Skip to main content

Micrometastasis of Genitourinary Cancer to Sentinel Lymph Nodes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Oncology ((CCO))

Abstract

A majority of the more frequent tumors can expand through the lymphatic system, affecting progressively an increasing number of lymph nodes (LNs).

LN status is among the most important prognostic indicators for the clinical outcome of patients with solid malignancy. With the advent of the application of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) concept, significant advances have been made but new unanswered questions exist. The finding and understanding of micro- and submicrometastases is an interesting biological phenomenon, which has been investigated and the final result still is far away.

Therefore worldwide cooperative study in “micrometastasis” between national and international investigators is necessary for its definitive validation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abol-Encin, J., El-Baz, M., et al. Lymph Node Involvement in Patients with Bladder Cancer Treated with Radical Cystectomy: A Patho-Anatomical Study—A Single Center Experience. J. Urol. Nov 2004; 172(5 Pt 2):1818–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Aihara, T., et al. Visualization of Bladder Cancer Using (11) C-Choline PET: First Clinical Experience. Eur. J. Nuc. Med Mol. Imaging. Oct 2002; 29(10):1283–8 Epub 27 July 2002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bader, Pia, Fiona, C., et al. Disease Progression and Survival of Patients with Positive Lymph Nodes after Radical Prostatectomy. Is There a Chance of Cure? J. Urol. Mar 2003; 169:849–854.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Balch, C.M., Burzaid, A.C., et al. A new American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System for Cutaneous Melanoma. Cancer 2000; 88:1484–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bernhardt, J., Letzkus, C., Kind, M., et al. Metastasis of Prostate Carcinoma to the Lamina Submucosa of the Distal Rectum in Ulcerative Colitis 2 years after Transrectal Prostate Biopsy and Radical Prostatovesiculoectomy. Urolage Jan 2005; 44(1):64–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Biedrzycki, O.J., Hadway, P., Cooke, A., et al. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Negative Inguinal Lymph Nodes in Men with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis; Are we Missing Micrometastases Which Could Predict Recurrence? BJU July 2006; 98(1):70–73.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Brennhovd, B., Johnsrud, K., Berner, A., et al. Sentinel Node Procedure in Low-Stage/Low-Grade Penile Carcinoma. J. Urol. July 2006; 176(1):105–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Byrne, R.R., Shariat, S.F., Brown, R., Kattan, M.V., Morton R.A. Jr., Wheeler, T.M., Lerner, S.P. E-cadherin Immunostaining of Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma, Carcinoma in Situ, and Lymph Node Metastases with Long-Term Followup. J. Urol. May 2001; 165(5):1473–1479.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bucher, S., Magliano, E. et al. Selective Lymphadenectomy in the Management of Squamous Cells Carcinoma of External Male Genitalia. 5th Biennial International Sentinel Node Society Meeting. Rome, Italy, 1–4 Nov 2006; 57, Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cabanas, R.M. Thesis: Valoracion Quirurgica de la Linfoadenografia. Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Asuncion, Paraguay, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cabanas, R. M. An approach for the Treatment of Penile Carcinoma. Cancer 1977; 39:456–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cabanas, R.M., Whitmore, W.I., Jr. The Use of Testicular Lymphatics in the Dog to Bypass Obstructed Lymphatics in the Dog. Invest. Urol. Jan 1981; 18(4):262–265, January 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Cabanas, R.M. Anatomy and Biopsy of Sentinel Lymph Nodes, Penile, Urethral and Scrotal Cancer. Urol. Clinic NA 1992; 19:267–276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cabanas, R.M. Urologic Cancer. Chapter 30, Page 333–338.<Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Hiram S. Cody III, Ed. Martin Dunitz. 2002.

