial prostatitis”. Eur Urol 2002 Aug;42(2):159–62.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Strohmaier WL, Bichler KH. Comparison of symptoms, morphological, microbiological and urodynamic findings in patients with chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome. Is it possible to differentiate separate categories? Urol Int 2000;65(2):112–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Mehik A, Hellstrom P, Lukkarinen O, Sarpola A, Alfthan O. Increased intraprostatic pressure in patients with chronic prostatitis. Urol Res 1999 Aug;27(4):277–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Mehik A, Hellstrom P, Lukkarinen O, Sarpola A, Alfthan O. Prostatic tissue pressure measurement as a possible diagnostic procedure in patients with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urol Res 2000 Oct;28(5):316–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Mehik A, Hellstrom P, Nickel JC, Kilponen A, Leskinen M, Sarpola A, et al. The chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome can be characterized by prostatic tissue pressure measurements [see comment]. J Urol 2002 Jan;167(1):137–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Cho IR, Keener TS, Nghiem HV, Winter T, Krieger JN. Prostate blood flow characteristics in the chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 2000 Apr;163(4):1130–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Verhaak PF, Kerssens JJ, Dekker J, Sorbi MJ, Bensing JM. Prevalence of chronic benign pain disorder among adults: a review of the literature. Pain 1998 Sep;77(3):231–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Segura JW, Opitz JL, Greene LF. Prostatosis, prostatitis or pelvic floor tension myalgia? J Urol 1979 Aug;122(2):168–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Forrest JB, Vo Q. Observations on the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of interstitial cystitis in men. Urology 2001 Jun;57(6 Suppl 1):26–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Siroky MB, Goldstein I, Krane RJ. Functional voiding disorders in men. J Urol 1981 Aug;126(2):200–4.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Wedren H. Effects of sodium pentosanpolysulphate on symptoms related to chronic non-bacterial prostatitis. A double-blind randomized study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1987;21(2):81–8.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Stamey TA, Meares EM, Jr., Winningham DG. Chronic bacterial prostatitis and the diffusion of drugs into prostatic fluid. J Urol 1970 Feb;103(2):187–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Nickel JC, Downey J, Clark J, Ceri H, Olson M. Antibiotic pharmacokinetics in the inflamed prostate. J Urol 1995 Feb;153(2):527–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Pfau A, Perlberg S, Shapira A. The pH of the prostatic fluid in health and disease: implications of treatment in chronic bacterial prostatitis. J Urol 1978 Mar;119(3):384–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Blacklock NJ, Beavis JP. The response of prostatic fluid pH in inflammation. Br J Urol 1974 Oct;46(5):537–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Anderson RU, Fair WR. Physical and chemical determinations of prostatic secretion in benign hyperplasia, prostatitis, and adenocarcinoma. Invest Urol 1976 Sep;14(2):137–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Fair WR, Cordonnier JJ. The pH of prostatic fluid: a reappraisal and therapeutic implications. J Urol 1978 Dec;120(6):695–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Wagenlehner FM, Weidner W, Sorgel F, Naber KG. The role of antibiotics in chronic bacterial prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005 Jul;26(1):1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Naber KG, Busch W, Focht J. Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: a prospective, non-comparative multicentre clinical trial with long-term follow-up. The German Prostatitis Study Group. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000 Mar;14(2):143–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Naber KG, European Lomefloxacin Prostatitis Study Group. Lomefloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002 Jul;20(1):18–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Bundrick W, Heron SP, Ray P, Schiff WM, Tennenberg AM, Wiesinger BA, et al. Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: a randomized double-blind multicenter study. Urology 2003 Sep;62(3):537–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Nickel JC, Downey J, Clark J, Casey RW, Pommerville PJ, Barkin J, et al. Levofloxacin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Urology 2003 Oct;62(4):614–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Alexander RB, Propert KJ, Schaeffer AJ, Landis JR, Nickel JC, O’Leary MP, et al. Ciprofloxacin or tamsulosin in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized, double-blind trial [see comment] [summary for patients in Ann Intern Med. 2004 Oct 19;141(8):I8; PMID: 15492335]. Annal Intern Med 2004 Oct;141(8):581–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Giannopoulos A, Koratzanis G, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Panou C, Adamakis I, Giamarellou H. Pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin in the prostate: implications for the treatment of chronic abacterial prostatitis. J Urol 2001 Jan;165(1):97–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Skerk V, Krhen I, Lisic M, Begovac J, Cajic V, Zekan S, et al. Azithromycin: 4.5- or 6.0-gram dose in the treatment of patients with chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis–a randomized study. J Chemother 2004 Aug;16(4):408–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Banaszak A, Begovac J, Strugar J, et al. Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003 May;21(5):457–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Markovinovic L, Barsic B, Marekovic I, et al. Comparative analysis of azithromycin and clarithromycin efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. J Chemother 2002 Aug;14(4):384–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. McNaughton C, Mac DR, Wilt T. Interventions for chronic abacterial prostatitis [Review] [54 refs]. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2001;(1):CD002080.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Nickel JC, Downey J, Johnston B, Clark J, Group TC, Canadian Prostatitis Research Group. Predictors of patient response to antibiotic therapy for the chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. J Urol 2001 May;165(5):1539–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Akamatsu H, Niwa Y, Sasaki H, Matoba Y, Asada Y, Horio T. Effect of pyridone carboxylic acid anti-microbials on the generation of reactive oxygen species in vitro. J Int Med Res 1996 Jul;24(4):345–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Arakawa S, Matsui T, Gohji K, Okada H, Kamidono S. Prostatitis–the Japanese viewpoint. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999 May;11(3–4):201–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Canale D, Turchi P, Giorgi PM, Scaricabarozzi I, Menchini-Fabris GF. Treatment of abacterial prostato-vesiculitis with nimesulide. Drugs 1993;46(Suppl 1):147–50.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Nickel JC, Pontari M, Moon T, Gittelman M, Malek G, Farrington J, et al. A randomized, placebo controlled, multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rofecoxib in the treatment of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis [see comment]. J Urol 2003 Apr;169(4):1401–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Bates S, Talbot M. Short course oral prednisolone therapy in chronic abacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia: case reports of three responders and one non-responder. Sex Transm Infect 2000 Oct;76(5):398–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Mehik A, Alas P, Nickel JC, Sarpola A, Helstrom PJ. Alfuzosin treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study. Urology 2003 Sep;62(3):425–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Nickel JC, Narayan P, McKay J, Doyle C. Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome with tamsulosin: a randomized double blind trial. J Urol 2004 Apr;171(4):1594–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Alexander RB, Propert KJ, Schaeffer AJ, Landis JR, Nickel JC, O’Leary MP, et al. Ciprofloxacin or tamsulosin in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized, double-blind trial. Annal Inter Med 2004 Oct;141(8):581–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Cheah PY, Liong ML, Yuen KH, Teh CL, Khor T, Yang JR, et al. Initial, long-term, and durable responses to terazosin, placebo, or other therapies for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 2004 Nov;64(5):881–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Cowan LA, Barsanti JA, Crowell W, Brown J. Effects of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991 Aug 1;199(3):346–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Seo SI, Lee SJ, Kim JC, Choi YJ, SW SW, Hwang TK, et al. Effects of androgen deprivation on chronic bacterial prostatitis in a rat model. Int J Urol 2003 Sep;10(9):485–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Nickel JC, Downey J, Pontari MA, Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI. A randomized placebo-controlled multicentre study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of finasteride for male chronic pelvic pain syndrome (category IIIA chronic nonbacterial prostatitis). BJU Int 2004 May;93(7):991–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Kaplan SA, Volpe MA, Te AE. A prospective, 1-year trial using saw palmetto versus finasteride in the treatment of category III prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 2004 Jan;171(1):284–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. O’Conor VJ. Therapeutic value of prostatic massage: with a discussion on prostatitis and the significance of proper rectal palpation of the prostate gland. Med Clin North Am 1936;19:1181–5.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Hennenfent BR, Feliciano AE. Changes in white blood cell counts in men undergoing thrice-weekly prostatic massage, microbial diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy for genitourinary complaints. Br J Urol 1998 Mar;81(3):370–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Nickel JC, Downey J, Feliciano AE, Jr., Hennenfent B. Repetitive prostatic massage therapy for chronic refractory prostatitis: the Philippine experience. Tech Urol 1999 Sep;5(3):146–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Yavascaoglu I, Oktay B, Simsek U, Ozyurt M. Role of ejaculation in the treatment of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis. Int J Urol 1999 Mar;6(3):130–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI. Use of prostatic massage in combination with antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis. Prostate Cancer Prostat Dis 1999 May;2(3):159–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. Barnes RW, Hadley HL, O’Donoghue EP. Transurethral resection of the prostate for chronic bacterial prostatitis. Prostate 1982;3(3):215–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Chiang PH, Chiang CP. Therapeutic effect of transurethral needle ablation in non-bacterial prostatitis: chronic pelvic pain syndrome type IIIa. Int J Urol 2004 Feb;11(2):97–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Lee KC, Jung PB, Park HS, Whang JH, Lee JG. Transurethral needle ablation for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. BJU Int 2002 Feb;89(3):226–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Leskinen MJ, Kilponen A, Lukkarinen O, Tammela TL. Transurethral needle ablation for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (category III prostatitis): a randomized, sham-controlled study. Urology 2002 Aug;60(2):300–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Servadio C, Leib Z. Chronic abacterial prostatitis and hyperthermia. A possible new treatment? Br J Urol 1991 Mar;67(3):308–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Choi