Abstract
Writing about psychodynamic psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder (BPD) is difficult because it is not a unified approach. In fact, it is often said that psychoanalysis, although frequently used singularly, is in actuality a plural noun representing an array of theoretical ideas and technical applications. These schools broadly include ego psychology, object relations theory, self-psychology, and attachment theory.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Although, many of the patients referred after multiple treatment failures and it appears that these patients could be classified as BPD, diagnoses were not made using criteria consistent with a contemporary nosological framework.
References
Hopko, D. R., Sanchez, L., Hopko, S. D., Dvir S., & Lejuez, C. W. (2003). Behavioral activation and the prevention of suicidal behaviours in patients with borderline personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 460–478.
Brown, G. K., Newman, C. F., Charlesworth, S. E., Crits-Christoph, P., & Beck, A. T. (2004). An open clinical trial of cognitive therapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18 (3), 257–271.
Davidson, K., Norrie, J., Tyrer, P., Gumley, A., Tata, P., Murray, H., & Palmer S. (2006). The effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: Results from the borderline personality disorder study of cognitive therapy (BOSCOT) trial. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20, 450–465.
Kellogg, S. & Young, J. (2006). Schema therapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 445–458.
Benjamin, L. S. (1993). Interpersonal Diagnosis and Treatment of Personality Disorders. New York: Guilford Press, 11.
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York, NY, USA: Guilford Press.
Parron, R. (2006). How to do research? Reply to Otto Kernberg. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 87, 927–932.
Kernberg, O. F. (2006). The pressing need to increase research in and on psychoanalysis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 87, 919–926.
Kernberg, O. F. (2006). Research anxiety: A response to Roger Perron’s comments. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 87, 933–937.
Alexander, F. (1937). Five Year Report of the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis. 1932–1937.
Bordin, E. S. (1948). Dimensions of the counseling process. Journal of clinical Psychology, 4, 240–244.
Fenichel, O. (1930). Ten Years of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute 1920–1930. Berlin: Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute.
Holt, R. R. & Luborsky, L. B. (1958). Personality Patterns of Psychiatrists: A Study in Selection Techniques (Vol. 2). Topeka: The Menninger Foundation.
Jones, E. (1936). Decennial Report of the London Clinic of Psychoanalysis, 1926–1936.
Knight, R. O. (1941). Evaluation of the results of psychoanalytic therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 98, 434–446.
Luborsky, L. B. (1953). Self-interpretation of the TAT as a clinical technique. Journal of Projective Techniques, 17, 217–223.
Strupp, H. H. (1955). Psychotherapeutic technique, professional affiliation, and experience level. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 19 (2), 97–102.
Wallerstein, R., Robbins, L., Sargent, H., & Luborsky, L. (1956). The psychotherapy research project of the Menninger foundation. Bulletin Menninger Clinic, 221–280.
Blatt, S. J. (2001). The effort to identify empirical supported psychological treatments and its implications for clinical research, practice, and training. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 11, 633–644.
Bornstein, R. F. (2001). The impending death of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 18, 3–20.
Fonagy, P. (2000). Grasping the nettle: Or why psychoanalytic research is such an irritant. The British Psycho-Analytic Society, 36, 28–36.
Fonagy, P., Jones, E. E., Kächele, H., Krause, R., Clarkin, J., Perron, R., Gerber, A., & Allison, E. (2001). An Open Door Review of Outcome Studies in Psychoanalysis. (2nd edn.), London: International Psychoanalytic Association.
Gerber, A. J. (2001). A proposal for the integration of psychoanalysis and research. Psychologist-Psychoanalyst, 21 (3), 14–17.
Westen, D. & Morrison, K. (2001). A multidimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 69 (6), 875–899.
Yeomans, F. E. & Clarkin, J. F. (2001). New developments in the investigation of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Current Opinions in Psychiatry, 14, 591–595.
Clarkin, J. F., Yeomans, F. E., & Kernberg, O. F. (1999). Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clarkin, J. F., Yeomans, F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2006). Psychotherapy of Borderline Personality. New York: Wiley.
Stevenson, J. & Meares, R. (1992). An outcome study of psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149 (3), 358–362.
Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (1999). Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156 (10), 1563–1569.
Borkovec, T. D. & Castonguay, L. G. (1998). What is the scientific meaning of empirically supported therapy? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66 (1), 136–142.
Ablon, J. S. & Jones, E. E. (2002). Validity of controlled clinical trials of psychotherapy: Findings from the NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 775–783.
Blatt, S. J. & Zuroff, D. C. (2005). Empirical evaluation of the assumptions in identifying evidence based treatments in mental health. Clinical Psychology Review, 25 (4), 459–486.
Howard, K. I., Orlinsky, D. E., & Lueger, R. J. (1995). The design of clinically relevant outcome research: Some considerations and an example. In M. Aveline & D. A. Shapiro (Eds), Research Foundations for Psychotherapy Practice (pp. 3–47). Chichester; New York: Wiley.
Levy, K. N. & Scott, L. N. (2007). The ‘art’ of interpreting the ‘science’ and the ‘science of interpreting the ‘art’ of treatment of borderline personality disorder. In S. Hoffman & J. Weinburger (Eds), The Art and Science of Psychotherapy. London: Brunner-Routledge.
Castonguay, L. G. & Beutler, L. E. (2005). Principles of therapeutic change: A task force on participants, relationships, and techniques factors. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62 (6), 631–638.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2002, December 9–10). Psychotherapeutic interventions: How and why they work. Retrieved April 1, 2003, from: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/scientificmeetings.interventions.cfm
Rosen, G. M. & Davison, G. R. (2003). Psychology should list empirically supported principles of change (ESPs) and not credential trademarked therapies or other treatment packages. Behavior Modification, 27, 300–312.
Gabbard, G. O., Gunderson, J. G., & Fonagy, P. (2002). The place of psychoanalytic treatments within psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59 (6), 505–510.
Clarke, M. & Oxman, A. (1999). Cochrane reviews will be in Medline. BMJ, 319 (7222), 1435.
Clarkin, J. F. & Levy, L. N. (2006). Psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder: Focusing on the mechanisms of change. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62 (4), 405–410.
Levy, K. N., Clarkin, J. F., Yeomans, F. E., Scott, L. N., Wasserman, R. H., & Kernberg, O. F. (2006). The mechanisms of change in the treatment of transference focused psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 481–501.
Morrison, K. H., Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2003). The external validity of controlled clinical trials of psychotherapy for depression and anxiety: A naturalistic study. Psychology & Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 76 (2), 109–132.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). The effectiveness of psychotherapy: The consumer reports study. American Psychologist, 50 (12), 965–974.
Wallerstein, R. (1986). Forty-Two Lives In Treatment–A Study of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.
Kernberg, O. F., Burnstein, E., Coyne, L., Appelbaum, A., Horowitz, L., & Voth, H. (1972). Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis: Final report of the Menninger foundation’s psychotherapy research project. Bulletin of Menninger Clinic, 36, 1–275.
Luborsky, L. B., McLellan, A. T., Woody, G. E., O’Brien, C. P., & Auerbach, A. (1985). Therapist success and its determinants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42 (6), 602–611.
Rockland, L. H. (1992). Supportive Therapy for Borderline Patients: A Psychodynamic Approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Gabbard, G. O., Allen, J. G., Frieswyk, S. H., Colson, D. B., Newsom, G. E., & Coyne, L. (1996). Borderline Personality Disorder Tailoring Psychotherapy to the Patient. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
Kazdin, A. (2001). Progression of therapy research and clinical application of treatment require better understanding of the change process. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 143–151.
Hobson, R. F. (1985). Forms of Feeling: The Heart of Psychotherapy. London: Tavistock.
James, William (1890). The Principles of Psychology. New York: Holt.
Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self. New York: International University Press.
Ornstein, P. H. (1998). Hidden and overt rage: their interpretation in the psychoanalytic treatment process. Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis, 6, 1–14.
Meares, R., Stevenson, J., & Comerford, A. (1999). Psychotherapy with borderline patients: I. A comparison between treated and untreated cohorts. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33 (4), 467–472; discussion 478–481.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn). Washington, DC: Author.
Stevenson, J., Meares, R., & D’Angelo, R. (2005). Five-year outcome of outpatient psychotherapy with borderline patients. Psychological Medicine, 35(1), 79–87.
Korner, A., Gerull, F., Meares, R., & Stevenson, J. (2006). Borderline personality disorder treated with the conversational model: A replication study. Comprehensive psychiatry, 47, 406–411.
Bateman, A. W. & Fonagy, P. (2006). Mentalization-Based Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Practical Guide. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Bateman, A. W. & Fonagy, P. (2004). Mentalization-based treatment of BPD. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(1), 36–51.
Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (2001). Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: An 18-month follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(1), 36–42.
Linehan, M. M., Heard, H. L., & Armstrong, H. E. (1993). Naturalistic follow-up of a behavioral treatment for chronically suicidal borderline patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(12), 971–974.
Yeomans, F. E., Clarkin, J. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2002). A Primer of Transference Focused Psychotherapy for the Borderline Patient. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Kernberg, O. F. (1984). Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Steiner, J. (1993). Psychic Retreats – Pathological Organisations in Psychotic, Neurotic and Borderline Patients. London: Routledge.
Yeomans, F. E. (1993). When a therapist overindulges a demanding borderline patient. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 334–336.
Clarkin, J. (1996). The utility of a treatment contract. Journal of Practical Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, 2, 368–369.
Sanderson, C., Swenson, C., & Bohus, M. (2002). A critique of the American Psychiatric Practice Guideline for the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorder, 16, 122–129.
Kroll, J. (2000). Use of no-suicide contracts by psychiatrists in Minnesota. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1684–1686.
Yeomans, F. E., Gutfreund, J., Selzer, M. A., & Clarkin, J. F. (1994). Factors related to drop-outs by borderline patients: Treatment contract and therapeutic alliance. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice & Research, 3(1), 16–24.
Smith, T. E., Koenigsberg, H. W., Yeomans, F. E., & Clarkin, J. F. (1995). Predictors of dropout in psychodynamic psychotherapy of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice & Research, 4 (3), 205–213.
Clarkin, J. F., Foelsch, P. A., Levy, K. N., Hull, J. W., Delaney, J. C., & Kernberg, O. F. (2001). The development of a psychodynamic treatment for patients with borderline personality disorders: A preliminary study of behavioral change. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16 (6), 487–495.
Levy, K. N., Clarkin, J. F., Schiavi, J., Foelsch, P. A., & Kernberg, O. F. (in review). Transference Focused Psychotherapy for Patients Diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder: A Comparison with a Treatment-As-Usual Cohort.
Clarkin, J. F., Levy, K. N., Lenzenweger, M. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2005). The Personality Disorders Institute/Borderline Personality Disorder Research Foundation randomized control trial for borderline personality disorder: rationale, methods, and patient characteristics. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18 (1), 52–72.
Levy, K. N., Clarkin, J. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2006). Change in attachment and reflective function in the treatment of borderline personality disorder with transference focused psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1027–1040.
Clarkin, J. F., Levy, K. N., Lenzenweger, M. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2007). A multiwave RCT Evaluating three treatments for borderline personality disorder. American Journal Psychiatry, 164, 922–928.
Levy, K. N., Meehan, K. B., Kelly, K. M., Reynoso, J. S., Weber, M. Clarkin, J. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2006). Change in attachment and reflective function in the treatment of borderline personality disorder with transference focused psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1027–1040.
Linehan, M. M., Armstrong, H. E., Suarez, A., Allmon, D., & Heard, H. L. (1991). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48 (12), 1060–1064.
Clarkin, J. F. & Levy, K. N. (2003). Influence of client variables on psychotherapy. In M. Lambert (Ed.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (5th edn, pp. 194–226). New York: Wiley & Sons.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lynch, T. R., Chapman, A. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Kuo, J. R., & Linehan, M. M. (2006). Mechanisms of change in dialectical behavior therapy: Theoretical and empirical observations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62 (4), 459–480.
Applebaum, S. A. (1981). Effecting Change in Psychotherapy. London: Aronson.
Applebaum, S. A. (2005). Supportive Psychotherapy. In J. M. Oldham, A. E. Skodol, & D. S. Bender (Eds), Textbook of Personality Disorders. Arlington, VA: The American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc..
Ablon, J. S., Levy, R. A., & Katzenstein, T. (2002). Beyond brand names of psychotherapy: Identifying empirically supported change processes. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43 (2), 216–231.
Ablon, J. S. & Jones, E. E. (1998). How expert clinicians’ prototypes of an ideal treatment correlate with outcome in psychodynamic and cognitive–behavioral therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 8, 71–83.
Castonguay, L. G., Goldfried, M. R., Wiser, S., & Raue, P. J. (1996). Predicting the effect of cognitive therapy for depression: a study of unique and common factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64 (3), 497–504.
DeRubeis, R. J. & Feeley, S. (1990). Determinants of change in cognitive therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 469–482.
DeRubeis, R. J., Evans, M. D., Hollon, S. D., Garvey, M. J., Grove, W. M., & Tuason, V. B. (1990). How does cognitive behavioral therapy work? Cognitive change and symptom change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 862–869.
Ilardi, S. S. & Craighead, W. E. (1994). The role of nonspecific factors in cognitive therapy for depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 1 (2), 138–156.
Jones E. E. & Pulos, S. M. (1993). Comparing the process in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 306–316.
Shaw, B. F., Elkin, I., Yamaguchi, J., Olmstead, M., Vallis, T. M., Dobson, K. S., Lowery, A., Sotsky, S. M., Watkins, J. T., & Imber, S. D. (1999). Therapist competence ratings in relation to clinical outcome in cognitive therapy of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67 (6), 837–846.
Trepka, C., Rees, A., Shapiro, D. A., & Hardy, G. E. (2004). Therapist competence and outcome of cognitive therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 143–157.
Giesen-Bloo, J., Van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., Van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., Van Asselt., et al. (2006). Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: A randomized clinical trial of schema focused therapy versus transference focused psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 649–658.
Young, J. E., Klosko, J., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide. New York: The Guildford Press.
Oldham, J. M. (2006). Borderline personality disorder and suicidality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 20–26.
Howard, K. I., Krause, M. S., and Orlinsky, D. E. (1986). The attrition dilemma: Towards a new strategy for psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 106–110.
Arntz, A. (2004). Borderline personality disorder. In: T. A. Beck, A. Freeman, D. D. Davis and X. Associates (Eds), Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders (2nd edn, pp. 187–215). New York: The Guilford Press.
Luborsky, L., Diguer, L., Seligman, D. A., Rosenthal, R., Krause, E. D., Johnson, S., et al. (1999). The researcher’s own therapy allegiances: A “wild card” in comparisons of treatment efficacy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 95–106.
Clarkin, J., Levy, K., Lenzenweger, M., & Kernberg, O. (2004). The Personality Disorders Institute/Borderline Personality Disorder Research Foundation randomized control trial for borderline personality disorder: rationale, methods, and patient characteristics. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18 (1), 52–72.
Yeomans, F. E. (2006). Questions concerning the randomized trial of schema focused therapy vs. transference focused psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64 (5), 609–610.
Giesen-Bloo, J. H., Arntz, A., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., & van Tilburg, W. (2001). Outpatient treatment of borderline personality disorder: Analytical psychotherapy versus cognitive behavior therapy. Paper presented at the World Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, July 17–21, Vancouver, Canada.
Giesen-Bloo, J. H., Arntz, A., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., & van Tilburg, W. (2002). Outpatient treatment of borderline personality disorder: Analytical psychotherapy versus cognitive behavior therapy. Paper presented at the Transference Focused Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Symposium, November 16–17, New York, USA.
Chalmers, T., Smith, H., Blackburn, B., Silverman, B., Schroeder, B., Reitman, D., & Ambroz, A. (1981). A method for assessing the quality of a randomized control trial. Controlled Clinical Trials, 2, 31–49.
Waldinger, R. & Gunderson, J. (1984). Completed psychotherapies with borderline patients. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 38, 190–202.
Hoglend, P., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Bogwald, K. P., Sorbye, O., Sjaastad, M. C., & Heyerdahl, O. (2006). Analysis of the patient-therapist relationship in dynamic psychotherapy: An experimental study of transference interpretations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1739–1746.
Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Murray, A. M., Brown, M. Z., Gallop, R. J., Heard, H. L., et al. (2006). Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs. therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63 (7), 757–766.
Levy, K. N. (2006, June 11). RE: New Publication in the Archives on a comparison of Schema (Young) focus. Message posted to psychodynamic research, archived at psychodynamicresearch@yahoogroups.com
Garfield, S .L. (1990). Issues and methods in psychotherapy process research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58 (3), 273–280.
Weinberger, J. (1995). Common factors aren't so common: The common factors dilemma. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2, 45–69.
Coccaro, E. F., Harvey, P. H., Kupshaw-Lawrence, E., Herbert, J. L., Bernstein, D. P. (1991). Development of neuropharmacologically based behavioral assessments of impulsive aggressive behavior. J Neuropsychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 3 (supp 2), 44–51.
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor Structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 768–774.
Spielberger, C. D. & Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory (form Y): self-evaluation questionnaire. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.
Weissman, M. M. & Bothwell, S. (1976). Assessment of social adjustment by patient self-report. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 1111–1115.
Levy K. N., Meehan K. B., Kelly K. M., Reynoso J. S., Clarkin J. F., Kernberg O. F. (2006). Change in Attachment Patterns and Reflective Function in a Randomized Control Trial of Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1027–1040.
Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H. & Target, M. (1997). Reflective-functioning manual: version 4.1. For application to the Adult Attachment Interviews. Unpublished manuscript, University College London.
Main, M. & Goldwyn, R. (1984). Predicting rejection of her infant from mother’s representation of her own experience: implications for the abused-abusing intergenerational cycle. Child Abuse and Neglect, 8 (2), 203–217.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Levy, K.N., Wasserman, R.H., Scott, L.N., Yeomans, F.E. (2009). Empirical Evidence for Transference-Focused Psychotherapy and Other Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. In: Levy, R.A., Ablon, J.S. (eds) Handbook of Evidence-Based Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. Current Clinical Psychiatry. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-444-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-444-5_5
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-934115-11-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-444-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)