Abstract
Children with vesicoureteral reflux usually present with a urinary tract infection (UTI), although some cases are diagnosed during the evaluation of prenatally detected hydronephrosis. Approximately 25% of children with a UTI will be found to have reflux. Ultrasound is normal in 75% of children with reflux, and so children with a significant UTI are evaluated with a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Reflux is graded based on the appearance of the VCUG:
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Grade 1:
Reflux into the ureter only
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Grade 2:
Reflux into the kidney with no distortion of the collecting system
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Grade 3:
Reflux into the kidney with blunting of the calyceal angles and/or mild ureterectasis
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Grade 4:
Reflux into the kidney with hydrouretronephrosis
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Grade 5:
Reflux into the kidney with marked hydroureternephrosis and ureteral tortuosity
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© 2006 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
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Ross, J.H., Kay, R. (2006). Ureteral Disorders in Children. In: Novick, A.C., et al. Operative Urology at the Cleveland Clinic. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-016-4_20
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-016-4_20
Publisher Name: Humana Press
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