NG, Soh SH, Yoon TH, Song MH. Clinical experience with transurethral microwave thermotherapy for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia. J Endourol 1994 Feb;8(1):61–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Michielsen D, Van CK, Wyndaele JJ, Verheyden B. Transurethral microwave thermotherapy in the treatment of chronic abacterial prostatitis: a 2 years follow-up. Acta Urol Belg 1995 Dec;63(4):1–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Mene MP, Ginsberg PC, Finkelstein LH, Manfrey SJ, Belkoff L, Ogbolu F, et al. Transurethral microwave hyperthermia in the treatment of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1997 Jan;97(1):25–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Kastner C, Hochreiter W, Huidobro C, Cabezas J, Miller P. Cooled transurethral microwave thermotherapy for intractable chronic prostatitis–results of a pilot study after 1 year. Urology 2004 Dec;64(6):1149–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Ge SH, Meng FY, Xu BR. Acupuncture treatment in 102 cases of chronic prostatitis. J Tradit Chin Med 1988 Jun;8(2):99–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Chen C, Gao Z, Liu Y, Shen L. Treatment of chronic prostatitis with laser acupuncture. J Tradit Chin Med 1995 Mar;15(1):38–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Chen RC, Nickel JC. Acupuncture for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Curr Urol Rep 2004 Aug;5(4):305–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Han P, Wei Q, Shi M, Wu JC, Peng GH, Yang YR. Prostant in the treatment of chronic prostatitis: a meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 2004 Dec;6(4):385.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Xu G, Zhang YF, Ding Q. Efficacy of prostant on chronic prostatitis in 119 patients. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2003 Jun;24(6):615–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Chen HJ, Wang ZP, Chen YR, Qin DS, Fu SJ, Ma BL. Effects of pollen extract EA-10, P5 on chronic prostatitis or infertility with chronic prostatitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2002 Nov;23(11):1035–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Jia Y, Li Y, Li J, Sun M. Treatment of nonspecific chronic prostatitis with Qian Lie Xian Yan Suppository in 104 cases. J Tradit Chin Med 2001 Jun;21(2):90–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Lee YS, Han CH, Kang SH, Lee SJ, Kim SW, Shin OR, et al. Synergistic effect between catechin and ciprofloxacin on chronic bacterial prostatitis rat model. Int J Urol 2005 Apr;12(4):383–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Shahed A, Rajfer J. Quercetin in men with category III chronic prostatitis: a preliminary prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology 1999 Dec;54(6):960–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Katske F, Shoskes DA, Sender M, Poliakin R, Gagliano K, Rajfer J. Treatment of interstitial cystitis with a quercetin supplement. Tech Urol 2001 Mar;7(1):44–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Buck AC, Rees RW, Ebeling L. Treatment of chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia with pollen extract. Br J Urol 1989 Nov;64(5):496–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Buck AC, Cox R, Rees RW, Ebeling L, John A. Treatment of outflow tract obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia with the pollen extract, cernilton. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Urol 1990 Oct;66(4):398–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Rugendorff EW, Weidner W, Ebeling L, Buck AC. Results of treatment with pollen extract (Cernilton N) in chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia. Br J Urol 1993 Apr;71(4):433–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Elist J. Effects of pollen extract preparation Prostat/Poltit on lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Urology 2006 Jan;67(1):60–3.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Hollman PC, Katan MB. Bioavailability and health effects of dietary flavonols in man. Arch Toxicol Suppl 1998;20:237–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Hollman PC, van Trijp JM, Mengelers MJ, de Vries JH, Katan MB. Bioavailability of the dietary antioxidant flavonol quercetin in man. Cancer Lett 1997 Mar 19;114(1–2):139–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Guardia T, Rotelli AE, Juarez AO, Pelzer LE. Anti-inflammatory properties of plant flavonoids. Effects of rutin, quercetin and hesperidin on adjuvant arthritis in rat. Farmaco 2001 Sep;56(9):683–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Sato M, Miyazaki T, Kambe F, Maeda K, Seo H. Quercetin, a bioflavonoid, inhibits the induction of interleukin 8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cultured human synovial cells. J Rheumatol 1997 Sep;24(9):1680–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Shahed AR, Shoskes DA. Oxidative stress in prostatic fluid of patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome: correlation with gram positive bacterial growth and treatment response. J Androl 2000 Sep;21(5):669–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Shoskes DA, Hakim L, Ghoniem G, Jackson CL. Long-term results of multimodal therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 2003 Apr;169(4):1406–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Nickel JC, Downey J, Ardern D, Clark J, Nickel K. Failure of a monotherapy strategy for difficult chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 2004 Aug;172(2):551–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Duclos, A., Shoskes, D. (2008). Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. In: Potts, J.M. (eds) Genitourinary Pain And Inflammation. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-126-4_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-126-4_12

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-816-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-126-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics