Skip to main content
  • 1184 Accesses

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori was the first bacterial species to have the genome of two independent strains completely sequenced. Infection with this pathogen, which may be the most frequent bacterial infection of humanity, causes peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Other Helicobacter species are emerging as causes of infection, inflammation, and cancer in the intestine, liver, and biliary tract, although the true prevalence of these enterohepatic Helicobacter species in humans is not yet known. The murine pathogen Helicobacter hepaticus was the first enterohepatic Helicobacter species to have its genome completely sequenced. Here, we consider functional genomics of the genus Helicobacter, the comparative genomics of the genus Helicobacter, and the related genera Campylobacter and Wolinella.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Solnick, J. V. and Schauer, D. B. (2001) Emergence of diverse Helicobacter species in the pathogenesis of gastric and enterohepatic diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14, 59–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Marshall, B. J. and Warren, J. R. (1984) Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1, 1311–1315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Goodwin, C. S., Armstrong, J. A., Chilvers, T., et al. (1989) Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39, 397–405.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dunn, B. E., Cohen, H., and Blaser, M. J. (1997) Helicobacter pylori. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10, 720–741.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Suerbaum, S. and Michetti, P. (2002) Helicobacter pylori infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1175–1186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Anonymous. (1994) NIH Consensus Conference. Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Helicobacter pylori in Peptic Ulcer Disease. JAMA 272, 65-69.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Anonymous. (1994) Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, 7-14 June 1994. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 61, 1-241.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Parsonnet, J., Hansen, S., Rodriguez, L., et al. (1994) Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 1267–1271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Paster, B. J., Lee, A., Fox, J. G., et al. (1991) Phylogeny of Helicobacter felis sp. nov., Helicobacter mustelae, and related bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41, 31–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Fox, J. G. and Lee, A. (1997) The role of Helicobacter species in newly recognized gastro-intestinal tract diseases of animals. Lab. Anim. Sci. 47, 222–255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rogers, A. B. and Fox, J. G. (2004) Inflammation and Cancer. I. Rodent models of infec-tious gastrointestinal and liver cancer. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 286, G361–G366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hanninen, M. L., Happonen, I., Saari, S., and Jalava, K. (1996) Culture and characteristics of Helicobacter bizzozeronii, a new canine gastric Helicobacter sp. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46, 160–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Jalava, K., Kaartinen, M., Utriainen, M., Happonen, I., and Hanninen, M. L. (1997) Helicobacter salomonis sp. nov., a canine gastric Helicobacter sp. related to Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter bizzozeronii. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47, 975–982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Eaton, K. A., Dewhirst, F. E., Radin, M. J., et al. (1993) Helicobacter acinonyx sp. nov., isolated from cheetahs with gastritis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43, 99–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Goto, K., Ohashi, H., Ebukuro, S., et al. (1998) Isolation and characterization of Helicobacter species from the stomach of the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) with chronic gastritis. Curr. Microbiol. 37, 44–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Harper, C. G., Feng, Y., Xu, S., et al. (2002) Helicobacter cetorum sp. nov., a ureasepositive Helicobacter species isolated from dolphins and whales. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 4536–4543.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Murray, R. G. and Stackebrandt, E. (1995) Taxonomic note: implementation of the proviional status Candidatus for incompletely described procaryotes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45, 186–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. O’Rourke, J. L., Solnick, J. V., Neilan, B. A., et al. (2004) Description of ‘Candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii’ based on DNA sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and urease genes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 2203–2211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. De Groote, D., van Doorn, L. J., Ducatelle, R., et al. (1999) ‘Candidatus Helicobacter suis’, a gastric helicobacter from pigs, and its phylogenetic relatedness to other gastrospirilla. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49, 1769–1777.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. De Groote, D., van Doorn, L. J., Ducatelle, R., et al. (1999) Phylogenetic characterization of ‘Candidatus Helicobacter bovis’, a new gastric helicobacter in cattle. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49, 1707–1715.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fox, J. G. (2002) The non-H. pylori helicobacters: their expanding role in gastrointestinal and systemic diseases. Gut 50, 273–283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Phillips, M. W. and Lee, A. (1983) Isolation and characterization of a spiral bacterium from the crypts of rodent gastrointestinal tracts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45, 675–683.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lee, A., Phillips, M. W., O’Rourke, J. L., et al. (1992) Helicobacter muridarum sp. nov., a microaerophilic helical bacterium with a novel ultrastructure isolated from the intestinal mucosa of rodents. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42, 27–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lee, A., Chen, M., Coltro, N., et al. (1993) Long term infection of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter species does induce atrophic gastritis in an animal model of Helicobacter pylori infection. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 280, 38–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Jiang, H. Q., Kushnir, N., Thurnheer, M. C., Bos, N. A., and Cebra, J. J. (2002) Monoassociation of SCID mice with Helicobacter muridarum, but not four other enterics, provokes IBD upon receipt of T cells. Gastroenterology 122, 1346–1354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Fox, J. G., Dewhirst, F. E., Tully, J. G., et al. (1994) Helicobacter hepaticus sp. nov., a microaerophilic bacterium isolated from livers and intestinal mucosal scrapings from mice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 1238–1245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Erdman, S. E., Poutahidis, T., Tomczak, M., et al. (2003) CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T lym-phocytes inhibit microbially induced colon cancer in Rag2-deficient mice. Am. J. Pathol. 162, 691–702.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Maurer, K. J., Ihrig, M. M., Rogers, A. B., et al. (2005) Identification of cholelithogenic enterohepatic helicobacter species and their role in murine cholesterol gallstone formation. Gastroenterology 128, 1023–1033.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Patterson, M. M., Schrenzel, M. D., Feng, Y., et al. (2000) Helicobacter aurati sp. nov., a urease-positive Helicobacter species cultured from gastrointestinal tissues of Syrian hamsters. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 3722–3728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Shen, Z., Fox, J. G., Dewhirst, F. E., et al. (1997) Helicobacter rodentium sp. nov., a urease-negative Helicobacter species isolated from laboratory mice. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47, 627–634.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Franklin, C. L., Gorelick, P. L., Riley, L. K., et al. (2001) Helicobacter typhlonius sp. nov., a novel murine urease-negative Helicobacter species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39, 3920–3926.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Robertson, B. R., O’Rourke, J. L., Vandamme, P., On, S. L., and Lee, A. (2001) Helicobacter ganmani sp. nov., a urease-negative anaerobe isolated from the intestines of laboratory mice. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51, 1881–1889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Franklin, C. L., Beckwith, C. S., Livingston, R. S., et al. (1996) Isolation of a novel Helicobacter species, Helicobacter cholecystus sp. nov., from the gallbladders of Syrian hamsters with cholangiofibrosis and centrilobular pancreatitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34, 2952–2958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Simmons, J. H., Riley, L. K., Besch-Williford, C. L., and Franklin, C. L. (2000) Helicobacter mesocricetorum sp. nov., A novel Helicobacter isolated from the feces of Syrian hamsters. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 1811–1817.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Dewhirst, F. E., Seymour, C., Fraser, G. J., Paster, B. J., and Fox, J. G. (1994) Phylogeny of Helicobacter isolates from bird and swine feces and description of Helicobacter pametensis sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44, 553–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Dewhirst, F. E., Fox, J. G., Mendes, E. N., et al. (2000) ‘Flexispira rappini’ strains represent at least 10 Helicobacter taxa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50, 1781–1787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Fox, J. G., Yan, L. L., Dewhirst, F. E., et al. (1995) Helicobacter bilis sp. nov., a novel Helicobacter species isolated from bile, livers, and intestines of aged, inbred mice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 445–454.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mendes, E. N., Queiroz, D. M., Dewhirst, F. E., Paster, B. J., Moura, S. B., and Fox, J. G. (1996) Helicobacter trogontum sp. nov., isolated from the rat intestine. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46, 916–921.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hanninen, M. L., Utriainen, M., Happonen, I., and Dewhirst, F. E. (2003) Helicobacter sp. flexispira 16S rDNA taxa 1, 4 and 5 and Finnish porcine Helicobacter isolates are mem-bers of the species Helicobacter trogontum (taxon 6). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 425–433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hanninen, M. L., Karenlampi, R. I., Koort, J. M., Mikkonen, T., and Bjorkroth, K. J. (2005) Extension of the species Helicobacter bilis to include the reference strains of Helicobacter sp. flexispira taxa 2, 3 and 8 and Finnish canine and feline flexispira strains. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 891–898.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Romero, S., Archer, J. R., Hamacher, M. E., Bologna, S. M., and Schell, R. F. (1988) Case report of an unclassified microaerophilic bacterium associated with gastroenteritis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26, 142–143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Archer, J. R., Romero, S., Ritchie, A. E., et al. (1988) Characterization of an unclassified microaerophilic bacterium associated with gastroenteritis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26, 101–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gerrard, J., Alfredson, D., and Smith, I. (2001) Recurrent bacteremia and multifocal lower limb cellulitis due to Helicobacter-like organisms in a patient with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33, E116–E118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Iten, A., Graf, S., Egger, M., Tauber, M., and Graf, J. (2001) Helicobacter sp. flexispira bacteremia in an immunocompetent young adult. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39, 1716–1720.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cuccherini, B., Chua, K., Gill, V., et al. (2000) Bacteremia and skin/bone infections in two patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia caused by an unusual organism related to Flexispira/Helicobacter species. Clin. Immunol. 97, 121–129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Weir, S., Cuccherini, B., Whitney, A. M., et al. (1999) Recurrent bacteremia caused by a “Flexispira”-like organism in a patient with X-linked (Bruton’s) agammaglobulinemia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 2439–2445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Tee, W., Leder, K., Karroum, E., and Dyall-Smith, M. (1998) “Flexispira rappini” bactere-mia in a child with pneumonia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36, 1679–1682.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Sorlin, P., Vandamme, P., Nortier, J., et al. (1999) Recurrent “Flexispira rappini” bacteremia in an adult patient undergoing hemodialysis: case report. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 1319–1323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Fox, J. G., Dewhirst, F. E., Shen, Z., et al. (1998) Hepatic Helicobacter species identified in bile and gallbladder tissue from Chileans with chronic cholecystitis. Gastroenterology 114, 755–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Matsukura, N., Yokomuro, S., Yamada, S., et al. (2002) Association between Helicobacter bilis in bile and biliary tract malignancies: H. bilis in bile from Japanese and Thai patients with benign and malignant diseases in the biliary tract. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 93, 842–847.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Murata, H., Tsuji, S., Tsujii, M., et al. (2004) Helicobacter bilis infection in biliary tract cancer. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 20, 90–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kobayashi, T., Harada, K., Miwa, K., and Nakanuma, Y. (2005) Helicobacter genus DNA fragments are commonly detectable in bile from patients with extrahepatic biliary diseases and associated with their pathogenesis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 50, 862–867.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Vandamme, P., Falsen, E., Rossau, R., et al. (1991) Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41, 88–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Totten, P. A., Fennell, C. L., Tenover, F. C., et al. (1985) Campylobacter cinaedi (sp. nov.) and Campylobacter fennelliae (sp. nov.): two new Campylobacter species associated with enteric disease in homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis. 151, 131–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Stanley, J., Linton, D., Burnens, A. P., et al. (1993) Helicobacter canis sp. nov., a new species from dogs: an integrated study of phenotype and genotype. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139, 2495–2504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Stanley, J., Linton, D., Burnens, A. P., et al. (1994) Helicobacter pullorum sp. nov.-geno-type and phenotype of a new species isolated from poultry and from human patients with gastroenteritis. Microbiology 140, 3441–3449.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Fox, J. G., Chien, C. C., Dewhirst, F. E., et al. (2000) Helicobacter canadensis sp. nov. iso-lated from humans with diarrhea as an example of an emerging pathogen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 2546–2549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Tomb, J. F., White, O., Kerlavage, A. R., et al. (1997) The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388, 539–547.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Alm, R. A., Ling, L. S., Moir, D. T., et al. (1999) Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 397, 176–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ge, Z. and Taylor, D. E. (1999) Contributions of genome sequencing to understanding the biology of Helicobacter pylori. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 53, 353–387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Alm, R. A. and Trust, T. J. (1999) Analysis of the genetic diversity of Helicobacter pylori: the tale of two genomes. J. Mol. Med. 77, 834–846.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Israel, D. A., Salama, N., Krishna, U., et al. (2001) Helicobacter pylori genetic diversity within the gastric niche of a single human host. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 14,625–14,630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Falush, D., Kraft, C., Taylor, N. S., et al. (2001) Recombination and mutation during longterm gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori: estimates of clock rates, recombination size, and minimal age. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 15,056–15,061.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Falush, D., Wirth, T., Linz, B., et al. (2003) Traces of human migrations in Helicobacter pylori populations. Science 299, 1582–1585.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Taylor, D. E., Chang, N., Taylor, N. S., and Fox, J. G. (1994) Genome conservation in Helicobacter mustelae as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 118, 31–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Saunders, K. E., McGovern, K. J., and Fox, J. G. (1997) Use of pulsed-field gel electro phoresis to determine genomic diversity in strains of Helicobacter hepaticus from geographically distant locations. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35, 2859–2863.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Suerbaum, S., Josenhans, C., Sterzenbach, T., et al. (2003) The complete genome sequence of the carcinogenic bacterium Helicobacter hepaticus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7901–7906.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Colland, F., Rain, J. C., Gounon, P., Labigne, A., Legrain, P., and De Reuse, H. (2001) Identification of the Helicobacter pylori anti-σ28 factor. Mol. Microbiol. 41, 477–487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Josenhans, C., Niehus, E., Amersbach, S., et al. (2002) Functional characterization of the antagonistic flagellar late regulators FliA and FlgM of Helicobacter pylori and their effects on the H. pylori transcriptome. Mol. Microbiol. 43, 307–322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Schilling, C. H., Covert, M. W., Famili, I., Church, G. M., Edwards, J. S., and Palsson, B. O. (2002) Genome-scale metabolic model of Helicobacter pylori 26695. J. Bacteriol. 184, 4582–4593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Salama, N. R., Shepherd, B., and Falkow, S. (2004) Global transposon mutagenesis and essential gene analysis of Helicobacter pylori. J. Bacteriol. 186, 7926–7935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Censini, S., Lange, C., Xiang, Z., et al. (1996) cag, a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I-specific and disease-associated virulence factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14,648–14,653.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Akopyants, N. S., Clifton, S. W., Kersulyte, D., et al. (1998) Analyses of the cag pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 28, 37–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Christie, P. J. (2001) Type IV secretion: intercellular transfer of macromolecules by systems ancestrally related to conjugation machines. Mol. Microbiol. 40, 294–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Nagai, H. and Roy, C. R. (2003) Show me the substrates: modulation of host cell function by type IV secretion systems. Cell Microbiol. 5, 373–383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Fischer, W., Puls, J., Buhrdorf, R., Gebert, B., Odenbreit, S., and Haas, R. (2001) Systematic mutagenesis of the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island: essential genes for CagA translocation in host cells and induction of interleukin-8. Mol. Microbiol. 42, 1337–1348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Bourzac, K. M. and Guillemin, K. (2005) Helicobacter pylori-host cell interactions mediated by type IV secretion. Cell Microbiol. 7, 911–919.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Selbach, M., Moese, S., Meyer, T. F., and Backert, S. (2002) Functional analysis of the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island reveals both VirD4-CagA-dependent and VirD4-CagA-independent mechanisms. Infect. Immun. 70, 665–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Peek, R. M. Jr. (2001) IV. Helicobacter pylori strain-specific activation of signal transduc-tion cascades related to gastric inflammation. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 280, G525–G530.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Amieva, M. R., Vogelmann, R., Covacci, A., Tompkins, L. S., Nelson, W. J., and Falkow, S. (2003) Disruption of the epithelial apical-junctional complex by Helicobacter pylori CagA. Science 300, 1430–1434.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Higashi, H., Tsutsumi, R., Muto, S., et al. (2002) SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase as an intra-cellular target of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Science 295, 683–686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Higashi, H., Nakaya, A., Tsutsumi, R., et al. (2004) Helicobacter pylori CagA induces Ras-independent morphogenetic response through SHP-2 recruitment and activation. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 17,205–17,216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Fleischmann, R. D., Adams, M. D., White, O., et al. (1995) Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science 269, 496–512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Eppinger, M., Baar, C., Raddatz, G., Huson, D. H., and Schuster, S. C. (2004) Comparative analysis of four Campylobacterales. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2, 872–885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Fouts, D. E., Mongodin, E. F., Mandrell, R. E., et al. (2005) Major structural differences and novel potential virulence mechanisms from the genomes of multiple campylobacter species. PLoS Biol. 3, e15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bacon, D. J., Alm, R. A., Hu, L., et al. (2002) DNA sequence and mutational analyses of the pVir plasmid of Campylobacter jejuni 81-176. Infect. Immun. 70, 6242–6250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Jiang, Q., Hiratsuka, K., and Taylor, D. E. (1996) Variability of gene order in different Helicobacter pylori strains contributes to genome diversity. Mol. Microbiol. 20, 833–842.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Covacci, A., Falkow, S., Berg, D. E., and Rappuoli, R. (1997) Did the inheritance of a patho-genicity island modify the virulence of Helicobacter pylori? Trends Microbiol. 5, 205–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Suerbaum, S., Smith, J. M., Bapumia, K., et al. (1998) Free recombination within Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12,619–12,624.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ge, Z., Feng, Y., Whary, M. T., et al. (2005) Cytolethal distending toxin is essential for Helicobacter hepaticus colonization in outbred Swiss Webster mice. Infect. Immun. 73, 3559–3567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Fox, J. G., Rogers, A. B., Whary, M. T., et al. (2004) Gastroenteritis in NF-KB-deficient mice is produced with wild-type Camplyobacter jejuni but not with C. jejuni lacking cytolethal distending toxin despite persistent colonization with both strains. Infect. Immun. 72, 1116–1125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Chien, C. C., Taylor, N. S., Ge, Z., Schauer, D. B., Young, V. B., and Fox, J. G. (2000) Identification of cdtB homologues and cytolethal distending toxin activity in enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. J. Med. Microbiol. 49, 525–534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Taylor, N. S., Ge, Z., Shen, Z., Dewhirst, F. E., and Fox, J. G. (2003) Cytolethal distending toxin: a potential virulence factor for Helicobacter cinaedi. J. Infect. Dis. 188, 1892–1897.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Young, V. B., Knox, K. A., and Schauer, D. B. (2000) Cytolethal distending toxin sequence and activity in the enterohepatic pathogen Helicobacter hepaticus. Infect. Immun. 68, 184–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ge, Z., Schauer, D.B. (2006). Genomics of Helicobacter Species. In: Chan, V.L., Sherman, P.M., Bourke, B. (eds) Bacterial Genomes and Infectious Diseases. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-152-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-152-9_6

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-496-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-152-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics