Abstract
Pain management is a critical component of the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. In this chapter, a set of core principles is outlined to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of most causes of pain in the colorectal cancer patient. An algorithmic approach is described to facilitate expeditious and efficacious treatment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
International Association for the Study of Pain Website-Pain Terminology; http://www. iasp-pain.org/terms-p.html#Pain. 2004. Date accessed: 10/1/2004.
Portenoy RK. Cancer pain. Epidemiology and syndromes. Cancer 1989;63(11 Suppl):2298–2307.
Foley KM. Pain syndromes in patients with cancer. Med Clin North Am 1987;71(2):169–184.
Fitzgibbon DR. Cancer Pain: Management. In: Bonica’s Management of Pain, 3rd ed. (Loeser JD, ed.), Philapdelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001, pp. 659–673.
Dewar JA. Managing metastatic bone pain. BMJ 2004;329(7470):812–813.
Przewlocki R, Przewlocka B. Opioids in chronic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;429(1-3):79–91.
Bennett GJ. Neuropathic pain: new insights, new interventions. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1998;33(10):95–98, 101-104, 7-10 passim.
Woolf CJ, Mannion RJ. Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. Lancet 1999;353(9168):1959–1964.
Regan JM, Peng P. Neurophysiology of cancer pain. Cancer Control 2000;7(2):111–119.
McQuay HJ. Pharmacological treatment of neuralgic and neuropathic pain. Cancer Surv 1988;7(1):141–159.
Breivik H. Opioids in cancer and chronic non-cancer pain therapy-indications and controversies. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001;45(9):1059–1066.
Rocco AG, Chan V, Iacobo C. An algorithm for the treatment of pain in advanced cancer. Hosp J 1989;5(3-4):93–103.
Camu F, Shi L, Vanlersberghe C. The role of COX-2 inhibitors in pain modulation. Drugs 2003;63 Suppl 1:1–7.
Cicconetti A, Bartoli A, Ripari F, Ripari A. COX-2 selective inhibitors: a literature review of analgesic efficacy and safety in oral-maxillofacial surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;97(2):139–146.
Desmeules JA, Cedraschi C, Piguet V, Allaz AF, Dayer P. Advances with analgesics and NSAIDs for the treatment of spinal disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2002; 16(1):105–121.
Hutchison R. COX-2—selective NSAIDs. Am J Nurs 2004;104(3):52–55; quiz 5–6.
Romsing J, Moiniche S. A systematic review of COX-2 inhibitors compared with traditional NSAIDs, or different COX-2 inhibitors for post-operative pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004;48(5):525–546.
Bovill JG. Pharmacology and clinical action of COX-2 selective NSAIDs. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003;523:201–214.
Kaplan-Machlis B, Klostermeyer BS. The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: safety and effectiveness. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33(9):979–988.
Krum H, Liew D, Aw J, Haas S. Cardiovascular effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2004;2(2):265–270.
Malhotra S, Pandhi P, Shafiq N. COX-2 inhibitors: a CLASS act or just VIGORously promoted. MedGenMed 2004;6(1):6.
Mukherjee D, Topol EJ. Cox-2: where are we in 2003?-Cardiovascular risk and Cox-2 inhibitors. Arthritis Res Ther 2003;5(1):8–11.
Wright JM. The double-edged sword of COX-2 selective NSAIDs. CMAJ 2002;167(10):1131–1137.
Conte P, Coleman R. Bisphosphonates in the treatment of skeletal metastases. Semin Oncol 2004;31(5 Suppl 10):59–63.
Widler L, Jaeggi KA, Glatt M, et al. Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa). J Med Chem 2002;45(17):3721–3738.
Roos DE, Fisher RJ. Radiotherapy for painful bone metastases: an overview of the overviews. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2003;15(6):342–344.
Roberge R. Chronic acetaminophen toxicity. J Emerg Med 2003; 25(4):474.
Makin MK. Strong opioids for cancer pain. J R Soc Med 2001;94(1):17–21.
Vallerand AH. The use of long-acting opioids in chronic pain management. Nurs Clin North Am 2003;38(3):435–445.
Chou R, Clark E, Helfand M. Comparative efficacy and safety of long-acting oral opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;26(5):1026–1048.
Quigley C. Opioid switching to improve pain relief and drug tolerability. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004(3):CD004847.
Brant JM. Opioid equianalgesic conversion: the right dose. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2001;5(4):163–165.
Mercadante S. Opioid rotation for cancer pain: rationale and clinical aspects. Cancer 1999;86(9):1856–1866.
Thomsen AB, Becker N, Eriksen J. Opioid rotation in chronic non-malignant pain patients. A retrospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999;43(9):918–923.
Derby SA. Opioid conversion guidelines for managing adult cancer pain. Am J Nurs 1999;99(10):62–65.
Attal N. Chronic neuropathic pain: mechanisms and treatment. Clin J Pain 2000;16(3 Suppl):S118–S130.
Bridges D, Thompson SW, Rice AS. Mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Br J Anaesth 2001;87(1):12–26.
Watson CP, Vernich L, Chipman M, Reed K. Nortriptyline versus amitriptyline in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized trial. Neurology 1998;51(4):1166–1171.
Max MB, Lynch SA, Muir J, Shoaf SE, Smoller B, Dubner R. Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 1992;326(19):1250–1256.
McQuay H, Carroll D, Jadad AR, Wiffen P, Moore A. Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain: a systematic review. BMJ 1995;311(7012):1047–1052.
Taylor CP. Mechanisms of action of gabapentin. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1997;153 Suppl 1:S39–S45.
Wiffen P, Collins S, McQuay H, Carroll D, Jadad A, Moore A. Anticonvulsant drugs for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000(3):CD001133.
McQuay HJ. Neuropathic pain: evidence matters. Eur J Pain 2002;6 Suppl A:11–18.
Rowbotham MC, Twilling L, Davies PS, Reisner L, Taylor K, Mohr D. Oral opioid therapy for chronic peripheral and central neuropathic pain. N Engl J Med 2003;348(13):1223–1232.
Foley KM. Opioids and chronic neuropathic pain. N Engl J Med 2003;348(13):1279–1281.
Spiller HA, Gorman SE, Villalobos D, et al. Prospective multicenter evaluation of tramadol exposure. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997;35(4):361–364.
Duby JJ, Campbell RK, Setter SM, White JR, Rasmussen KA. Diabetic neuropathy: an intensive review. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2004;61(2):160–173; quiz 75–76.
Ayonrinde OT, Bridge DT. The rediscovery of methadone for cancer pain management. Med J Aust 2000;173(10):536–540.
Foley KM, Houde RW. Methadone in cancer pain management: individualize dose and titrate to effect. J Clin Oncol 1998;16(10):3213–3215.
Nicholson AB. Methadone for cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004(2):CD003971.
Williams JE, Louw G, Towlerton G. Intrathecal pumps for giving opioids in chronic pain: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2000;4(32):iii–iv, 1-65.
Miles J. Intrathecal therapy for chronic pain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2001;77(1-4):156–158.
Goldstein FJ. Adjuncts to opioid therapy. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2002;102(9 Suppl 3):S15–S21.
Adriaensen H, Vissers K, Noorduin H, Meert T. Opioid tolerance and dependence: an inevitable consequence of chronic treatment? Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2003;54(1):37–47.
Anderson R, Saiers JH, Abram S, Schlicht C. Accuracy in equianalgesic dosing. Conversion dilemmas. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001;21(5):397–406.
Ballantyne JC. Chronic pain following treatment for cancer: the role of opioids. Oncologist 2003;8(6):567–575.
Barkin RL, Buvanendran A. Focus on the COX-1 and COX-2 agents: renal events of nonsteroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs-NSAIDs. Am J Ther 2004;11(2):124–129.
Christo PJ. Opioid effectiveness and side effects in chronic pain. Anesthesiol Clin North America 2003;21(4):699–713.
Cleeland CS, Gonin R, Hatfield AK, et al. Pain and its treatment in outpatients with metastatic cancer. N Engl J Med 1994;330(9):592–596.
Cowan DT, Wilson-Barnett J, Griffiths P, Allan LG. A survey of chronic noncancer pain patients prescribed opioid analgesics. Pain Med 2003;4(4):340–351.
de Leval X, Julemont F, Benoit V, Frederich M, Pirotte B, Dogne JM. First and second generations of COX-2 selective inhibitors. Mini Rev Med Chem 2004;4(6):597–601.
Foley KM. The treatment of cancer pain. N Engl J Med 1985;313(2):84–95.
Gammaitoni AR, Fine P, Alvarez N, McPherson ML, Bergmark S. Clinical application of opioid equianalgesic data. Clin J Pain 2003;19(5):286–297.
Hewitt DJ. The use of NMDA-receptor antagonists in the treatment of chronic pain. Clin J Pain 2000;16(2 Suppl):S73–S79.
Houston AM, Teach SJ. COX-2 inhibitors: a review. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004;20(6):396–399; quiz 400-402.
Katz N. Coxibs: Evolving role in pain management. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002;32(3 Suppl 1):15–24.
Lapin J, Portenoy RK, Coyle N, Houde RW, Foley KM. Guidelines for use of controlledrelease oral morphine in cancer pain management. Correlation with clinical experience. Cancer Nurs 1989;12(4):202–208.
Manfredi PL, Borsook D, Chandler SW, Payne R. Intravenous methadone for cancer pain unrelieved by morphine and hydromorphone: clinical observations. Pain 1997;70(1):99–101.
Monfared H, Sferra JJ, Mekhail N. The medical management of chronic pain. Foot Ankle Clin 2004;9(2):373–403.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Malhotra, V.T. (2007). Pain Management in the Colorectal Cancer Patient. In: Markman, M., Saltz, L.B. (eds) Colorectal Cancer. Current Clinical Oncology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-215-1_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-215-1_14
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-751-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-215-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)