Summary
The need for a calibrated imaging of polycystic ovaries (PCO) is now stronger than ever since the recent consensus conference held in Rotterdam, May 1–3, 2003. However, imaging PCO is not an easy procedure, and it requires a thorough technical and medical background. The two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasonography (U/S) remains the standard for imaging PCO and the current consensus definition of PCO determined at the joint ASRM/ESHRE consensus meeting on PCOS rests on this technique: either 12 or more follicles measuring 2–9 mm in diameter and/or increased ovarian volume (>10 cm3). The other techniques such as Doppler, 3-D U/S, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help for the diagnosis but are so far only second-line techniques.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Balen AH, Laven JSE, Tan SL, Dewailly D. Ultrasound assessment of the polycystic ovary: international consensus definitions. Human Reprod Update 2003;9: 505–514.
The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Human Reprod 2004;19: 41–47.
Sample WF, Lippe BM, Gyepes MT. Grey-scale ultrasonography of the normal female pelvis. Radiology 1977;125: 477–483.
Adams JM, Polson DW, Abulwadi N, Morris DV, Franks S, Mason HD, Tucker M, Price J, Jacobs HS. Multifollicular ovaries: clinical and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Lancet 1985;2: 1375–1378.
Orsini LF, Venturoli S, Lorusso R. Ultrasonic findings in polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil Steril 1985;43: 709–714.
Yeh HC, Futterweit W, Thornton JC. Polycystic ovarian disease: US features in 104 patients. Radiology 1987;163: 111–116.
Van Santbrink EJP, Hop WC, Fauser BCJM. Classification of normogonadotropic infertility: polycystic ovaries diagnosed by ultrasound versus endocrine characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1997;67: 452–458.
Pache TD, Wladimiroff JW, Hop WCJ, Fauser BCJM. How to descriminate between normal and polycystic ovaries: transvaginal US study. Radiology 1992;183: 421–423.
Fulghesu AM, Ciampelli M, Belosi C, Apa R, et al. A new ultrasound criterion for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: the ovarian stroma total area ratio. Fertil Steril 2001;76: 326–331.
Jonard S, Robert Y, Dewailly D. Revisiting the ovarian volume as a diagnostic criterion for polycystic ovaries. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2893–2898.
Carmina E, Orio F, Palomba S, Longo RA, Lombardi G, Lobo RA. Ovarian size and blood flow in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and their correlations with endocrine parameters. Fertil Steril 2005;84:413–419.
Jonard S, Robert Y, Cortet-Rudelli C, Pigny P, Decanter C, Dewailly D. Ultrasound examination of polycystic ovaries: is it worth counting the follicles? Human Reprod 2003;18: 598–603.
Allemand MC, Tummon IS, Phy JL, Foong SC, Dumesic DA, Session DR. Diagnosis of polycystic ovaries by three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound. Fertil Steril 2006;85:214–219.
Venturoli S, Porcu E, Fabbri R, Paradisi R, Orsini LF and Flamigni C. Ovaries and menstrual cycles in adolescence. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1983;17: 219–223.
Stanhope R, Adams J, Jacobs HS and Brook CG. Ovarian ultrasound assessment in normal children, idiopathic precocious puberty, and during low dose pulsatile gonadotrophin releasing hormone treatment of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Arch Dis Child 1985; 60: 116–119.
Reyss AC, Merlen E, Demerle C, Dewailly D. Revelation of a polymicrocystic ovary syndrome after one month’s treatment by pulsatile GnRH in a patient presenting with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2003;31: 1039–1042.
Ardaens Y, Robert Y, Lemaitre L, Fossati P, Dewailly D. Polycystic ovarian disease: contribution of vaginal endosonography and reassessment of ultrasonic diagnosis. Fertil Steril 1991;55: 1062–1068.
Dewailly D., Robert Y, Helin I, et al. Ovarian stromal hypertrophy in hyperandrogenic women. Clinical Endocrinology 1994;41: 557–562.
Robert Y, Dubrulle F, Gaillandre G et al. Ultrasound assessment of ovarian stroma hypertrophy in hyperandrogenism and ovulation disorders: visual analysis versus computerized quantification. Fertil Steril 1995;64: 307–312.
Pache TD, Hop WC, Wladimiroff JW, Schipper J and Fauser BCJM. Transvaginal sonography and abnormal ovarian appearance in menstrual cycle disturbances. Ultrasound Med Biol 1991;17: 589–593.
Al-Took S, Watkin K, Tulandi T, Tan SL. Ovarian stromal echogenicity in women with clomiphene citrate-sensitive and clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1999;71: 952–954.
Buckett WM, Bouzayen R, Watkin KL, Tulandi T, Tan SL. Ovarian stromal echogenicity in women with normal and polycystic ovaries. Human Reprod 1999;14: 618–621.
Battaglia C, Artini PG, Salvatori M, Giulini S, Petraglia F, Maxia N, Volpe A. Ultrasonographic pattern of polycystic ovaries: color Doppler and hormonal correlations. Ultrasound Gynaecol Obstet 1998;11: 332–336.
Wu M-H, Tang H-H, Hsu C-C, Wang S-T, Huang K-E. The role of three-dimensional ultrasonographic imaging in ovarian measurment. Fertil Steril 1998; 69:1152–1155.
Kyei-Mensah A, Maconochie N, Zaidi J, Pittrof R, Campbell S, Tan SL. Transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound: accuracy of ovarian follicular volume measurements. Fertil Steril 1996;65:371–376.
Kyei-Mensah A, Zaidi J, Campbell S. Ultrasound diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;10:249–262.
Kyei-Mensah A, Tan SL, Zaidi J, Jacobs HS. Relationship of ovarian stromal volume to serum androgen concentrations in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reprod 1998;13: 1437–1441.
Nardo LG, Buckett WM and Khullar V. Determination of the best-fitting ultrasound formulaic method for ovarian volume measurement in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2003;79: 632–633.
Battaglia C, Artini PG, Genazzani AD, Sgherzi MR, Salvatori M, Giulini S, Volpe A. Color Doppler analysis in lean and obese women with polycystic ovaries. Ultrasound Gynaecol Obstet 1996;7: 342–346.
Battaglia C, Genazzani AD, Salvatori M, et al. Doppler, ultrasonographic and endocrinological environment with regard to the number of small subcapsular follicles in polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 1999;13: 123–129.
Aleem FA, Predanic MP. Transvaginal color Doppler determination of the ovarian and uterine blood flow characteristics in polycystic ovary disease. Fertil Steril 1996;65:510–516.
Zaidi J, Campbell S, Pittrof R, Kyei-Mensah A, Shaker A, Jacobs HS, Tan SL. Ovarian stromal blood flow in women with polycystic ovaries: a possible new marker for diagnosis? Human Reprod 1995,10:1992–1996.
Agrawal R, Conway G, Sladkevicius P, Tan SL, Engmann L, Payne N, Bekir J, Campbell S, Jacobs H. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor and Doppler blood flow velocities in in vitro fertilization: relevance to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and polycystic ovaries. Fertil Steril 1998; 70:651–658.
Engmann L, Sladkevicius P, Agrawal LR, Bekir JS, Campbell S, Tan SL. Value of ovarian stromal blood flow velocity measurement after pituitary suppression in the prediction of ovarian responsiveness and outcome of in vitro fertilization treatment. Fertil Steril 1999;71: 22–29.
Maubon A, Courtieu C, Vivens F, Tailland ML, Saucerotte H, Bringer J, Mares P, Rouanet JP. Magnetic resonance imaging of normal and polycystic ovaries. Preliminary results. Ann N Y Acad Scie 1993;687:224–229.
Kimura I, Togashi K, Kawakami S, Nakano Y, Takakura K, Mori T, Konishi J. Polycystic ovaries: implications of diagnosis with MR imaging. Radiology 1996;201:549–552.
Woodward PJ, Gilfeather M. Magnetic resonance imaging of the female pelvis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1998;19:90–103.
Yoo RY, Sirlin CB, Gottschalk M, Chang RJ. Ovarian imaging by magnetic resonance in obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 2005;84:985–995.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Humana Press
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jonard, S., Robert, Y., Ardaens, Y., Dewailly, D. (2008). What Is the Appropriate Imaging of the Polycystic Ovary. In: Dunaif, A., Chang, R.J., Franks, S., Legro, R.S. (eds) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-108-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-108-6_3
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-831-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-108-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)