  15. Cabanas, R.M. The Concept of the Sentinel Lymph Node: 109–120. Application of the Sentinel Node Concept in Urogenital Cancer: 141–149. Recent Results in Cancer Research, Vol 157. P.M. Schlag. U.Veronesi (Ed). Lymphatic Metastasis and Sentinel Lymphonodectomy. 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin – Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cabanas, R.M. Lympathic Mapping and Sentinel Lymphadenectomy in Urology: 151–166. Selective Sentinel Lymphadenectomy for Humal Solid Cancer. Stanley P.L. Leong, Yuko Kitagawa, Masaki Kitajima, Editors. 2005. Springer-Verlag Berlin – Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  17. DeGuchi, T., Doi, T., Eliara, H., Ito, S., Takashashi, Y., Nishimo, Y., et al. Detection of Micrometastatic Prostate Cancer Cells in Lymph nodes by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction. Cancer Res. 1993; 53:5350–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Foster, R.S., Jr. Editor, Cady, Blake, Consulting Editor. Lymph Nodes in Surgical Oncology. Surg Oncol Clin NA Jan 1996 5(1): .

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fukuda M., Egawa, M., Imao, T., Takashima, H., Yokoyama, K., Namiki, M. Detection of Sentinel Node Micrometastasis by Step Section and Immunohistochemisty in Patients with Prostate Cancer. J. Urol. Apr 2007; 177(4):1313–7; discussion 1317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Glas, E., et al. The Role of SPECT-CT in Lymphatic Mapping. 6th Biennial International Sentinel Node Society Meeting, Sydney, 2008. Ann. Surg. Oncol. Feb 2008; 15 (Suppl 1):19.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gomella, L.G., Raaj, G.V., et al. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction for Prostate Specific Antigen in the Management of Prostate Cancer. J. Urol. 1997; 158:326–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gray, T.H., The Relation of Lymphatic Vessels to the Spread of Cancer. Br. J. Surg. 1939; 26:462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Haigh, P.I., Lucci, A., et al. Carbon Dye Histologically Confirms the Identify of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Cutaneous Melanoma. Cancer. 2001; 92:535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Harisinghani, M.G., Barentsz, J., Hahn, P.F., et al. Non-invasive Detection of Clinically Occult Lymph Node Metastasis in Prostate Gland. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348:2491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hering, F., Schmid, H.P., Graber, P., Influence of Microinvasion of the Capsule and/or Micrometastasis of Regional Lymph Nodes on Disease Free Survival after Radical Prostatectomy. Ann. Urol. (Paris) 1994; 28:196–201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hermanek, P., Hutter, R.V., et al. International Union Against Cancer. Classification of Isolated Tumor Cells and Micrometastasis. Cancer. 1999; 86:2668–2673, PMID10594862.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Horenblas, S., Jansen, L., et al. Detection of Occult Metastasis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis Using a Dynamic Sentinel Node Procedure. J. Urol. 2000; 163:100–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Huvos, A.G., Hutter, Berg, J.W. Significance of Axillary Micrometastases and Macrometastases in Mammary Cancer. Ann. Surg. 1971; 173:44–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ito, K., Nakashima, J., Mukai, M., Asakura, H., Ohigashi, T., Salto, S. Tachi, Prognostic Implication of Microvascular Invasion. Urol Int. 2003; 70(4):297–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kothari, P.S., Scardino, P.T., Ohori, M., et al. Incidence, Location, and Significance of Periprostatic and Periseminal Vesicle Lymph Nodes in Prostate Cancer. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. Nov 2001; 25(11):1429–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kroon, B.K., Nieweg, O.E., et al. Management of Penile Carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005; 89:43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kroon, B.K., Nieweg, O.E., Van Boven, H., Horenblas, S. Size of Metastasis in Sentinel Node Predicts Additional Nodal Involvement in Penile Carcinoma. J. Urol. Jul 2006; 176(1):105–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kroon, B.K., Thesis Dynamic Sentinel Node Biopsy in Penile Carcinoma. The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kurahashi, T., Hari, I., Oka, N., Kamidono,S., Eto, H., Miuake, H. Detection of Micrometastases in Pelvic Lymph Nodes in Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy for Locally Invasive Bladder Cancer by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-PCR for Cytokeratin 19 and Uroplakin II. Clin. Cancer Res. 15 May 2005; 11(10):3773–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Leidberg, F., Chebil, G., Davidsson, T., et al. Intraoperative Sentinel Node Detection Improves Nodal Staging in Invasive Bladder Cancer. J. Urol. Jan 2006; 175(1):84–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Liedberg, F., Chebil, G., Davidsson, T., et al. Bladder Cancer and the Sentinel Node. Aktuelle Urol. Mar 2003; 34(2):115–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Leijte, J.A.P., Valdes Olmos, R.A., Nieweg, O.E., Horenblas, S. SPECT-CT. Visualization of Tumor-Blockage and Rerouting of Lymphatic Drainage in Patients with Penile Carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. Feb 2008 15(Suppl 1)_, Abstracts: 11.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Leijte, J.A.P., Kroon, B.K., Valdes Olmos, R.A., Nieweg, O.E., Horenblas, S. Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Penile Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. Feb 2008 15(Suppl 1), Abstract 23.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Leijte, J.A.P., Hughes, B., Kroon, B.K., Vales Olmos, R.A., Nieweg, O.E., Watkin, N., Horenblas, S. Multi-Institutional Evaluation of Sentinel Node Biopsy for Penile Carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. Feb 2008; 15(Suppl 1), 25 Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Leijte, J.A.P., Valdes Olmos, R.A., Nieweg. O.E., Horenblas, S., Anatomical Mapping of Lymphatic Drainage in Penile Carcinoma with SPECT-CT. Ann Surg. Oncol. Feb2008; 15(Suppl 1), 25–26, Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Leissner, J., Ghoneim, M.A., Abol-Encin, H., et al. Extended Radical Lymphadenectomy in Patients with Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Results of a Prospective Multicenter study. J. Urol. Jan 2004; 171(1):139–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Leon, S.P.L., Wong, J.H. Guest Editors, Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Human Solid Cancer. Surg. Clinics NA Dec 2000; 80(6):1741–57.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lyman, G.H., Giuliano, A.E., Somerfield, M.R., et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline Recommendations for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Early-Stage Breast Cancer. J. Clinic. Oncol. 2005; 23:7703–20, PMID:16157938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Malmstrom, P.U., Ren, Z.P., et al. Early Metastatic Progression of Bladder Carcinoma: Molecular Profile of Primary Tumor and Sentinel Lymph Node. J. Urol. Nov 2002; 168(5):2240–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Marits, P., Karlsson, M., Sherif, A., et al. Detection of Immune Responses Against Urinary Bladder Cancer in Sentinel Lymph Nodes.< Eur. Urol. Jan 2006; 49(1):59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Matchtens, S., Boerner, A.R., Hofmann, M., Knapp, W.H., Tona, U. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Treatment for Urological tumors. Urol. A Nov 2004; 43(11):1397–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. McDougal, W.S.,et al. Preemptive Lymphadenectomy Markedly Improves Survival in Patients with Cancer of the Penis who Harbor Occult Metastasis. J. Urol. 2005; 173:681.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. McCullough, D.L., Prout, G.R. Jr., et al. Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland and Lymphatic Metastases. J. Urol. 1974; 111:65–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. McLaughlin, A.P., Saltzstein, S.L., McCullough, D.L., et al. Prostatic Carcinoma: Incidence and Location of Unsuspected Lymphatic Metastases. J. Urol. 1976; 115:89–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Minamiya, Y., et al. Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping Using MRI Contrast Medium and Magnetic Force. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2008; 15(51), 19 Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Miyake, H., Hara, I., et al. Quantitative Detection of Micrometastases in Pelvic Lymph Nodes in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase- PCR. Clin. Cancer Res. 15 Feb 2007, 13(4):1192–7.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Miyake, H., Kurahashi, I.H., et al. Significance of Micrometastases in Pelvic Lymph Nodes Detected by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy After Neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy. BJU Int. Feb 2007; 99(2):315–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Moreno, J.G., et al. Detection of Hematogeneous Micrometastasis in Patients with Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res. 1 Nov 1992; 52:6110–6112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nargund, V., Al Hashmi, D., Kumar, P., Gordon, S., Otitie, U., Ellison, D., Imaging with Radiolabelled Monoclonal Antibody. BJU Int. June 2005; 95(9):1232–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Nieweg, O.E., Essner, R., Reintgen, D.S., Thompson, T.F., Editors, Lymphatic Mapping and Probe Applications in Oncology. Marcel Decker, Inc. New York – Basel 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Ohyama, C., Chiba, Y., Yamazaki, T., Endoh, M., et al. Lymphatic Mapping and Gamma Probe Guided Laparoscopic Biopsy of Sentinel Lymph Node in Patients with Clinical Stage I Testicular Tumor. J. Urol. Oct 2002; 168:1390–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Pantel, K., Cote, R.J., Fodstad, O. Detection and Clinical Importance of Micrometastatic Disease. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999; 91:1113–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Perdona, S., Gallo, L., et al. Role of Crural Inguinal Lymphadenectomy and Dynamic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Lymph Node Staging in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis. Our Experience. Tumors 2003, 89:276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Planz, B., Szyska, P., Valdor, M., Boeckmann, W., Fuzesi, L; Jakse G. Detection of Circulating Prostatic Cells During Radical Prostatectomy. Urol Res. 1997; 25(6):385–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Querzoli, P., Pedriali, M., et al. Axillary Lymph Node Nanometastases are Prognostic Factors for Disease-Free Survival and Metastatic Relapse in Breast Cancer Patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006; 12:6696–6701. PMID 17121888.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Reintgen, D.S., Guest Editor, Cady, B., Consulting Editor, Radioguided Surgery, The Changing Face of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology. Surgical Oncology of N.A. July 1999; 8 (3).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Riveros, M., Cabanas, R.M., A Lymphangiographic Study of the Popliteal Lymph Nodes. Surgical Gyn. Obst. Feb 1972; 134:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Satoh, M., Schmid, H.P., Mihatsch, M.J., et al. Impact of Minimal Lymph Node Metastasis on Long-Term Prognosis After Radical Prostatectomy. Eur. Urol. 1997; 31(1):11–6.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Satoh, M., Ito, A., Kaiho, Y., Nakagawa, H., et al. Intraoperative, Radioguided Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Laparoscopic Lymph Node Dissection for Stage I testicular Carcinoma. Cancer. 15 May 2005 ; 103(10):2067–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Schwartz, G.F., Guliano, A.F., Veronesi, U. The Consensus Conference Committee Proceedings on Consensus Conference in the Role of Sentinel Lymph Nodes Biopsy in Carcinoma of the Breast. 19–22 Apr 2001. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Human. Pathol. 2002; 33:577–89.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Schwartz, G.F., Giuliano, A.E., Veronesi. U., et al. Proceedings of the Consensus Conference on the Role of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Carcinoma of the Breast. Apr 19–22, 2001. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cancer. 2002; 94:2542–2551.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Sherif, A., Erickson, E., et al. Sentinel Node Detection in Renal Cell Carcinoma. A Feasibility Study, Ann. Surg. Oncol. Feb 2008; 15(Suppl 1), 26 Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Sherif, A., Delatorre, M., et al. Lymphatic Mapping and Detection of Sentinel Nodes in Patients with Bladder Cancer. J. Urol. Sept 2001; 166: 815.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Sherif, A., et al. Sentinel Node Biopsy in Urothelial Urinary Bladder Cell Carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. Feb 2008; 15(Suppl 1), 23 Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Sherif, A. Experimental Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Invasive Urinary bladder Cancer. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 2003. Thesis.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Sherif, A., Garske, U., et al. Hybrid SPECT-CT: An Additional Technique for Sentinel Node Detection of patients with Invasive Bladder Cancer. Euro. Urol. July 2006; 50(1):83–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Southwick, A., Rigby, O., Daily, M., Noyes, R.D. Malignant Melanoma of the Penis and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy. J. Urol. Nov 2001; 166: 1833.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Solsona, E., Iborra, I., Rubio, J., et al. Prospective Validation of the Association of Local Tumor Stage and Grade as a Predictive Factor for Occult Lymph Node Micrometastasis in Patients with Penile Carcinoma in Clinically Negative Inguinal Lymph Nodes. J. Urol May 2001;165(5)1506–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Sobin, L.H., Wittekind, C.H., Editors. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors 5th Ed. New York: Wiley-Liss: 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Tanis, P.J. Methodology and Implications of Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymphadenectomy. The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Thesis 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Tabatabaei, S., Harisinghani, M.G., McDougal, W.S., Regional Lymph Node Staging Using Lymphatotropic Nanoparticle Enhanced MRI (LNMRI) in Patients with Penile Cancer. J. Urol. 2005; 923–927. vol. 174 issue 3.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Takeuchi, H., Wascher, R.A., et al; Molecular Diagnosis of Micrometastasis in the Sentinel Lymph Node: 221–252. Selective Sentinel Lymphadenectomy for Human Solid Cancer. Edit. Leong Stanley et al. Springer 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Terhorst, B., Friedrichs, R., Early Results Following Radical Prostatectomy in Patients with Capsule Invasion, Seminal Vesicle Infiltration and Micrometastases. Urolage. A Mar 1990; 29(2):91–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Valdes Olmos, R.A., et al, SPECT-CT for Localization of Uncommonly Located Sentinel Nodes in Prostate Gland. Ann. Surg. Oncol. Feb 2008; 15(Suppl 1):24–25 Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Valdes Olmos, R.A., et al. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Prostate Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. Feb 2008; (15) Suppl. 1:22 Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Valdes Olmos, R.A. Horenblas, S., et al. Lymphoscintigraphy for Pelvic Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Node Identification in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Institute, Amsterdam. 5th Biennial International Sentinel Node Society Meeting. Rome: Italy. 1–4 Nov 2006: 58 Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Vales Olmos, R.A., Meinhardt, W., et al. Radioguided Localization of Sentinel Nodes in Prostate Cancer Using an Intraoperative Portable Gamma Camera with Simultaneous 99 mTc/125 I Signal Detection. Annal Surg. Oncol. 2008; 15(Suppl1): 25.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Valdes Olmos, R.A., Meinhardt, W., et al. Penile Lymphoscintigraphy for Sentinel Node Identification. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2001; 28:581.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Van Rijk, M.C., Peterse, J.L., Nieweg, O.E., et al. Additional Axillary Metastases and Stage Migration in Breast Cancer Patients with Micrometastases or Submicrometastases in Sentinel Lymph Nodes. Cancer 2006; 107:467–471 PMID1680424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Wawroschek, H., Vogt, H., et al. Radioisotope Guided Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Prostate Cancer. J Urol. Nov 2001; 166:1715–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Wawroschek, F., Vogt, H., et al. First Experience with Gamma Probe Guided Sentinel Node Surgery in Penile Cancer. Urol. Res. 2000; 28: 246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Wawroschek, F., Vogt., H., Weckermann, D., Wagner, T; Harzmann, R. The Sentinel Lymph Node Concept in Prostate Cancer-First Results of Gamma Probe-Guided Sentinel Lymph Node Identification. Eur. Urol. Dec 1999; 36(6):595–600.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Wawroschek, F., Vogt, H., Weckerman, D., et al. Radioisotope Guided Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Prostate Cancer. J. Urol. Nov 2001;< 166:1715–1719.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Wawroschek, F., Vogt, H., et al. Prostate Lymphoscintigraphy and Radio-Guided Surgery for Sentinel Lymph Node Identification in Prostate Cancer. Urol. Int. 2003; 70:303–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Weckermann, D., Dorn, R., Holl, G., et al. Limitations of Radioguided Surgery in High-Risk Prostate Cancer. Euro. Urol. 2007; 5:1549–1558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Weckermann, D., Holl, G., et al. Reliability of Preoperative Diagnostics and Location of Lymph Node Metastases in Presumed Unilateral Prostate Cancer. BJU Int. 2007; 99:1036–1040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Weckermann, D., Dorn, R., et al., Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection for Prostate Cancer: Experience with More than 1,000 Patients. J. Urol. Mar 2007; 177:916–920,.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Willis, R.A., The Spread of Tumor in the Human Body. London, Butterworth, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Wunderbaldinger, P., Josephson, L., Brenner, C., et al. Detection of Lymph Nodes Metastasis by Contrast Enhanced MRI in an Experimental Model. Magn Reson. Med. 2002; 47: 292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Zhang, L, Wang, C.Y, et al. Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR Assay of Prostate-Specific Antigen and Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Peripheral Blood for Detection of Prostate Cancer Micrometastasis. Urol. Oncol. Jan 2008 PMID:18367130

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cabanas, R. (2009). Micrometastasis of Genitourinary Cancer to Sentinel Lymph Nodes. In: Leong, S. (eds) From Local Invasion to Metastatic Cancer. Current Clinical Oncology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-087-8_30

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-087-8_30

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-086-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-087-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics